2 Stockfish, a UCI chess playing engine derived from Glaurung 2.1
3 Copyright (C) 2004-2008 Tord Romstad (Glaurung author)
4 Copyright (C) 2008-2010 Marco Costalba, Joona Kiiski, Tord Romstad
6 Stockfish is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
7 it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
8 the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
9 (at your option) any later version.
11 Stockfish is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
12 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
13 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
14 GNU General Public License for more details.
16 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
17 along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
44 #include "ucioption.h"
50 //// Local definitions
56 enum NodeType { NonPV, PV };
58 // Set to true to force running with one thread.
59 // Used for debugging SMP code.
60 const bool FakeSplit = false;
62 // ThreadsManager class is used to handle all the threads related stuff in search,
63 // init, starting, parking and, the most important, launching a slave thread at a
64 // split point are what this class does. All the access to shared thread data is
65 // done through this class, so that we avoid using global variables instead.
67 class ThreadsManager {
68 /* As long as the single ThreadsManager object is defined as a global we don't
69 need to explicitly initialize to zero its data members because variables with
70 static storage duration are automatically set to zero before enter main()
76 int active_threads() const { return ActiveThreads; }
77 void set_active_threads(int newActiveThreads) { ActiveThreads = newActiveThreads; }
78 void incrementNodeCounter(int threadID) { threads[threadID].nodes++; }
80 void resetNodeCounters();
81 int64_t nodes_searched() const;
82 bool available_thread_exists(int master) const;
83 bool thread_is_available(int slave, int master) const;
84 bool thread_should_stop(int threadID) const;
85 void wake_sleeping_thread(int threadID);
86 void idle_loop(int threadID, SplitPoint* sp);
89 void split(const Position& pos, SearchStack* ss, int ply, Value* alpha, const Value beta, Value* bestValue,
90 Depth depth, Move threatMove, bool mateThreat, int moveCount, MovePicker* mp, bool pvNode);
96 volatile bool AllThreadsShouldExit;
97 Thread threads[MAX_THREADS];
99 WaitCondition WaitCond[MAX_THREADS];
103 // RootMove struct is used for moves at the root at the tree. For each
104 // root move, we store a score, a node count, and a PV (really a refutation
105 // in the case of moves which fail low).
109 RootMove() : mp_score(0), nodes(0) {}
111 // RootMove::operator<() is the comparison function used when
112 // sorting the moves. A move m1 is considered to be better
113 // than a move m2 if it has a higher score, or if the moves
114 // have equal score but m1 has the higher beta cut-off count.
115 bool operator<(const RootMove& m) const {
117 return score != m.score ? score < m.score : mp_score <= m.mp_score;
124 Move pv[PLY_MAX_PLUS_2];
128 // The RootMoveList class is essentially an array of RootMove objects, with
129 // a handful of methods for accessing the data in the individual moves.
134 RootMoveList(Position& pos, Move searchMoves[]);
136 Move move(int moveNum) const { return moves[moveNum].move; }
137 Move move_pv(int moveNum, int i) const { return moves[moveNum].pv[i]; }
138 int move_count() const { return count; }
139 Value move_score(int moveNum) const { return moves[moveNum].score; }
140 int64_t move_nodes(int moveNum) const { return moves[moveNum].nodes; }
141 void add_move_nodes(int moveNum, int64_t nodes) { moves[moveNum].nodes += nodes; }
142 void set_move_score(int moveNum, Value score) { moves[moveNum].score = score; }
144 void set_move_pv(int moveNum, const Move pv[]);
145 void score_moves(const Position& pos);
147 void sort_multipv(int n);
150 RootMove moves[MOVES_MAX];
155 // When formatting a move for std::cout we must know if we are in Chess960
156 // or not. To keep using the handy operator<<() on the move the trick is to
157 // embed this flag in the stream itself. Function-like named enum set960 is
158 // used as a custom manipulator and the stream internal general-purpose array,
159 // accessed through ios_base::iword(), is used to pass the flag to the move's
160 // operator<<() that will use it to properly format castling moves.
