]> git.sesse.net Git - movit/blobdiff - effect_chain.cpp
Add support for Y'CbCr output.
[movit] / effect_chain.cpp
index 1832b9ee7ce6364980eef747ae2d19d6411083ae..e1ae832e934a0deedb482b152e4a452f99f47b17 100644 (file)
 #define GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES 1
 
-#include <stdio.h>
+#include <epoxy/gl.h>
+#include <assert.h>
 #include <math.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
-#include <assert.h>
-#include <GL/glew.h>
-
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <set>
 #include <stack>
+#include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
-#include "util.h"
-#include "effect_chain.h"
-#include "gamma_expansion_effect.h"
-#include "gamma_compression_effect.h"
+#include "alpha_division_effect.h"
+#include "alpha_multiplication_effect.h"
 #include "colorspace_conversion_effect.h"
 #include "dither_effect.h"
-#include "input.h"
+#include "effect.h"
+#include "effect_chain.h"
+#include "gamma_compression_effect.h"
+#include "gamma_expansion_effect.h"
 #include "init.h"
+#include "input.h"
+#include "resource_pool.h"
+#include "util.h"
+#include "ycbcr_conversion_effect.h"
+
+using namespace std;
 
-EffectChain::EffectChain(float aspect_nom, float aspect_denom)
+namespace movit {
+
+EffectChain::EffectChain(float aspect_nom, float aspect_denom, ResourcePool *resource_pool)
        : aspect_nom(aspect_nom),
          aspect_denom(aspect_denom),
          dither_effect(NULL),
-         fbo(0),
          num_dither_bits(0),
-         finalized(false) {}
+         finalized(false),
+         resource_pool(resource_pool),
+         do_phase_timing(false) {
+       if (resource_pool == NULL) {
+               this->resource_pool = new ResourcePool();
+               owns_resource_pool = true;
+       } else {
+               owns_resource_pool = false;
+       }
+}
 
 EffectChain::~EffectChain()
 {
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < nodes.size(); ++i) {
-               if (nodes[i]->output_texture != 0) {
-                       glDeleteTextures(1, &nodes[i]->output_texture);
-               }
                delete nodes[i]->effect;
                delete nodes[i];
        }
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < phases.size(); ++i) {
-               glDeleteProgram(phases[i]->glsl_program_num);
-               glDeleteShader(phases[i]->vertex_shader);
-               glDeleteShader(phases[i]->fragment_shader);
+               resource_pool->release_glsl_program(phases[i]->glsl_program_num);
                delete phases[i];
        }
-       if (fbo != 0) {
-               glDeleteFramebuffers(1, &fbo);
+       if (owns_resource_pool) {
+               delete resource_pool;
        }
 }
 
 Input *EffectChain::add_input(Input *input)
 {
+       assert(!finalized);
        inputs.push_back(input);
        add_node(input);
        return input;
 }
 
-void EffectChain::add_output(const ImageFormat &format)
+void EffectChain::add_output(const ImageFormat &format, OutputAlphaFormat alpha_format)
+{
+       assert(!finalized);
+       output_format = format;
+       output_alpha_format = alpha_format;
+       output_color_type = OUTPUT_COLOR_RGB;
+}
+
+void EffectChain::add_ycbcr_output(const ImageFormat &format, OutputAlphaFormat alpha_format,
+                                   const YCbCrFormat &ycbcr_format)
 {
+       assert(!finalized);
        output_format = format;
+       output_alpha_format = alpha_format;
+       output_color_type = OUTPUT_COLOR_YCBCR;
+       output_ycbcr_format = ycbcr_format;
+
+       assert(ycbcr_format.chroma_subsampling_x == 1);
+       assert(ycbcr_format.chroma_subsampling_y == 1);
 }
 
 Node *EffectChain::add_node(Effect *effect)
 {
-       char effect_id[256];
-       sprintf(effect_id, "eff%u", (unsigned)nodes.size());
+       for (unsigned i = 0; i < nodes.size(); ++i) {
+               assert(nodes[i]->effect != effect);
+       }
 
        Node *node = new Node;
        node->effect = effect;
        node->disabled = false;
-       node->effect_id = effect_id;
        node->output_color_space = COLORSPACE_INVALID;
        node->output_gamma_curve = GAMMA_INVALID;
-       node->output_texture = 0;
+       node->output_alpha_type = ALPHA_INVALID;
+       node->needs_mipmaps = false;
+       node->one_to_one_sampling = false;
 
        nodes.push_back(node);
        node_map[effect] = node;
+       effect->inform_added(this);
        return node;
 }
 
@@ -132,7 +166,16 @@ void EffectChain::insert_node_between(Node *sender, Node *middle, Node *receiver
        assert(middle->incoming_links.size() == middle->effect->num_inputs());
 }
 
-void EffectChain::find_all_nonlinear_inputs(Node *node, std::vector<Node *> *nonlinear_inputs)
+GLenum EffectChain::get_input_sampler(Node *node, unsigned input_num) const
+{
+       assert(node->effect->needs_texture_bounce());
+       assert(input_num < node->incoming_links.size());
+       assert(node->incoming_links[input_num]->bound_sampler_num >= 0);
+       assert(node->incoming_links[input_num]->bound_sampler_num < 8);
+       return GL_TEXTURE0 + node->incoming_links[input_num]->bound_sampler_num;
+}
+
+void EffectChain::find_all_nonlinear_inputs(Node *node, vector<Node *> *nonlinear_inputs)
 {
        if (node->output_gamma_curve == GAMMA_LINEAR &&
            node->effect->effect_type_id() != "GammaCompressionEffect") {
@@ -148,8 +191,9 @@ void EffectChain::find_all_nonlinear_inputs(Node *node, std::vector<Node *> *non
        }
 }
 
-Effect *EffectChain::add_effect(Effect *effect, const std::vector<Effect *> &inputs)
+Effect *EffectChain::add_effect(Effect *effect, const vector<Effect *> &inputs)
 {
+       assert(!finalized);
        assert(inputs.size() == effect->num_inputs());
        Node *node = add_node(effect);
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < inputs.size(); ++i) {
@@ -160,15 +204,15 @@ Effect *EffectChain::add_effect(Effect *effect, const std::vector<Effect *> &inp
 }
 
 // GLSL pre-1.30 doesn't support token pasting. Replace PREFIX(x) with <effect_id>_x.
-std::string replace_prefix(const std::string &text, const std::string &prefix)
+string replace_prefix(const string &text, const string &prefix)
 {
-       std::string output;
+       string output;
        size_t start = 0;
 
        while (start < text.size()) {
                size_t pos = text.find("PREFIX(", start);
-               if (pos == std::string::npos) {
-                       output.append(text.substr(start, std::string::npos));
+               if (pos == string::npos) {
+                       output.append(text.substr(start, string::npos));
                        break;
                }
 
@@ -200,48 +244,44 @@ std::string replace_prefix(const std::string &text, const std::string &prefix)
        return output;
 }
 
-Phase *EffectChain::compile_glsl_program(
-       const std::vector<Node *> &inputs,
-       const std::vector<Node *> &effects)
+void EffectChain::compile_glsl_program(Phase *phase)
 {
-       assert(!effects.empty());
-
-       // Deduplicate the inputs.
-       std::vector<Node *> true_inputs = inputs;
-       std::sort(true_inputs.begin(), true_inputs.end());
-       true_inputs.erase(std::unique(true_inputs.begin(), true_inputs.end()), true_inputs.end());
-
-       bool input_needs_mipmaps = false;
-       std::string frag_shader = read_file("header.frag");
+       string frag_shader = read_version_dependent_file("header", "frag");
 
        // Create functions for all the texture inputs that we need.
-       for (unsigned i = 0; i < true_inputs.size(); ++i) {
-               Node *input = true_inputs[i];
+       for (unsigned i = 0; i < phase->inputs.size(); ++i) {
+               Node *input = phase->inputs[i]->output_node;
+               char effect_id[256];
+               sprintf(effect_id, "in%u", i);
+               phase->effect_ids.insert(make_pair(input, effect_id));
        
-               frag_shader += std::string("uniform sampler2D tex_") + input->effect_id + ";\n";
-               frag_shader += std::string("vec4 ") + input->effect_id + "(vec2 tc) {\n";
-               frag_shader += "\treturn texture2D(tex_" + input->effect_id + ", tc);\n";
+               frag_shader += string("uniform sampler2D tex_") + effect_id + ";\n";
+               frag_shader += string("vec4 ") + effect_id + "(vec2 tc) {\n";
+               frag_shader += "\treturn tex2D(tex_" + string(effect_id) + ", tc);\n";
                frag_shader += "}\n";
                frag_shader += "\n";
        }
 