163 std::ostream& operator<< (std::ostream& os, const set960& m) {
165 os.iword(0) = int(m);
174 // Maximum depth for razoring
175 const Depth RazorDepth = 4 * ONE_PLY;
177 // Dynamic razoring margin based on depth
178 inline Value razor_margin(Depth d) { return Value(0x200 + 0x10 * int(d)); }
180 // Maximum depth for use of dynamic threat detection when null move fails low
181 const Depth ThreatDepth = 5 * ONE_PLY;
183 // Step 9. Internal iterative deepening
185 // Minimum depth for use of internal iterative deepening
186 const Depth IIDDepth[2] = { 8 * ONE_PLY /* non-PV */, 5 * ONE_PLY /* PV */};
188 // At Non-PV nodes we do an internal iterative deepening search
189 // when the static evaluation is bigger then beta - IIDMargin.
190 const Value IIDMargin = Value(0x100);
192 // Step 11. Decide the new search depth
194 // Extensions. Configurable UCI options
195 // Array index 0 is used at non-PV nodes, index 1 at PV nodes.
196 Depth CheckExtension[2], SingleEvasionExtension[2], PawnPushTo7thExtension[2];
197 Depth PassedPawnExtension[2], PawnEndgameExtension[2], MateThreatExtension[2];
199 // Minimum depth for use of singular extension
200 const Depth SingularExtensionDepth[2] = { 8 * ONE_PLY /* non-PV */, 6 * ONE_PLY /* PV */};
202 // If the TT move is at least SingularExtensionMargin better then the
203 // remaining ones we will extend it.
204 const Value SingularExtensionMargin = Value(0x20);
206 // Step 12. Futility pruning
208 // Futility margin for quiescence search
209 const Value FutilityMarginQS = Value(0x80);
211 // Futility lookup tables (initialized at startup) and their getter functions
212 Value FutilityMarginsMatrix[16][64]; // [depth][moveNumber]
213 int FutilityMoveCountArray[32]; // [depth]
215 inline Value futility_margin(Depth d, int mn) { return d < 7 * ONE_PLY ? FutilityMarginsMatrix[Max(d, 1)][Min(mn, 63)] : 2 * VALUE_INFINITE; }
216 inline int futility_move_count(Depth d) { return d < 16 * ONE_PLY ? FutilityMoveCountArray[d] : 512; }
218 // Step 14. Reduced search
220 // Reduction lookup tables (initialized at startup) and their getter functions
221 int8_t ReductionMatrix[2][64][64]; // [pv][depth][moveNumber]
223 template <NodeType PV>
224 inline Depth reduction(Depth d, int mn) { return (Depth) ReductionMatrix[PV][Min(d / 2, 63)][Min(mn, 63)]; }
226 // Common adjustments
228 // Search depth at iteration 1
229 const Depth InitialDepth = ONE_PLY;
231 // Easy move margin. An easy move candidate must be at least this much
232 // better than the second best move.
233 const Value EasyMoveMargin = Value(0x200);
241 // Scores and number of times the best move changed for each iteration
242 Value ValueByIteration[PLY_MAX_PLUS_2];
243 int BestMoveChangesByIteration[PLY_MAX_PLUS_2];
245 // Search window management
251 // Time managment variables
252 int SearchStartTime, MaxNodes, MaxDepth, ExactMaxTime;
253 bool UseTimeManagement, InfiniteSearch, PonderSearch, StopOnPonderhit;
254 bool FirstRootMove, AbortSearch, Quit, AspirationFailLow;
259 std::ofstream LogFile;
261 // Multi-threads related variables
262 Depth MinimumSplitDepth;
263 int MaxThreadsPerSplitPoint;
264 ThreadsManager ThreadsMgr;
266 // Node counters, used only by thread[0] but try to keep in different cache
267 // lines (64 bytes each) from the heavy multi-thread read accessed variables.
269 int NodesBetweenPolls = 30000;
276 Value id_loop(const Position& pos, Move searchMoves[]);
277 Value root_search(Position& pos, SearchStack* ss, Move* pv, RootMoveList& rml, Value* alphaPtr, Value* betaPtr);
279 template <NodeType PvNode, bool SpNode>
280 Value search(Position& pos, SearchStack* ss, Value alpha, Value beta, Depth depth, int ply);
282 template <NodeType PvNode>
283 Value qsearch(Position& pos, SearchStack* ss, Value alpha, Value beta, Depth depth, int ply);
285 template <NodeType PvNode>
286 inline Value search(Position& pos, SearchStack* ss, Value alpha, Value beta, Depth depth, int ply) {
288 return depth < ONE_PLY ? qsearch<PvNode>(pos, ss, alpha, beta, DEPTH_ZERO, ply)
289 : search<PvNode, false>(pos, ss, alpha, beta, depth, ply);
292 template <NodeType PvNode>
293 Depth extension(const Position& pos, Move m, bool captureOrPromotion, bool moveIsCheck, bool singleEvasion, bool mateThreat, bool* dangerous);
295 bool connected_moves(const Position& pos, Move m1, Move m2);
296 bool value_is_mate(Value value);
297 Value value_to_tt(Value v, int ply);
298 Value value_from_tt(Value v, int ply);
299 bool ok_to_use_TT(const TTEntry* tte, Depth depth, Value beta, int ply);
300 bool connected_threat(const Position& pos, Move m, Move threat);
301 Value refine_eval(const TTEntry* tte, Value defaultEval, int ply);
302 void update_history(const Position& pos, Move move, Depth depth, Move movesSearched[], int moveCount);
303 void update_killers(Move m, SearchStack* ss);
304 void update_gains(const Position& pos, Move move, Value before, Value after);
306 int current_search_time();
307 std::string value_to_uci(Value v);
311 void wait_for_stop_or_ponderhit();
312 void init_ss_array(SearchStack* ss, int size);
313 void print_pv_info(const Position& pos, Move pv[], Value alpha, Value beta, Value value);
314 void insert_pv_in_tt(const Position& pos, Move pv[]);
315 void extract_pv_from_tt(const Position& pos, Move bestMove, Move pv[]);
317 #if !defined(_MSC_VER)
318 void *init_thread(void *threadID);
320 DWORD WINAPI init_thread(LPVOID threadID);
330 /// init_threads(), exit_threads() and nodes_searched() are helpers to
331 /// give accessibility to some TM methods from outside of current file.
333 void init_threads() { ThreadsMgr.init_threads(); }
334 void exit_threads() { ThreadsMgr.exit_threads(); }
335 int64_t nodes_searched() { return ThreadsMgr.nodes_searched(); }
338 /// init_search() is called during startup. It initializes various lookup tables
342 int d; // depth (ONE_PLY == 2)
343 int hd; // half depth (ONE_PLY == 1)
346 // Init reductions array
347 for (hd = 1; hd < 64; hd++) for (mc = 1; mc < 64; mc++)
349 double pvRed = 0.33 + log(double(hd)) * log(double(mc)) / 4.5;
350 double nonPVRed = 0.33 + log(double(hd)) * log(double(mc)) / 2.25;
351 ReductionMatrix[PV][hd][mc] = (int8_t) ( pvRed >= 1.0 ? floor( pvRed * int(ONE_PLY)) : 0);
352 ReductionMatrix[NonPV][hd][mc] = (int8_t) (nonPVRed >= 1.0 ? floor(nonPVRed * int(ONE_PLY)) : 0);
355 // Init futility margins array
356 for (d = 1; d < 16; d++) for (mc = 0; mc < 64; mc++)
357 FutilityMarginsMatrix[d][mc] = Value(112 * int(log(double(d * d) / 2) / log(2.0) + 1.001) - 8 * mc + 45);
359 // Init futility move count array
360 for (d = 0; d < 32; d++)
361 FutilityMoveCountArray[d] = int(3.001 + 0.25 * pow(d, 2.0));
365 /// perft() is our utility to verify move generation is bug free. All the legal
366 /// moves up to given depth are generated and counted and the sum returned.
368 int perft(Position& pos, Depth depth)
370 MoveStack mlist[MOVES_MAX];
375 // Generate all legal moves
376 MoveStack* last = generate_moves(pos, mlist);
378 // If we are at the last ply we don't need to do and undo
379 // the moves, just to count them.
380 if (depth <= ONE_PLY)
381 return int(last - mlist);
383 // Loop through all legal moves
385 for (MoveStack* cur = mlist; cur != last; cur++)
388 pos.do_move(m, st, ci, pos.move_is_check(m, ci));
389 sum += perft(pos, depth - ONE_PLY);
396 /// think() is the external interface to Stockfish's search, and is called when
397 /// the program receives the UCI 'go' command. It initializes various
398 /// search-related global variables, and calls root_search(). It returns false
399 /// when a quit command is received during the search.