-       for (unsigned i = 0; i < effects.size(); ++i) {
-               Node *node = effects[i];
+       for (unsigned i = 0; i < phase->effects.size(); ++i) {
+               Node *node = phase->effects[i];
+               char effect_id[256];
+               sprintf(effect_id, "eff%u", i);
+               phase->effect_ids.insert(make_pair(node, effect_id));
 
                if (node->incoming_links.size() == 1) {
-                       frag_shader += std::string("#define INPUT ") + node->incoming_links[0]->effect_id + "\n";
+                       frag_shader += string("#define INPUT ") + phase->effect_ids[node->incoming_links[0]] + "\n";
                } else {
                        for (unsigned j = 0; j < node->incoming_links.size(); ++j) {
                                char buf[256];
-                               sprintf(buf, "#define INPUT%d %s\n", j + 1, node->incoming_links[j]->effect_id.c_str());
+                               sprintf(buf, "#define INPUT%d %s\n", j + 1, phase->effect_ids[node->incoming_links[j]].c_str());
                                frag_shader += buf;
                        }
                }
        
                frag_shader += "\n";
-               frag_shader += std::string("#define FUNCNAME ") + node->effect_id + "\n";
-               frag_shader += replace_prefix(node->effect->output_convenience_uniforms(), node->effect_id);
-               frag_shader += replace_prefix(node->effect->output_fragment_shader(), node->effect_id);
+               frag_shader += string("#define FUNCNAME ") + effect_id + "\n";
+               frag_shader += replace_prefix(node->effect->output_convenience_uniforms(), effect_id);
+               frag_shader += replace_prefix(node->effect->output_fragment_shader(), effect_id);
                frag_shader += "#undef PREFIX\n";
                frag_shader += "#undef FUNCNAME\n";
                if (node->incoming_links.size() == 1) {
@@ -254,175 +294,187 @@ Phase *EffectChain::compile_glsl_program(
                        }
                }
                frag_shader += "\n";
-
-               input_needs_mipmaps |= node->effect->needs_mipmaps();
        }
-       for (unsigned i = 0; i < effects.size(); ++i) {
-               Node *node = effects[i];
-               if (node->effect->num_inputs() == 0) {
-                       CHECK(node->effect->set_int("needs_mipmaps", input_needs_mipmaps));
-               }
-       }
-       frag_shader += std::string("#define INPUT ") + effects.back()->effect_id + "\n";
-       frag_shader.append(read_file("footer.frag"));
-
-       if (movit_debug_level == MOVIT_DEBUG_ON) {
-               // Output shader to a temporary file, for easier debugging.
-               static int compiled_shader_num = 0;
-               char filename[256];
-               sprintf(filename, "chain-%03d.frag", compiled_shader_num++);
-               FILE *fp = fopen(filename, "w");
-               if (fp == NULL) {
-                       perror(filename);
-                       exit(1);
-               }
-               fprintf(fp, "%s\n", frag_shader.c_str());
-               fclose(fp);
-       }
-       
-       GLuint glsl_program_num = glCreateProgram();
-       GLuint vs_obj = compile_shader(read_file("vs.vert"), GL_VERTEX_SHADER);
-       GLuint fs_obj = compile_shader(frag_shader, GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER);
-       glAttachShader(glsl_program_num, vs_obj);
-       check_error();
-       glAttachShader(glsl_program_num, fs_obj);
-       check_error();
-       glLinkProgram(glsl_program_num);
-       check_error();
+       frag_shader += string("#define INPUT ") + phase->effect_ids[phase->effects.back()] + "\n";
+       frag_shader.append(read_version_dependent_file("footer", "frag"));
 
-       Phase *phase = new Phase;
-       phase->glsl_program_num = glsl_program_num;
-       phase->vertex_shader = vs_obj;
-       phase->fragment_shader = fs_obj;
-       phase->input_needs_mipmaps = input_needs_mipmaps;
-       phase->inputs = true_inputs;
-       phase->effects = effects;
-
-       return phase;
+       string vert_shader = read_version_dependent_file("vs", "vert");
+       phase->glsl_program_num = resource_pool->compile_glsl_program(vert_shader, frag_shader);
 }
 
 // Construct GLSL programs, starting at the given effect and following
 // the chain from there. We end a program every time we come to an effect
 // marked as "needs texture bounce", one that is used by multiple other
-// effects, every time an effect wants to change the output size,
-// and of course at the end.
+// effects, every time we need to bounce due to output size change
+// (not all size changes require ending), and of course at the end.
 //
 // We follow a quite simple depth-first search from the output, although
-// without any explicit recursion.
-void EffectChain::construct_glsl_programs(Node *output)
+// without recursing explicitly within each phase.
+Phase *EffectChain::construct_phase(Node *output, map<Node *, Phase *> *completed_effects)
 {
-       // Which effects have already been completed in this phase?
-       // We need to keep track of it, as an effect with multiple outputs
-       // could otherwise be calculate multiple times.
-       std::set<Node *> completed_effects;
+       if (completed_effects->count(output)) {
+               return (*completed_effects)[output];
+       }
 
-       // Effects in the current phase, as well as inputs (outputs from other phases
-       // that we depend on). Note that since we start iterating from the end,
-       // the effect list will be in the reverse order.
-       std::vector<Node *> this_phase_inputs;
-       std::vector<Node *> this_phase_effects;
+       Phase *phase = new Phase;
+       phase->output_node = output;
+
+       // If the output effect has one-to-one sampling, we try to trace this
+       // status down through the dependency chain. This is important in case
+       // we hit an effect that changes output size (and not sets a virtual
+       // output size); if we have one-to-one sampling, we don't have to break
+       // the phase.
+       output->one_to_one_sampling = output->effect->one_to_one_sampling();
 
        // Effects that we have yet to calculate, but that we know should
        // be in the current phase.
-       std::stack<Node *> effects_todo_this_phase;
+       stack<Node *> effects_todo_this_phase;
+       effects_todo_this_phase.push(output);
 
-       // Effects that we have yet to calculate, but that come from other phases.
-       // We delay these until we have this phase done in its entirety,
-       // at which point we pick any of them and start a new phase from that.
-       std::stack<Node *> effects_todo_other_phases;
+       while (!effects_todo_this_phase.empty()) {
+               Node *node = effects_todo_this_phase.top();
+               effects_todo_this_phase.pop();
 
-       effects_todo_this_phase.push(output);
+               if (node->effect->needs_mipmaps()) {
+                       node->needs_mipmaps = true;
+               }
 
-       for ( ;; ) {  // Termination condition within loop.
-               if (!effects_todo_this_phase.empty()) {
-                       // OK, we have more to do this phase.
-                       Node *node = effects_todo_this_phase.top();
-                       effects_todo_this_phase.pop();
+               // This should currently only happen for effects that are inputs
+               // (either true inputs or phase outputs). We special-case inputs,
+               // and then deduplicate phase outputs below.
+               if (node->effect->num_inputs() == 0) {
+                       if (find(phase->effects.begin(), phase->effects.end(), node) != phase->effects.end()) {
+                               continue;
+                       }
+               } else {
+                       assert(completed_effects->count(node) == 0);
+               }
 
-                       // This should currently only happen for effects that are phase outputs,
-                       // and we throw those out separately below.
-                       assert(completed_effects.count(node) == 0);
+               phase->effects.push_back(node);
 
-                       this_phase_effects.push_back(node);
-                       completed_effects.insert(node);
+               // Find all the dependencies of this effect, and add them to the stack.
+               vector<Node *> deps = node->incoming_links;
+               assert(node->effect->num_inputs() == deps.size());
+               for (unsigned i = 0; i < deps.size(); ++i) {
+                       bool start_new_phase = false;
 
-                       // Find all the dependencies of this effect, and add them to the stack.
-                       std::vector<Node *> deps = node->incoming_links;
-                       assert(node->effect->num_inputs() == deps.size());
-                       for (unsigned i = 0; i < deps.size(); ++i) {
-                               bool start_new_phase = false;
+                       if (node->effect->needs_texture_bounce() &&
+                           !deps[i]->effect->is_single_texture()) {
+                               start_new_phase = true;
+                       }
 
-                               // FIXME: If we sample directly from a texture, we won't need this.
-                               if (node->effect->needs_texture_bounce()) {
-                                       start_new_phase = true;
+                       // Propagate information about needing mipmaps down the chain,
+                       // breaking the phase if we notice an incompatibility.
+                       //
+                       // Note that we cannot do this propagation as a normal pass,
+                       // because it needs information about where the phases end
+                       // (we should not propagate the flag across phases).
+                       if (node->needs_mipmaps) {
+                               if (deps[i]->effect->num_inputs() == 0) {
+                                       Input *input = static_cast<Input *>(deps[i]->effect);
+                                       start_new_phase |= !input->can_supply_mipmaps();
+                               } else {
+                                       deps[i]->needs_mipmaps = true;
                                }
+                       }
 
-                               if (deps[i]->outgoing_links.size() > 1) {
-                                       if (deps[i]->effect->num_inputs() > 0) {
-                                               // More than one effect uses this as the input,
-                                               // and it is not a texture itself.
-                                               // The easiest thing to do (and probably also the safest
-                                               // performance-wise in most cases) is to bounce it to a texture
-                                               // and then let the next passes read from that.
-                                               start_new_phase = true;
-                                       } else {
-                                               // For textures, we try to be slightly more clever;
-                                               // if none of our outputs need a bounce, we don't bounce
-                                               // but instead simply use the effect many times.
-                                               //
-                                               // Strictly speaking, we could bounce it for some outputs
-                                               // and use it directly for others, but the processing becomes
-                                               // somewhat simpler if the effect is only used in one such way.
-                                               for (unsigned j = 0; j < deps[i]->outgoing_links.size(); ++j) {
-                                                       Node *rdep = deps[i]->outgoing_links[j];
-                                                       start_new_phase |= rdep->effect->needs_texture_bounce();
-                                               }
+                       if (deps[i]->outgoing_links.size() > 1) {
+                               if (!deps[i]->effect->is_single_texture()) {
+                                       // More than one effect uses this as the input,
+                                       // and it is not a texture itself.
+                                       // The easiest thing to do (and probably also the safest
+                                       // performance-wise in most cases) is to bounce it to a texture
+                                       // and then let the next passes read from that.
+                                       start_new_phase = true;
+                               } else {
+                                       assert(deps[i]->effect->num_inputs() == 0);
+
+                                       // For textures, we try to be slightly more clever;
+                                       // if none of our outputs need a bounce, we don't bounce
+                                       // but instead simply use the effect many times.
+                                       //
+                                       // Strictly speaking, we could bounce it for some outputs
+                                       // and use it directly for others, but the processing becomes
+                                       // somewhat simpler if the effect is only used in one such way.
+                                       for (unsigned j = 0; j < deps[i]->outgoing_links.size(); ++j) {
+                                               Node *rdep = deps[i]->outgoing_links[j];
+                                               start_new_phase |= rdep->effect->needs_texture_bounce();
                                        }
                                }
+                       }
 
-                               if (deps[i]->effect->changes_output_size()) {
-                                       start_new_phase = true;
-                               }
+                       if (deps[i]->effect->sets_virtual_output_size()) {
+                               assert(deps[i]->effect->changes_output_size());
+                               // If the next effect sets a virtual size to rely on OpenGL's
+                               // bilinear sampling, we'll really need to break the phase here.
+                               start_new_phase = true;
+                       } else if (deps[i]->effect->changes_output_size() && !node->one_to_one_sampling) {
+                               // If the next effect changes size and we don't have one-to-one sampling,
+                               // we also need to break here.
+                               start_new_phase = true;
+                       }
 
-                               if (start_new_phase) {
-                                       effects_todo_other_phases.push(deps[i]);
-                                       this_phase_inputs.push_back(deps[i]);
-                               } else {
-                                       effects_todo_this_phase.push(deps[i]);
-                               }
+                       if (start_new_phase) {
+                               phase->inputs.push_back(construct_phase(deps[i], completed_effects));
+                       } else {
+                               effects_todo_this_phase.push(deps[i]);
+
+                               // Propagate the one-to-one status down through the dependency.
+                               deps[i]->one_to_one_sampling = node->one_to_one_sampling &&
+                                       deps[i]->effect->one_to_one_sampling();
                        }
-                       continue;
                }
+       }
 
-               // No more effects to do this phase. Take all the ones we have,
-               // and create a GLSL program for it.
-               if (!this_phase_effects.empty()) {
-                       reverse(this_phase_effects.begin(), this_phase_effects.end());
-                       phases.push_back(compile_glsl_program(this_phase_inputs, this_phase_effects));
-                       this_phase_effects.back()->phase = phases.back();
-                       this_phase_inputs.clear();
-                       this_phase_effects.clear();
-               }
-               assert(this_phase_inputs.empty());
-               assert(this_phase_effects.empty());
+       // No more effects to do this phase. Take all the ones we have,
+       // and create a GLSL program for it.
+       assert(!phase->effects.empty());
 
-               // If we have no effects left, exit.
-               if (effects_todo_other_phases.empty()) {
-                       break;
-               }
+       // Deduplicate the inputs.
+       sort(phase->inputs.begin(), phase->inputs.end());
+       phase->inputs.erase(unique(phase->inputs.begin(), phase->inputs.end()), phase->inputs.end());
 
-               Node *node = effects_todo_other_phases.top();
-               effects_todo_other_phases.pop();
+       // We added the effects from the output and back, but we need to output
+       // them in topological sort order in the shader.
+       phase->effects = topological_sort(phase->effects);
 
-               if (completed_effects.count(node) == 0) {
-                       // Start a new phase, calculating from this effect.
-                       effects_todo_this_phase.push(node);
+       // Figure out if we need mipmaps or not, and if so, tell the inputs that.
+       phase->input_needs_mipmaps = false;
+       for (unsigned i = 0; i < phase->effects.size(); ++i) {
+               Node *node = phase->effects[i];
+               phase->input_needs_mipmaps |= node->effect->needs_mipmaps();
+       }
+       for (unsigned i = 0; i < phase->effects.size(); ++i) {
+               Node *node = phase->effects[i];
+               if (node->effect->num_inputs() == 0) {
+                       Input *input = static_cast<Input *>(node->effect);
+                       assert(!phase->input_needs_mipmaps || input->can_supply_mipmaps());
+                       CHECK(input->set_int("needs_mipmaps", phase->input_needs_mipmaps));
                }
        }
 
-       // Finally, since the phases are found from the output but must be executed
-       // from the input(s), reverse them, too.
-       std::reverse(phases.begin(), phases.end());
+       // Tell each node which phase it ended up in, so that the unit test
+       // can check that the phases were split in the right place.
+       // Note that this ignores that effects may be part of multiple phases;
+       // if the unit tests need to test such cases, we'll reconsider.
+       for (unsigned i = 0; i < phase->effects.size(); ++i) {
+               phase->effects[i]->containing_phase = phase;
+       }
+
+       // Actually make the shader for this phase.
+       compile_glsl_program(phase);
+
+       // Initialize timer objects.
+       if (movit_timer_queries_supported) {
+               glGenQueries(1, &phase->timer_query_object);
+               phase->time_elapsed_ns = 0;
+               phase->num_measured_iterations = 0;
+       }
+
+       assert(completed_effects->count(output) == 0);
+       completed_effects->insert(make_pair(output, phase));
+       phases.push_back(phase);
+       return phase;
 }
 
 void EffectChain::output_dot(const char *filename)
@@ -438,71 +490,46 @@ void EffectChain::output_dot(const char *filename)
        }
 
        fprintf(fp, "digraph G {\n");
+       fprintf(fp, "  output [shape=box label=\"(output)\"];\n");
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < nodes.size(); ++i) {
                // Find out which phase this event belongs to.
-               int in_phase = -1;
+               vector<int> in_phases;
                for (unsigned j = 0; j < phases.size(); ++j) {
                        const Phase* p = phases[j];
-                       if (std::find(p->effects.begin(), p->effects.end(), nodes[i]) != p->effects.end()) {
-                               assert(in_phase == -1);
-                               in_phase = j;
+                       if (find(p->effects.begin(), p->effects.end(), nodes[i]) != p->effects.end()) {
+                               in_phases.push_back(j);
                        }
                }
 
-               if (in_phase == -1) {
+               if (in_phases.empty()) {
                        fprintf(fp, "  n%ld [label=\"%s\"];\n", (long)nodes[i], nodes[i]->effect->effect_type_id().c_str());
-               } else {
+               } else if (in_phases.size() == 1) {
                        fprintf(fp, "  n%ld [label=\"%s\" style=\"filled\" fillcolor=\"/accent8/%d\"];\n",
                                (long)nodes[i], nodes[i]->effect->effect_type_id().c_str(),
-                               (in_phase % 8) + 1);
+                               (in_phases[0] % 8) + 1);
+               } else {
+                       // If we had new enough Graphviz, style="wedged" would probably be ideal here.
+                       // But alas.
+                       fprintf(fp, "  n%ld [label=\"%s [in multiple phases]\" style=\"filled\" fillcolor=\"/accent8/%d\"];\n",
+                               (long)nodes[i], nodes[i]->effect->effect_type_id().c_str(),
+                               (in_phases[0] % 8) + 1);
                }
-               for (unsigned j = 0; j < nodes[i]->outgoing_links.size(); ++j) {
-                       std::vector<std::string> labels;
 
-                       if (nodes[i]->outgoing_links[j]->effect->needs_texture_bounce()) {
-                               labels.push_back("needs_bounce");
-                       }
-                       if (nodes[i]->effect->changes_output_size()) {
-                               labels.push_back("resize");
-                       }
+               char from_node_id[256];
+               snprintf(from_node_id, 256, "n%ld", (long)nodes[i]);
 
-                       switch (nodes[i]->output_color_space) {
-                       case COLORSPACE_INVALID:
-                               labels.push_back("spc[invalid]");
-                               break;
-                       case COLORSPACE_REC_601_525:
-                               labels.push_back("spc[rec601-525]");
-                               break;
-                       case COLORSPACE_REC_601_625:
-                               labels.push_back("spc[rec601-625]");
-                               break;
-                       default:
-                               break;
-                       }
+               for (unsigned j = 0; j < nodes[i]->outgoing_links.size(); ++j) {
+                       char to_node_id[256];
+                       snprintf(to_node_id, 256, "n%ld", (long)nodes[i]->outgoing_links[j]);
 