401 bool think(const Position& pos, bool infinite, bool ponder, int time[], int increment[],
402 int movesToGo, int maxDepth, int maxNodes, int maxTime, Move searchMoves[]) {
404 // Initialize global search variables
405 StopOnPonderhit = AbortSearch = Quit = AspirationFailLow = false;
407 ThreadsMgr.resetNodeCounters();
408 SearchStartTime = get_system_time();
409 ExactMaxTime = maxTime;
412 InfiniteSearch = infinite;
413 PonderSearch = ponder;
414 UseTimeManagement = !ExactMaxTime && !MaxDepth && !MaxNodes && !InfiniteSearch;
416 // Look for a book move, only during games, not tests
417 if (UseTimeManagement && get_option_value_bool("OwnBook"))
419 if (get_option_value_string("Book File") != OpeningBook.file_name())
420 OpeningBook.open(get_option_value_string("Book File"));
422 Move bookMove = OpeningBook.get_move(pos, get_option_value_bool("Best Book Move"));
423 if (bookMove != MOVE_NONE)
426 wait_for_stop_or_ponderhit();
428 cout << "bestmove " << bookMove << endl;
433 // Read UCI option values
434 TT.set_size(get_option_value_int("Hash"));
435 if (button_was_pressed("Clear Hash"))
438 CheckExtension[1] = Depth(get_option_value_int("Check Extension (PV nodes)"));
439 CheckExtension[0] = Depth(get_option_value_int("Check Extension (non-PV nodes)"));
440 SingleEvasionExtension[1] = Depth(get_option_value_int("Single Evasion Extension (PV nodes)"));
441 SingleEvasionExtension[0] = Depth(get_option_value_int("Single Evasion Extension (non-PV nodes)"));
442 PawnPushTo7thExtension[1] = Depth(get_option_value_int("Pawn Push to 7th Extension (PV nodes)"));
443 PawnPushTo7thExtension[0] = Depth(get_option_value_int("Pawn Push to 7th Extension (non-PV nodes)"));
444 PassedPawnExtension[1] = Depth(get_option_value_int("Passed Pawn Extension (PV nodes)"));
445 PassedPawnExtension[0] = Depth(get_option_value_int("Passed Pawn Extension (non-PV nodes)"));
446 PawnEndgameExtension[1] = Depth(get_option_value_int("Pawn Endgame Extension (PV nodes)"));
447 PawnEndgameExtension[0] = Depth(get_option_value_int("Pawn Endgame Extension (non-PV nodes)"));
448 MateThreatExtension[1] = Depth(get_option_value_int("Mate Threat Extension (PV nodes)"));
449 MateThreatExtension[0] = Depth(get_option_value_int("Mate Threat Extension (non-PV nodes)"));
451 MinimumSplitDepth = get_option_value_int("Minimum Split Depth") * ONE_PLY;
452 MaxThreadsPerSplitPoint = get_option_value_int("Maximum Number of Threads per Split Point");
453 MultiPV = get_option_value_int("MultiPV");
454 UseLogFile = get_option_value_bool("Use Search Log");
457 LogFile.open(get_option_value_string("Search Log Filename").c_str(), std::ios::out | std::ios::app);
459 read_weights(pos.side_to_move());
461 // Set the number of active threads
462 int newActiveThreads = get_option_value_int("Threads");
463 if (newActiveThreads != ThreadsMgr.active_threads())
465 ThreadsMgr.set_active_threads(newActiveThreads);
466 init_eval(ThreadsMgr.active_threads());
470 int myTime = time[pos.side_to_move()];
471 int myIncrement = increment[pos.side_to_move()];
472 if (UseTimeManagement)
473 TimeMgr.init(myTime, myIncrement, movesToGo, pos.startpos_ply_counter());
475 // Set best NodesBetweenPolls interval to avoid lagging under
476 // heavy time pressure.