-                       switch (nodes[i]->output_gamma_curve) {
-                       case GAMMA_INVALID:
-                               labels.push_back("gamma[invalid]");
-                               break;
-                       case GAMMA_sRGB:
-                               labels.push_back("gamma[sRGB]");
-                               break;
-                       case GAMMA_REC_601:  // and GAMMA_REC_709
-                               labels.push_back("gamma[rec601/709]");
-                               break;
-                       default:
-                               break;
-                       }
+                       vector<string> labels = get_labels_for_edge(nodes[i], nodes[i]->outgoing_links[j]);
+                       output_dot_edge(fp, from_node_id, to_node_id, labels);
+               }
 
-                       if (labels.empty()) {
-                               fprintf(fp, "  n%ld -> n%ld;\n", (long)nodes[i], (long)nodes[i]->outgoing_links[j]);
-                       } else {
-                               std::string label = labels[0];
-                               for (unsigned k = 1; k < labels.size(); ++k) {
-                                       label += ", " + labels[k];
-                               }
-                               fprintf(fp, "  n%ld -> n%ld [label=\"%s\"];\n", (long)nodes[i], (long)nodes[i]->outgoing_links[j], label.c_str());
-                       }
+               if (nodes[i]->outgoing_links.empty() && !nodes[i]->disabled) {
+                       // Output node.
+                       vector<string> labels = get_labels_for_edge(nodes[i], NULL);
+                       output_dot_edge(fp, from_node_id, "output", labels);
                }
        }
        fprintf(fp, "}\n");
@@ -510,16 +537,102 @@ void EffectChain::output_dot(const char *filename)
        fclose(fp);
 }
 
-unsigned EffectChain::fit_rectangle_to_aspect(unsigned width, unsigned height)
+vector<string> EffectChain::get_labels_for_edge(const Node *from, const Node *to)
+{
+       vector<string> labels;
+
+       if (to != NULL && to->effect->needs_texture_bounce()) {
+               labels.push_back("needs_bounce");
+       }
+       if (from->effect->changes_output_size()) {
+               labels.push_back("resize");
+       }
+
+       switch (from->output_color_space) {
+       case COLORSPACE_INVALID:
+               labels.push_back("spc[invalid]");
+               break;
+       case COLORSPACE_REC_601_525:
+               labels.push_back("spc[rec601-525]");
+               break;
+       case COLORSPACE_REC_601_625:
+               labels.push_back("spc[rec601-625]");
+               break;
+       default:
+               break;
+       }
+
+       switch (from->output_gamma_curve) {
+       case GAMMA_INVALID:
+               labels.push_back("gamma[invalid]");
+               break;
+       case GAMMA_sRGB:
+               labels.push_back("gamma[sRGB]");
+               break;
+       case GAMMA_REC_601:  // and GAMMA_REC_709
+               labels.push_back("gamma[rec601/709]");
+               break;
+       default:
+               break;
+       }
+
+       switch (from->output_alpha_type) {
+       case ALPHA_INVALID:
+               labels.push_back("alpha[invalid]");
+               break;
+       case ALPHA_BLANK:
+               labels.push_back("alpha[blank]");
+               break;
+       case ALPHA_POSTMULTIPLIED:
+               labels.push_back("alpha[postmult]");
+               break;
+       default:
+               break;
+       }
+
+       return labels;
+}
+
+void EffectChain::output_dot_edge(FILE *fp,
+                                  const string &from_node_id,
+                                  const string &to_node_id,
+                                  const vector<string> &labels)
 {
+       if (labels.empty()) {
+               fprintf(fp, "  %s -> %s;\n", from_node_id.c_str(), to_node_id.c_str());
+       } else {
+               string label = labels[0];
+               for (unsigned k = 1; k < labels.size(); ++k) {
+                       label += ", " + labels[k];
+               }
+               fprintf(fp, "  %s -> %s [label=\"%s\"];\n", from_node_id.c_str(), to_node_id.c_str(), label.c_str());
+       }
+}
+
+void EffectChain::size_rectangle_to_fit(unsigned width, unsigned height, unsigned *output_width, unsigned *output_height)
+{
+       unsigned scaled_width, scaled_height;
+
        if (float(width) * aspect_denom >= float(height) * aspect_nom) {
                // Same aspect, or W/H > aspect (image is wider than the frame).
-               // In either case, keep width.
-               return width;
+               // In either case, keep width, and adjust height.
+               scaled_width = width;
+               scaled_height = lrintf(width * aspect_denom / aspect_nom);
        } else {
                // W/H < aspect (image is taller than the frame), so keep height,
-               // and adjust width correspondingly.
-               return lrintf(height * aspect_nom / aspect_denom);
+               // and adjust width.
+               scaled_width = lrintf(height * aspect_nom / aspect_denom);
+               scaled_height = height;
+       }
+
+       // We should be consistently larger or smaller then the existing choice,
+       // since we have the same aspect.
+       assert(!(scaled_width < *output_width && scaled_height > *output_height));
+       assert(!(scaled_height < *output_height && scaled_width > *output_width));
+
+       if (scaled_width >= *output_width && scaled_height >= *output_height) {
+               *output_width = scaled_width;
+               *output_height = scaled_height;
        }
 }
 
@@ -542,17 +655,18 @@ void EffectChain::inform_input_sizes(Phase *phase)
                }
        }
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < phase->inputs.size(); ++i) {
-               Node *input = phase->inputs[i];
-               input->output_width = input->phase->output_width;
-               input->output_height = input->phase->output_height;
-               assert(input->output_width != 0);
-               assert(input->output_height != 0);
+               Phase *input = phase->inputs[i];
+               input->output_node->output_width = input->virtual_output_width;
+               input->output_node->output_height = input->virtual_output_height;
+               assert(input->output_node->output_width != 0);
+               assert(input->output_node->output_height != 0);
        }
 
        // Now propagate from the inputs towards the end, and inform as we go.
        // The rules are simple:
        //
-       //   1. Don't touch effects that already have given sizes (ie., inputs).
+       //   1. Don't touch effects that already have given sizes (ie., inputs
+       //      or effects that change the output size).
        //   2. If all of your inputs have the same size, that will be your output size.
        //   3. Otherwise, your output size is 0x0.
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < phase->effects.size(); ++i) {
@@ -574,8 +688,19 @@ void EffectChain::inform_input_sizes(Phase *phase)
                                this_output_height = 0;
                        }
                }
-               node->output_width = this_output_width;
-               node->output_height = this_output_height;
+               if (node->effect->changes_output_size()) {
+                       // We cannot call get_output_size() before we've done inform_input_size()
+                       // on all inputs.
+                       unsigned real_width, real_height;
+                       node->effect->get_output_size(&real_width, &real_height,
+                                                     &node->output_width, &node->output_height);
+                       assert(node->effect->sets_virtual_output_size() ||
+                              (real_width == node->output_width &&
+                               real_height == node->output_height));
+               } else {
+                       node->output_width = this_output_width;
+                       node->output_height = this_output_height;
+               }
        }
 }
 
@@ -587,20 +712,28 @@ void EffectChain::find_output_size(Phase *phase)
 
        // If the last effect explicitly sets an output size, use that.
        if (output_node->effect->changes_output_size()) {
-               output_node->effect->get_output_size(&phase->output_width, &phase->output_height);
+               output_node->effect->get_output_size(&phase->output_width, &phase->output_height,
+                                                    &phase->virtual_output_width, &phase->virtual_output_height);
+               assert(output_node->effect->sets_virtual_output_size() ||
+                      (phase->output_width == phase->virtual_output_width &&
+                       phase->output_height == phase->virtual_output_height));
                return;
        }
 
-       // If not, look at the input phases and textures.
-       // We select the largest one (by fit into the current aspect).
-       unsigned best_width = 0;
+       // If all effects have the same size, use that.
+       unsigned output_width = 0, output_height = 0;
+       bool all_inputs_same_size = true;
+
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < phase->inputs.size(); ++i) {
-               Node *input = phase->inputs[i];
-               assert(input->phase->output_width != 0);
-               assert(input->phase->output_height != 0);
-               unsigned width = fit_rectangle_to_aspect(input->phase->output_width, input->phase->output_height);
-               if (width > best_width) {
-                       best_width = width;
+               Phase *input = phase->inputs[i];
+               assert(input->output_width != 0);
+               assert(input->output_height != 0);
+               if (output_width == 0 && output_height == 0) {
+                       output_width = input->virtual_output_width;
+                       output_height = input->virtual_output_height;
+               } else if (output_width != input->virtual_output_width ||
+                          output_height != input->virtual_output_height) {
+                       all_inputs_same_size = false;
                }
        }
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < phase->effects.size(); ++i) {
@@ -610,37 +743,71 @@ void EffectChain::find_output_size(Phase *phase)
                }
 
                Input *input = static_cast<Input *>(effect);
-               unsigned width = fit_rectangle_to_aspect(input->get_width(), input->get_height());
-               if (width > best_width) {
-                       best_width = width;
+               if (output_width == 0 && output_height == 0) {
+                       output_width = input->get_width();
+                       output_height = input->get_height();
+               } else if (output_width != input->get_width() ||
+                          output_height != input->get_height()) {
+                       all_inputs_same_size = false;
                }
        }
-       assert(best_width != 0);
-       phase->output_width = best_width;
-       phase->output_height = best_width * aspect_denom / aspect_nom;
+
+       if (all_inputs_same_size) {
+               assert(output_width != 0);
+               assert(output_height != 0);
+               phase->virtual_output_width = phase->output_width = output_width;
+               phase->virtual_output_height = phase->output_height = output_height;
+               return;
+       }
+
+       // If not, fit all the inputs into the current aspect, and select the largest one. 
+       output_width = 0;
+       output_height = 0;
+       for (unsigned i = 0; i < phase->inputs.size(); ++i) {
+               Phase *input = phase->inputs[i];
+               assert(input->output_width != 0);
+               assert(input->output_height != 0);
+               size_rectangle_to_fit(input->output_width, input->output_height, &output_width, &output_height);
+       }
+       for (unsigned i = 0; i < phase->effects.size(); ++i) {
+               Effect *effect = phase->effects[i]->effect;
+               if (effect->num_inputs() != 0) {
+                       continue;
+               }
+
+               Input *input = static_cast<Input *>(effect);
+               size_rectangle_to_fit(input->get_width(), input->get_height(), &output_width, &output_height);
+       }
+       assert(output_width != 0);
+       assert(output_height != 0);
+       phase->virtual_output_width = phase->output_width = output_width;
+       phase->virtual_output_height = phase->output_height = output_height;
+}
+
+void EffectChain::sort_all_nodes_topologically()
+{
+       nodes = topological_sort(nodes);
 }
 
-void EffectChain::sort_nodes_topologically()
+vector<Node *> EffectChain::topological_sort(const vector<Node *> &nodes)
 {
-       std::set<Node *> visited_nodes;
-       std::vector<Node *> sorted_list;
+       set<Node *> nodes_left_to_visit(nodes.begin(), nodes.end());
+       vector<Node *> sorted_list;
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < nodes.size(); ++i) {
-               if (nodes[i]->incoming_links.size() == 0) {
-                       topological_sort_visit_node(nodes[i], &visited_nodes, &sorted_list);
-               }
+               topological_sort_visit_node(nodes[i], &nodes_left_to_visit, &sorted_list);
        }
        reverse(sorted_list.begin(), sorted_list.end());
-       nodes = sorted_list;
+       return sorted_list;
 }
 
-void EffectChain::topological_sort_visit_node(Node *node, std::set<Node *> *visited_nodes, std::vector<Node *> *sorted_list)
+void EffectChain::topological_sort_visit_node(Node *node, set<Node *> *nodes_left_to_visit, vector<Node *> *sorted_list)
 {
-       if (visited_nodes->count(node) != 0) {
+       if (nodes_left_to_visit->count(node) == 0) {
                return;
        }
-       visited_nodes->insert(node);
+       nodes_left_to_visit->erase(node);
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < node->outgoing_links.size(); ++i) {
-               topological_sort_visit_node(node->outgoing_links[i], visited_nodes, sorted_list);
+               topological_sort_visit_node(node->outgoing_links[i], nodes_left_to_visit, sorted_list);
        }
        sorted_list->push_back(node);
 }
@@ -656,6 +823,27 @@ void EffectChain::find_color_spaces_for_inputs()
                        Input *input = static_cast<Input *>(node->effect);
                        node->output_color_space = input->get_color_space();
                        node->output_gamma_curve = input->get_gamma_curve();
+
+                       Effect::AlphaHandling alpha_handling = input->alpha_handling();
+                       switch (alpha_handling) {
+                       case Effect::OUTPUT_BLANK_ALPHA:
+                               node->output_alpha_type = ALPHA_BLANK;
+                               break;
+                       case Effect::INPUT_AND_OUTPUT_PREMULTIPLIED_ALPHA:
+                               node->output_alpha_type = ALPHA_PREMULTIPLIED;
+                               break;
+                       case Effect::OUTPUT_POSTMULTIPLIED_ALPHA:
+                               node->output_alpha_type = ALPHA_POSTMULTIPLIED;
+                               break;
+                       case Effect::INPUT_PREMULTIPLIED_ALPHA_KEEP_BLANK:
+                       case Effect::DONT_CARE_ALPHA_TYPE:
+                       default:
+                               assert(false);
+                       }
+
+                       if (node->output_alpha_type == ALPHA_PREMULTIPLIED) {
+                               assert(node->output_gamma_curve == GAMMA_LINEAR);
+                       }
                }
        }
 }
@@ -666,7 +854,7 @@ void EffectChain::find_color_spaces_for_inputs()
 void EffectChain::propagate_gamma_and_color_space()
 {
        // We depend on going through the nodes in order.
-       sort_nodes_topologically();
+       sort_all_nodes_topologically();
 
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < nodes.size(); ++i) {
                Node *node = nodes[i];
@@ -703,6 +891,130 @@ void EffectChain::propagate_gamma_and_color_space()
        }
 }
 
+// Propagate alpha information as far as we can in the graph.
+// Similar to propagate_gamma_and_color_space().
+void EffectChain::propagate_alpha()
+{
+       // We depend on going through the nodes in order.
+       sort_all_nodes_topologically();
+
+       for (unsigned i = 0; i < nodes.size(); ++i) {
+               Node *node = nodes[i];
+               if (node->disabled) {
+                       continue;
+               }
+               assert(node->incoming_links.size() == node->effect->num_inputs());
+               if (node->incoming_links.size() == 0) {
+                       assert(node->output_alpha_type != ALPHA_INVALID);
+                       continue;
+               }
+
+               // The alpha multiplication/division effects are special cases.
+               if (node->effect->effect_type_id() == "AlphaMultiplicationEffect") {
+                       assert(node->incoming_links.size() == 1);
+                       assert(node->incoming_links[0]->output_alpha_type == ALPHA_POSTMULTIPLIED);
+                       node->output_alpha_type = ALPHA_PREMULTIPLIED;
+                       continue;
+               }
+               if (node->effect->effect_type_id() == "AlphaDivisionEffect") {
+                       assert(node->incoming_links.size() == 1);
+                       assert(node->incoming_links[0]->output_alpha_type == ALPHA_PREMULTIPLIED);
+                       node->output_alpha_type = ALPHA_POSTMULTIPLIED;
+                       continue;
+               }
+
+               // GammaCompressionEffect and GammaExpansionEffect are also a special case,
+               // because they are the only one that _need_ postmultiplied alpha.
+               if (node->effect->effect_type_id() == "GammaCompressionEffect" ||
+                   node->effect->effect_type_id() == "GammaExpansionEffect") {
+                       assert(node->incoming_links.size() == 1);
+                       if (node->incoming_links[0]->output_alpha_type == ALPHA_BLANK) {
+                               node->output_alpha_type = ALPHA_BLANK;
+                       } else if (node->incoming_links[0]->output_alpha_type == ALPHA_POSTMULTIPLIED) {
+                               node->output_alpha_type = ALPHA_POSTMULTIPLIED;
+                       } else {
+                               node->output_alpha_type = ALPHA_INVALID;
+                       }
+                       continue;
+               }
+
+               // Only inputs can have unconditional alpha output (OUTPUT_BLANK_ALPHA
+               // or OUTPUT_POSTMULTIPLIED_ALPHA), and they have already been
+               // taken care of above. Rationale: Even if you could imagine
+               // e.g. an effect that took in an image and set alpha=1.0
+               // unconditionally, it wouldn't make any sense to have it as
+               // e.g. OUTPUT_BLANK_ALPHA, since it wouldn't know whether it
+               // got its input pre- or postmultiplied, so it wouldn't know
+               // whether to divide away the old alpha or not.
+               Effect::AlphaHandling alpha_handling = node->effect->alpha_handling();
+               assert(alpha_handling == Effect::INPUT_AND_OUTPUT_PREMULTIPLIED_ALPHA ||
+                      alpha_handling == Effect::INPUT_PREMULTIPLIED_ALPHA_KEEP_BLANK ||
+                      alpha_handling == Effect::DONT_CARE_ALPHA_TYPE);
+
+               // If the node has multiple inputs, check that they are all valid and
+               // the same.
+               bool any_invalid = false;
+               bool any_premultiplied = false;
+               bool any_postmultiplied = false;
+
+               for (unsigned j = 0; j < node->incoming_links.size(); ++j) {
+                       switch (node->incoming_links[j]->output_alpha_type) {
+                       case ALPHA_INVALID:
+                               any_invalid = true;
+                               break;
+                       case ALPHA_BLANK:
+                               // Blank is good as both pre- and postmultiplied alpha,
+                               // so just ignore it.
+                               break;
+                       case ALPHA_PREMULTIPLIED:
+                               any_premultiplied = true;
+                               break;
+                       case ALPHA_POSTMULTIPLIED:
+                               any_postmultiplied = true;
+                               break;
+                       default:
+                               assert(false);
+                       }
+               }
+
+               if (any_invalid) {
+                       node->output_alpha_type = ALPHA_INVALID;
+                       continue;
+               }
+
+               // Inputs must be of the same type.
+               if (any_premultiplied && any_postmultiplied) {
+                       node->output_alpha_type = ALPHA_INVALID;
+                       continue;
+               }
+
+               if (alpha_handling == Effect::INPUT_AND_OUTPUT_PREMULTIPLIED_ALPHA ||
+                   alpha_handling == Effect::INPUT_PREMULTIPLIED_ALPHA_KEEP_BLANK) {
+                       // If the effect has asked for premultiplied alpha, check that it has got it.
+                       if (any_postmultiplied) {
+                               node->output_alpha_type = ALPHA_INVALID;
+                       } else if (!any_premultiplied &&
+                                  alpha_handling == Effect::INPUT_PREMULTIPLIED_ALPHA_KEEP_BLANK) {
+                               // Blank input alpha, and the effect preserves blank alpha.
+                               node->output_alpha_type = ALPHA_BLANK;
+                       } else {
+                               node->output_alpha_type = ALPHA_PREMULTIPLIED;
+                       }
+               } else {
+                       // OK, all inputs are the same, and this effect is not going
+                       // to change it.
+                       assert(alpha_handling == Effect::DONT_CARE_ALPHA_TYPE);
+                       if (any_premultiplied) {
+                               node->output_alpha_type = ALPHA_PREMULTIPLIED;
+                       } else if (any_postmultiplied) {
+                               node->output_alpha_type = ALPHA_POSTMULTIPLIED;
+                       } else {
+                               node->output_alpha_type = ALPHA_BLANK;
+                       }
+               }
+       }
+}
+
 bool EffectChain::node_needs_colorspace_fix(Node *node)
 {
        if (node->disabled) {
@@ -740,7 +1052,7 @@ void EffectChain::fix_internal_color_spaces()
                        }
 