478 NodesBetweenPolls = Min(MaxNodes, 30000);
479 else if (myTime && myTime < 1000)
480 NodesBetweenPolls = 1000;
481 else if (myTime && myTime < 5000)
482 NodesBetweenPolls = 5000;
484 NodesBetweenPolls = 30000;
486 // Write search information to log file
488 LogFile << "Searching: " << pos.to_fen() << endl
489 << "infinite: " << infinite
490 << " ponder: " << ponder
491 << " time: " << myTime
492 << " increment: " << myIncrement
493 << " moves to go: " << movesToGo << endl;
495 // We're ready to start thinking. Call the iterative deepening loop function
496 id_loop(pos, searchMoves);
507 // id_loop() is the main iterative deepening loop. It calls root_search
508 // repeatedly with increasing depth until the allocated thinking time has
509 // been consumed, the user stops the search, or the maximum search depth is
512 Value id_loop(const Position& pos, Move searchMoves[]) {
514 Position p(pos, pos.thread());
515 SearchStack ss[PLY_MAX_PLUS_2];
516 Move pv[PLY_MAX_PLUS_2];
517 Move EasyMove = MOVE_NONE;
518 Value value, alpha = -VALUE_INFINITE, beta = VALUE_INFINITE;
520 // Moves to search are verified, copied, scored and sorted
521 RootMoveList rml(p, searchMoves);
523 // Handle special case of searching on a mate/stale position
524 if (rml.move_count() == 0)
527 wait_for_stop_or_ponderhit();
529 return pos.is_check() ? -VALUE_MATE : VALUE_DRAW;
532 // Print RootMoveList startup scoring to the standard output,
533 // so to output information also for iteration 1.
534 cout << set960(p.is_chess960()) // Is enough to set once at the beginning
535 << "info depth " << 1
536 << "\ninfo depth " << 1
537 << " score " << value_to_uci(rml.move_score(0))
538 << " time " << current_search_time()
539 << " nodes " << ThreadsMgr.nodes_searched()
541 << " pv " << rml.move(0) << "\n";
546 init_ss_array(ss, PLY_MAX_PLUS_2);
547 pv[0] = pv[1] = MOVE_NONE;
548 ValueByIteration[1] = rml.move_score(0);
551 // Is one move significantly better than others after initial scoring ?
552 if ( rml.move_count() == 1
553 || rml.move_score(0) > rml.move_score(1) + EasyMoveMargin)
554 EasyMove = rml.move(0);
556 // Iterative deepening loop
557 while (Iteration < PLY_MAX)
559 // Initialize iteration
561 BestMoveChangesByIteration[Iteration] = 0;
563 cout << "info depth " << Iteration << endl;
565 // Calculate dynamic aspiration window based on previous iterations
566 if (MultiPV == 1 && Iteration >= 6 && abs(ValueByIteration[Iteration - 1]) < VALUE_KNOWN_WIN)
568 int prevDelta1 = ValueByIteration[Iteration - 1] - ValueByIteration[Iteration - 2];
569 int prevDelta2 = ValueByIteration[Iteration - 2] - ValueByIteration[Iteration - 3];
571 AspirationDelta = Max(abs(prevDelta1) + abs(prevDelta2) / 2, 16);
572 AspirationDelta = (AspirationDelta + 7) / 8 * 8; // Round to match grainSize
574 alpha = Max(ValueByIteration[Iteration - 1] - AspirationDelta, -VALUE_INFINITE);
575 beta = Min(ValueByIteration[Iteration - 1] + AspirationDelta, VALUE_INFINITE);
578 // Search to the current depth, rml is updated and sorted, alpha and beta could change
579 value = root_search(p, ss, pv, rml, &alpha, &beta);
581 // Write PV to transposition table, in case the relevant entries have
582 // been overwritten during the search.
583 insert_pv_in_tt(p, pv);
586 break; // Value cannot be trusted. Break out immediately!
588 //Save info about search result
589 ValueByIteration[Iteration] = value;
591 // Drop the easy move if differs from the new best move
592 if (pv[0] != EasyMove)
593 EasyMove = MOVE_NONE;
595 if (UseTimeManagement)
598 bool stopSearch = false;
600 // Stop search early if there is only a single legal move,
601 // we search up to Iteration 6 anyway to get a proper score.
602 if (Iteration >= 6 && rml.move_count() == 1)
605 // Stop search early when the last two iterations returned a mate score
607 && abs(ValueByIteration[Iteration]) >= abs(VALUE_MATE) - 100
608 && abs(ValueByIteration[Iteration-1]) >= abs(VALUE_MATE) - 100)
611 // Stop search early if one move seems to be much better than the others
612 int64_t nodes = ThreadsMgr.nodes_searched();
615 && ( ( rml.move_nodes(0) > (nodes * 85) / 100
616 && current_search_time() > TimeMgr.available_time() / 16)
617 ||( rml.move_nodes(0) > (nodes * 98) / 100
618 && current_search_time() > TimeMgr.available_time() / 32)))
621 // Add some extra time if the best move has changed during the last two iterations
622 if (Iteration > 5 && Iteration <= 50)
623 TimeMgr.pv_instability(BestMoveChangesByIteration[Iteration],
624 BestMoveChangesByIteration[Iteration-1]);
626 // Stop search if most of MaxSearchTime is consumed at the end of the
627 // iteration. We probably don't have enough time to search the first
628 // move at the next iteration anyway.