                        // Go through each input that is not sRGB, and insert
-                       // a colorspace conversion before it.
+                       // a colorspace conversion after it.
                        for (unsigned j = 0; j < node->incoming_links.size(); ++j) {
                                Node *input = node->incoming_links[j];
                                assert(input->output_color_space != COLORSPACE_INVALID);
@@ -751,7 +1063,8 @@ void EffectChain::fix_internal_color_spaces()
                                CHECK(conversion->effect->set_int("source_space", input->output_color_space));
                                CHECK(conversion->effect->set_int("destination_space", COLORSPACE_sRGB));
                                conversion->output_color_space = COLORSPACE_sRGB;
-                               insert_node_between(input, conversion, node);
+                               replace_sender(input, conversion);
+                               connect_nodes(input, conversion);
                        }
 
                        // Re-sort topologically, and propagate the new information.
@@ -762,7 +1075,7 @@ void EffectChain::fix_internal_color_spaces()
                }
        
                char filename[256];
-               sprintf(filename, "step3-colorspacefix-iter%u.dot", ++colorspace_propagation_pass);
+               sprintf(filename, "step5-colorspacefix-iter%u.dot", ++colorspace_propagation_pass);
                output_dot(filename);
                assert(colorspace_propagation_pass < 100);
        } while (found_any);
@@ -776,6 +1089,88 @@ void EffectChain::fix_internal_color_spaces()
        }
 }
 
+bool EffectChain::node_needs_alpha_fix(Node *node)
+{
+       if (node->disabled) {
+               return false;
+       }
+
+       // propagate_alpha() has already set our output to ALPHA_INVALID if the
+       // inputs differ or we are otherwise in mismatch, so we can rely on that.
+       return (node->output_alpha_type == ALPHA_INVALID);
+}
+
+// Fix up alpha so that there are no ALPHA_INVALID nodes left in
+// the graph. Similar to fix_internal_color_spaces().
+void EffectChain::fix_internal_alpha(unsigned step)
+{
+       unsigned alpha_propagation_pass = 0;
+       bool found_any;
+       do {
+               found_any = false;
+               for (unsigned i = 0; i < nodes.size(); ++i) {
+                       Node *node = nodes[i];
+                       if (!node_needs_alpha_fix(node)) {
+                               continue;
+                       }
+
+                       // If we need to fix up GammaExpansionEffect, then clearly something
+                       // is wrong, since the combination of premultiplied alpha and nonlinear inputs
+                       // is meaningless.
+                       assert(node->effect->effect_type_id() != "GammaExpansionEffect");
+
+                       AlphaType desired_type = ALPHA_PREMULTIPLIED;
+
+                       // GammaCompressionEffect is special; it needs postmultiplied alpha.
+                       if (node->effect->effect_type_id() == "GammaCompressionEffect") {
+                               assert(node->incoming_links.size() == 1);
+                               assert(node->incoming_links[0]->output_alpha_type == ALPHA_PREMULTIPLIED);
+                               desired_type = ALPHA_POSTMULTIPLIED;
+                       }
+
+                       // Go through each input that is not premultiplied alpha, and insert
+                       // a conversion before it.
+                       for (unsigned j = 0; j < node->incoming_links.size(); ++j) {
+                               Node *input = node->incoming_links[j];
+                               assert(input->output_alpha_type != ALPHA_INVALID);
+                               if (input->output_alpha_type == desired_type ||
+                                   input->output_alpha_type == ALPHA_BLANK) {
+                                       continue;
+                               }
+                               Node *conversion;
+                               if (desired_type == ALPHA_PREMULTIPLIED) {
+                                       conversion = add_node(new AlphaMultiplicationEffect());
+                               } else {
+                                       conversion = add_node(new AlphaDivisionEffect());
+                               }
+                               conversion->output_alpha_type = desired_type;
+                               replace_sender(input, conversion);
+                               connect_nodes(input, conversion);
+                       }
+
+                       // Re-sort topologically, and propagate the new information.
+                       propagate_gamma_and_color_space();
+                       propagate_alpha();
+                       
+                       found_any = true;
+                       break;
+               }
+       
+               char filename[256];
+               sprintf(filename, "step%u-alphafix-iter%u.dot", step, ++alpha_propagation_pass);
+               output_dot(filename);
+               assert(alpha_propagation_pass < 100);
+       } while (found_any);
+
+       for (unsigned i = 0; i < nodes.size(); ++i) {
+               Node *node = nodes[i];
+               if (node->disabled) {
+                       continue;
+               }
+               assert(node->output_alpha_type != ALPHA_INVALID);
+       }
+}
+
 // Make so that the output is in the desired color space.
 void EffectChain::fix_output_color_space()
 {
@@ -786,6 +1181,32 @@ void EffectChain::fix_output_color_space()
                CHECK(conversion->effect->set_int("destination_space", output_format.color_space));
                conversion->output_color_space = output_format.color_space;
                connect_nodes(output, conversion);
+               propagate_alpha();
+               propagate_gamma_and_color_space();
+       }
+}
+
+// Make so that the output is in the desired pre-/postmultiplication alpha state.
+void EffectChain::fix_output_alpha()
+{
+       Node *output = find_output_node();
+       assert(output->output_alpha_type != ALPHA_INVALID);
+       if (output->output_alpha_type == ALPHA_BLANK) {
+               // No alpha output, so we don't care.
+               return;
+       }
+       if (output->output_alpha_type == ALPHA_PREMULTIPLIED &&
+           output_alpha_format == OUTPUT_ALPHA_FORMAT_POSTMULTIPLIED) {
+               Node *conversion = add_node(new AlphaDivisionEffect());
+               connect_nodes(output, conversion);
+               propagate_alpha();
+               propagate_gamma_and_color_space();
+       }
+       if (output->output_alpha_type == ALPHA_POSTMULTIPLIED &&
+           output_alpha_format == OUTPUT_ALPHA_FORMAT_PREMULTIPLIED) {
+               Node *conversion = add_node(new AlphaMultiplicationEffect());
+               connect_nodes(output, conversion);
+               propagate_alpha();
                propagate_gamma_and_color_space();
        }
 }
@@ -848,7 +1269,7 @@ void EffectChain::fix_internal_gamma_by_asking_inputs(unsigned step)
                        }
 
                        // See if all inputs can give us linear gamma. If not, leave it.
-                       std::vector<Node *> nonlinear_inputs;
+                       vector<Node *> nonlinear_inputs;
                        find_all_nonlinear_inputs(node, &nonlinear_inputs);
                        assert(!nonlinear_inputs.empty());
 
@@ -907,7 +1328,7 @@ void EffectChain::fix_internal_gamma_by_inserting_nodes(unsigned step)
                        }
 
                        // If not, go through each input that is not linear gamma,
-                       // and insert a gamma conversion before it.
+                       // and insert a gamma conversion after it.
                        for (unsigned j = 0; j < node->incoming_links.size(); ++j) {
                                Node *input = node->incoming_links[j];
                                assert(input->output_gamma_curve != GAMMA_INVALID);
@@ -917,10 +1338,12 @@ void EffectChain::fix_internal_gamma_by_inserting_nodes(unsigned step)
                                Node *conversion = add_node(new GammaExpansionEffect());
                                CHECK(conversion->effect->set_int("source_curve", input->output_gamma_curve));
                                conversion->output_gamma_curve = GAMMA_LINEAR;
-                               insert_node_between(input, conversion, node);
+                               replace_sender(input, conversion);
+                               connect_nodes(input, conversion);
                        }
 
                        // Re-sort topologically, and propagate the new information.
+                       propagate_alpha();
                        propagate_gamma_and_color_space();
                        
                        found_any = true;
@@ -955,6 +1378,22 @@ void EffectChain::fix_output_gamma()
                connect_nodes(output, conversion);
        }
 }
+
+// If the user has requested Y'CbCr output, we need to do this conversion
+// _after_ GammaCompressionEffect etc., but before dither (see below).
+// This is because Y'CbCr, with the exception of a special optional mode
+// in Rec. 2020 (which we currently don't support), is defined to work on
+// gamma-encoded data.
+void EffectChain::add_ycbcr_conversion_if_needed()
+{
+       assert(output_color_type == OUTPUT_COLOR_RGB || output_color_type == OUTPUT_COLOR_YCBCR);
+       if (output_color_type != OUTPUT_COLOR_YCBCR) {
+               return;
+       }
+       Node *output = find_output_node();
+       Node *ycbcr = add_node(new YCbCrConversionEffect(output_ycbcr_format));
+       connect_nodes(output, ycbcr);
+}
        
 // If the user has requested dither, add a DitherEffect right at the end
 // (after GammaCompressionEffect etc.). This needs to be done after everything else,
@@ -977,7 +1416,7 @@ void EffectChain::add_dither_if_needed()
 // multiple outputs right now).
 Node *EffectChain::find_output_node()
 {
-       std::vector<Node *> output_nodes;
+       vector<Node *> output_nodes;
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < nodes.size(); ++i) {
                Node *node = nodes[i];
                if (node->disabled) {
@@ -1007,68 +1446,52 @@ void EffectChain::finalize()
        find_color_spaces_for_inputs();
        output_dot("step2-input-colorspace.dot");
 
+       propagate_alpha();
+       output_dot("step3-propagated-alpha.dot");
+
        propagate_gamma_and_color_space();
-       output_dot("step3-propagated.dot");
+       output_dot("step4-propagated-all.dot");
 
        fix_internal_color_spaces();
+       fix_internal_alpha(6);
        fix_output_color_space();
-       output_dot("step4-output-colorspacefix.dot");
+       output_dot("step7-output-colorspacefix.dot");
+       fix_output_alpha();
+       output_dot("step8-output-alphafix.dot");
 
        // Note that we need to fix gamma after colorspace conversion,
        // because colorspace conversions might create needs for gamma conversions.
        // Also, we need to run an extra pass of fix_internal_gamma() after 
-       // fixing the output gamma, as we only have conversions to/from linear.
-       fix_internal_gamma_by_asking_inputs(5);
-       fix_internal_gamma_by_inserting_nodes(6);
+       // fixing the output gamma, as we only have conversions to/from linear,
+       // and fix_internal_alpha() since GammaCompressionEffect needs
+       // postmultiplied input.
+       fix_internal_gamma_by_asking_inputs(9);
+       fix_internal_gamma_by_inserting_nodes(10);
        fix_output_gamma();
-       output_dot("step7-output-gammafix.dot");
-       fix_internal_gamma_by_asking_inputs(8);
-       fix_internal_gamma_by_inserting_nodes(9);
-
-       output_dot("step10-before-dither.dot");
-
+       output_dot("step11-output-gammafix.dot");
+       propagate_alpha();
+       output_dot("step12-output-alpha-propagated.dot");
+       fix_internal_alpha(13);
+       output_dot("step14-output-alpha-fixed.dot");
+       fix_internal_gamma_by_asking_inputs(15);
+       fix_internal_gamma_by_inserting_nodes(16);
+
+       output_dot("step17-before-ycbcr.dot");
+       add_ycbcr_conversion_if_needed();
+
+       output_dot("step18-before-dither.dot");
        add_dither_if_needed();
 
-       output_dot("step11-final.dot");
+       output_dot("step19-final.dot");
        
        // Construct all needed GLSL programs, starting at the output.
-       construct_glsl_programs(find_output_node());
-
-       output_dot("step12-split-to-phases.dot");
-
-       // If we have more than one phase, we need intermediate render-to-texture.
-       // Construct an FBO, and then as many textures as we need.
-       // We choose the simplest option of having one texture per output,
-       // since otherwise this turns into an (albeit simple)
-       // register allocation problem.
-       if (phases.size() > 1) {
-               glGenFramebuffers(1, &fbo);
+       // We need to keep track of which effects have already been computed,
+       // as an effect with multiple users could otherwise be calculated
+       // multiple times.
+       map<Node *, Phase *> completed_effects;
+       construct_phase(find_output_node(), &completed_effects);
 
-               for (unsigned i = 0; i < phases.size() - 1; ++i) {
-                       inform_input_sizes(phases[i]);
-                       find_output_size(phases[i]);
-
-                       Node *output_node = phases[i]->effects.back();
-                       glGenTextures(1, &output_node->output_texture);
-                       check_error();
-                       glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, output_node->output_texture);
-                       check_error();
-                       glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
-                       check_error();
-                       glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
-                       check_error();
-                       glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGBA16F_ARB, phases[i]->output_width, phases[i]->output_height, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, NULL);
-                       check_error();
-
-                       output_node->output_texture_width = phases[i]->output_width;
-                       output_node->output_texture_height = phases[i]->output_height;
-               }
-               inform_input_sizes(phases.back());
-       }
-               
-       for (unsigned i = 0; i < inputs.size(); ++i) {
-               inputs[i]->finalize();
-       }
+       output_dot("step20-split-to-phases.dot");
 
        assert(phases[0]->inputs.empty());
        
@@ -1099,123 +1522,212 @@ void EffectChain::render_to_fbo(GLuint dest_fbo, unsigned width, unsigned height
        glDepthMask(GL_FALSE);
        check_error();
 
-       glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
-       glLoadIdentity();
-       glOrtho(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0);
+       set<Phase *> generated_mipmaps;
 
-       glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
-       glLoadIdentity();
+       // We choose the simplest option of having one texture per output,
+       // since otherwise this turns into an (albeit simple) register allocation problem.
+       map<Phase *, GLuint> output_textures;
 
-       if (phases.size() > 1) {
-               glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, fbo);
-               check_error();
+       for (unsigned phase_num = 0; phase_num < phases.size(); ++phase_num) {
+               Phase *phase = phases[phase_num];
+
+               if (do_phase_timing) {
+                       glBeginQuery(GL_TIME_ELAPSED, phase->timer_query_object);
+               }
+               if (phase_num == phases.size() - 1) {
+                       // Last phase goes to the output the user specified.
+                       glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, dest_fbo);
+                       check_error();
+                       GLenum status = glCheckFramebufferStatusEXT(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT);
+                       assert(status == GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE);
+                       glViewport(x, y, width, height);
+                       if (dither_effect != NULL) {
+                               CHECK(dither_effect->set_int("output_width", width));
+                               CHECK(dither_effect->set_int("output_height", height));
+                       }
+               }
+               execute_phase(phase, phase_num == phases.size() - 1, &output_textures, &generated_mipmaps);
+               if (do_phase_timing) {
+                       glEndQuery(GL_TIME_ELAPSED);
+               }
        }
 
-       std::set<Node *> generated_mipmaps;
+       for (map<Phase *, GLuint>::const_iterator texture_it = output_textures.begin();
+            texture_it != output_textures.end();
+            ++texture_it) {
+               resource_pool->release_2d_texture(texture_it->second);
+       }
 
-       for (unsigned phase = 0; phase < phases.size(); ++phase) {
-               // See if the requested output size has changed. If so, we need to recreate
-               // the texture (and before we start setting up inputs).
-               inform_input_sizes(phases[phase]);
-               if (phase != phases.size() - 1) {
-                       find_output_size(phases[phase]);
+       glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, 0);
+       check_error();
+       glUseProgram(0);
+       check_error();
 
-                       Node *output_node = phases[phase]->effects.back();
+       if (do_phase_timing) {
+               // Get back the timer queries.
+               for (unsigned phase_num = 0; phase_num < phases.size(); ++phase_num) {
+                       Phase *phase = phases[phase_num];
+                       GLint available = 0;
+                       while (!available) {
+                               glGetQueryObjectiv(phase->timer_query_object, GL_QUERY_RESULT_AVAILABLE, &available);
+                       }
+                       GLuint64 time_elapsed;
+                       glGetQueryObjectui64v(phase->timer_query_object, GL_QUERY_RESULT, &time_elapsed);
+                       phase->time_elapsed_ns += time_elapsed;
+                       ++phase->num_measured_iterations;
+               }
+       }
+}
 