629 if (current_search_time() > (TimeMgr.available_time() * 80) / 128)
635 StopOnPonderhit = true;
641 if (MaxDepth && Iteration >= MaxDepth)
645 // If we are pondering or in infinite search, we shouldn't print the
646 // best move before we are told to do so.
647 if (!AbortSearch && (PonderSearch || InfiniteSearch))
648 wait_for_stop_or_ponderhit();
650 // Print final search statistics
651 cout << "info nodes " << ThreadsMgr.nodes_searched()
653 << " time " << current_search_time() << endl;
655 // Print the best move and the ponder move to the standard output
656 if (pv[0] == MOVE_NONE)
662 assert(pv[0] != MOVE_NONE);
664 cout << "bestmove " << pv[0];
666 if (pv[1] != MOVE_NONE)
667 cout << " ponder " << pv[1];
674 dbg_print_mean(LogFile);
676 if (dbg_show_hit_rate)
677 dbg_print_hit_rate(LogFile);
679 LogFile << "\nNodes: " << ThreadsMgr.nodes_searched()
680 << "\nNodes/second: " << nps()
681 << "\nBest move: " << move_to_san(p, pv[0]);
684 p.do_move(pv[0], st);
685 LogFile << "\nPonder move: "
686 << move_to_san(p, pv[1]) // Works also with MOVE_NONE
689 return rml.move_score(0);
693 // root_search() is the function which searches the root node. It is
694 // similar to search_pv except that it uses a different move ordering
695 // scheme, prints some information to the standard output and handles
696 // the fail low/high loops.
698 Value root_search(Position& pos, SearchStack* ss, Move* pv, RootMoveList& rml, Value* alphaPtr, Value* betaPtr) {
704 Depth depth, ext, newDepth;
705 Value value, alpha, beta;
706 bool isCheck, moveIsCheck, captureOrPromotion, dangerous;
707 int researchCountFH, researchCountFL;
709 researchCountFH = researchCountFL = 0;
712 isCheck = pos.is_check();
713 depth = (Iteration - 2) * ONE_PLY + InitialDepth;
715 // Step 1. Initialize node (polling is omitted at root)
716 ss->currentMove = ss->bestMove = MOVE_NONE;
718 // Step 2. Check for aborted search (omitted at root)
719 // Step 3. Mate distance pruning (omitted at root)
720 // Step 4. Transposition table lookup (omitted at root)
722 // Step 5. Evaluate the position statically
723 // At root we do this only to get reference value for child nodes
724 ss->evalMargin = VALUE_NONE;
725 ss->eval = isCheck ? VALUE_NONE : evaluate(pos, ss->evalMargin);
727 // Step 6. Razoring (omitted at root)
728 // Step 7. Static null move pruning (omitted at root)
729 // Step 8. Null move search with verification search (omitted at root)
730 // Step 9. Internal iterative deepening (omitted at root)
732 // Step extra. Fail low loop
733 // We start with small aspiration window and in case of fail low, we research
734 // with bigger window until we are not failing low anymore.
737 // Sort the moves before to (re)search
738 rml.score_moves(pos);
741 // Step 10. Loop through all moves in the root move list
742 for (int i = 0; i < rml.move_count() && !AbortSearch; i++)
744 // This is used by time management
745 FirstRootMove = (i == 0);
747 // Save the current node count before the move is searched
748 nodes = ThreadsMgr.nodes_searched();
750 // Pick the next root move, and print the move and the move number to
751 // the standard output.