-                       if (output_node->output_texture_width != phases[phase]->output_width ||
-                           output_node->output_texture_height != phases[phase]->output_height) {
-                               glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
-                               check_error();
-                               glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, output_node->output_texture);
-                               check_error();
-                               glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGBA16F_ARB, phases[phase]->output_width, phases[phase]->output_height, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, NULL);
-                               check_error();
-                               glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0);
-                               check_error();
+void EffectChain::enable_phase_timing(bool enable)
+{
+       if (enable) {
+               assert(movit_timer_queries_supported);
+       }
+       this->do_phase_timing = enable;
+}
 
-                               output_node->output_texture_width = phases[phase]->output_width;
-                               output_node->output_texture_height = phases[phase]->output_height;
+void EffectChain::reset_phase_timing()
+{
+       for (unsigned phase_num = 0; phase_num < phases.size(); ++phase_num) {
+               Phase *phase = phases[phase_num];
+               phase->time_elapsed_ns = 0;
+               phase->num_measured_iterations = 0;
+       }
+}
+
+void EffectChain::print_phase_timing()
+{
+       double total_time_ms = 0.0;
+       for (unsigned phase_num = 0; phase_num < phases.size(); ++phase_num) {
+               Phase *phase = phases[phase_num];
+               double avg_time_ms = phase->time_elapsed_ns * 1e-6 / phase->num_measured_iterations;
+               printf("Phase %d: %5.1f ms  [", phase_num, avg_time_ms);
+               for (unsigned effect_num = 0; effect_num < phase->effects.size(); ++effect_num) {
+                       if (effect_num != 0) {
+                               printf(", ");
                        }
+                       printf("%s", phase->effects[effect_num]->effect->effect_type_id().c_str());
                }
+               printf("]\n");
+               total_time_ms += avg_time_ms;
+       }
+       printf("Total:   %5.1f ms\n", total_time_ms);
+}
 
-               glUseProgram(phases[phase]->glsl_program_num);
-               check_error();
+void EffectChain::execute_phase(Phase *phase, bool last_phase, map<Phase *, GLuint> *output_textures, set<Phase *> *generated_mipmaps)
+{
+       GLuint fbo = 0;
 
-               // Set up RTT inputs for this phase.
-               for (unsigned sampler = 0; sampler < phases[phase]->inputs.size(); ++sampler) {
-                       glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0 + sampler);
-                       Node *input = phases[phase]->inputs[sampler];
-                       glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, input->output_texture);
-                       check_error();
-                       if (phases[phase]->input_needs_mipmaps) {
-                               if (generated_mipmaps.count(input) == 0) {
-                                       glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
-                                       check_error();
-                                       generated_mipmaps.insert(input);
-                               }
-                               glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR_MIPMAP_NEAREST);
-                               check_error();
-                       } else {
-                               glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
-                               check_error();
-                       }
+       // Find a texture for this phase.
+       inform_input_sizes(phase);
+       if (!last_phase) {
+               find_output_size(phase);
 
-                       std::string texture_name = std::string("tex_") + input->effect_id;
-                       glUniform1i(glGetUniformLocation(phases[phase]->glsl_program_num, texture_name.c_str()), sampler);
+               GLuint tex_num = resource_pool->create_2d_texture(GL_RGBA16F, phase->output_width, phase->output_height);
+               output_textures->insert(make_pair(phase, tex_num));
+       }
+
+       const GLuint glsl_program_num = phase->glsl_program_num;
+       check_error();
+       glUseProgram(glsl_program_num);
+       check_error();
+
+       // Set up RTT inputs for this phase.
+       for (unsigned sampler = 0; sampler < phase->inputs.size(); ++sampler) {
+               glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0 + sampler);
+               Phase *input = phase->inputs[sampler];
+               input->output_node->bound_sampler_num = sampler;
+               glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, (*output_textures)[input]);
+               check_error();
+               if (phase->input_needs_mipmaps && generated_mipmaps->count(input) == 0) {
+                       glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
                        check_error();
+                       generated_mipmaps->insert(input);
                }
+               setup_rtt_sampler(glsl_program_num, sampler, phase->effect_ids[input->output_node], phase->input_needs_mipmaps);
+       }
 
-               // And now the output.
-               if (phase == phases.size() - 1) {
-                       // Last phase goes to the output the user specified.
-                       glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, dest_fbo);
-                       check_error();
-                       glViewport(x, y, width, height);
-                       if (dither_effect != NULL) {
-                               CHECK(dither_effect->set_int("output_width", width));
-                               CHECK(dither_effect->set_int("output_height", height));
-                       }
+       // And now the output. (Already set up for us if it is the last phase.)
+       if (!last_phase) {
+               fbo = resource_pool->create_fbo((*output_textures)[phase]);
+               glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, fbo);
+               glViewport(0, 0, phase->output_width, phase->output_height);
+       }
+
+       // Give the required parameters to all the effects.
+       unsigned sampler_num = phase->inputs.size();
+       for (unsigned i = 0; i < phase->effects.size(); ++i) {
+               Node *node = phase->effects[i];
+               unsigned old_sampler_num = sampler_num;
+               node->effect->set_gl_state(glsl_program_num, phase->effect_ids[node], &sampler_num);
+               check_error();
+
+               if (node->effect->is_single_texture()) {
+                       assert(sampler_num - old_sampler_num == 1);
+                       node->bound_sampler_num = old_sampler_num;
                } else {
-                       Node *output_node = phases[phase]->effects.back();
-                       glFramebufferTexture2D(
-                               GL_FRAMEBUFFER,
-                               GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0,
-                               GL_TEXTURE_2D,
-                               output_node->output_texture,
-                               0);
-                       check_error();
-                       glViewport(0, 0, phases[phase]->output_width, phases[phase]->output_height);
+                       node->bound_sampler_num = -1;
                }
+       }
 
-               // Give the required parameters to all the effects.
-               unsigned sampler_num = phases[phase]->inputs.size();
-               for (unsigned i = 0; i < phases[phase]->effects.size(); ++i) {
-                       Node *node = phases[phase]->effects[i];
-                       node->effect->set_gl_state(phases[phase]->glsl_program_num, node->effect_id, &sampler_num);
-                       check_error();
-               }
+       // Now draw!
+       float vertices[] = {
+               0.0f, 2.0f,
+               0.0f, 0.0f,
+               2.0f, 0.0f
+       };
 
-               // Now draw!
-               glBegin(GL_QUADS);
+       GLuint vao;
+       glGenVertexArrays(1, &vao);
+       check_error();
+       glBindVertexArray(vao);
+       check_error();
 
-               glTexCoord2f(0.0f, 0.0f);
-               glVertex2f(0.0f, 0.0f);
+       GLuint position_vbo = fill_vertex_attribute(glsl_program_num, "position", 2, GL_FLOAT, sizeof(vertices), vertices);
+       GLuint texcoord_vbo = fill_vertex_attribute(glsl_program_num, "texcoord", 2, GL_FLOAT, sizeof(vertices), vertices);  // Same as vertices.
 
-               glTexCoord2f(1.0f, 0.0f);
-               glVertex2f(1.0f, 0.0f);
+       glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 3);
+       check_error();
 
-               glTexCoord2f(1.0f, 1.0f);
-               glVertex2f(1.0f, 1.0f);
+       cleanup_vertex_attribute(glsl_program_num, "position", position_vbo);
+       cleanup_vertex_attribute(glsl_program_num, "texcoord", texcoord_vbo);
+       
+       glUseProgram(0);
+       check_error();
 
-               glTexCoord2f(0.0f, 1.0f);
-               glVertex2f(0.0f, 1.0f);
+       for (unsigned i = 0; i < phase->effects.size(); ++i) {
+               Node *node = phase->effects[i];
+               node->effect->clear_gl_state();
+       }
 
-               glEnd();
-               check_error();
+       if (!last_phase) {
+               resource_pool->release_fbo(fbo);
+       }
 
-               for (unsigned i = 0; i < phases[phase]->effects.size(); ++i) {
-                       Node *node = phases[phase]->effects[i];
-                       node->effect->clear_gl_state();
-               }
+       glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &vao);
+       check_error();
+}
+
+void EffectChain::setup_rtt_sampler(GLuint glsl_program_num, int sampler_num, const string &effect_id, bool use_mipmaps)
+{
+       glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0 + sampler_num);
+       check_error();
+       if (use_mipmaps) {
+               glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR_MIPMAP_NEAREST);
+               check_error();
+       } else {
+               glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
+               check_error();
        }
+       glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
+       check_error();
+       glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
+       check_error();
+
+       string texture_name = string("tex_") + effect_id;
+       glUniform1i(glGetUniformLocation(glsl_program_num, texture_name.c_str()), sampler_num);
+       check_error();
 }
+
+}  // namespace movit