752 move = ss->currentMove = rml.move(i);
754 if (current_search_time() >= 1000)
755 cout << "info currmove " << move
756 << " currmovenumber " << i + 1 << endl;
758 moveIsCheck = pos.move_is_check(move);
759 captureOrPromotion = pos.move_is_capture_or_promotion(move);
761 // Step 11. Decide the new search depth
762 ext = extension<PV>(pos, move, captureOrPromotion, moveIsCheck, false, false, &dangerous);
763 newDepth = depth + ext;
765 // Step 12. Futility pruning (omitted at root)
767 // Step extra. Fail high loop
768 // If move fails high, we research with bigger window until we are not failing
770 value = - VALUE_INFINITE;
774 // Step 13. Make the move
775 pos.do_move(move, st, ci, moveIsCheck);
777 // Step extra. pv search
778 // We do pv search for first moves (i < MultiPV)
779 // and for fail high research (value > alpha)
780 if (i < MultiPV || value > alpha)
782 // Aspiration window is disabled in multi-pv case
784 alpha = -VALUE_INFINITE;
786 // Full depth PV search, done on first move or after a fail high
787 value = -search<PV>(pos, ss+1, -beta, -alpha, newDepth, 1);
791 // Step 14. Reduced search
792 // if the move fails high will be re-searched at full depth
793 bool doFullDepthSearch = true;
795 if ( depth >= 3 * ONE_PLY
797 && !captureOrPromotion
798 && !move_is_castle(move))
800 ss->reduction = reduction<PV>(depth, i - MultiPV + 2);
803 assert(newDepth-ss->reduction >= ONE_PLY);
805 // Reduced depth non-pv search using alpha as upperbound
806 value = -search<NonPV>(pos, ss+1, -(alpha+1), -alpha, newDepth-ss->reduction, 1);
807 doFullDepthSearch = (value > alpha);
810 // The move failed high, but if reduction is very big we could
811 // face a false positive, retry with a less aggressive reduction,
812 // if the move fails high again then go with full depth search.
813 if (doFullDepthSearch && ss->reduction > 2 * ONE_PLY)
815 assert(newDepth - ONE_PLY >= ONE_PLY);
817 ss->reduction = ONE_PLY;
818 value = -search<NonPV>(pos, ss+1, -(alpha+1), -alpha, newDepth-ss->reduction, 1);
819 doFullDepthSearch = (value > alpha);
821 ss->reduction = DEPTH_ZERO; // Restore original reduction
824 // Step 15. Full depth search
825 if (doFullDepthSearch)
827 // Full depth non-pv search using alpha as upperbound
828 value = -search<NonPV>(pos, ss+1, -(alpha+1), -alpha, newDepth, 1);
830 // If we are above alpha then research at same depth but as PV
831 // to get a correct score or eventually a fail high above beta.
833 value = -search<PV>(pos, ss+1, -beta, -alpha, newDepth, 1);
837 // Step 16. Undo move
840 // Can we exit fail high loop ?
841 if (AbortSearch || value < beta)
844 // We are failing high and going to do a research. It's important to update
845 // the score before research in case we run out of time while researching.
846 rml.set_move_score(i, value);
848 extract_pv_from_tt(pos, move, pv);
849 rml.set_move_pv(i, pv);
851 // Print information to the standard output
852 print_pv_info(pos, pv, alpha, beta, value);
854 // Prepare for a research after a fail high, each time with a wider window
855 *betaPtr = beta = Min(beta + AspirationDelta * (1 << researchCountFH), VALUE_INFINITE);
858 } // End of fail high loop
860 // Finished searching the move. If AbortSearch is true, the search
861 // was aborted because the user interrupted the search or because we
862 // ran out of time. In this case, the return value of the search cannot
863 // be trusted, and we break out of the loop without updating the best
868 // Remember searched nodes counts for this move
869 rml.add_move_nodes(i, ThreadsMgr.nodes_searched() - nodes);
871 assert(value >= -VALUE_INFINITE && value <= VALUE_INFINITE);
872 assert(value < beta);
874 // Step 17. Check for new best move
875 if (value <= alpha && i >= MultiPV)
876 rml.set_move_score(i, -VALUE_INFINITE);
879 // PV move or new best move!
882 rml.set_move_score(i, value);
884 extract_pv_from_tt(pos, move, pv);
885 rml.set_move_pv(i, pv);
889 // We record how often the best move has been changed in each
890 // iteration. This information is used for time managment: When
891 // the best move changes frequently, we allocate some more time.
893 BestMoveChangesByIteration[Iteration]++;
895 // Print information to the standard output
896 print_pv_info(pos, pv, alpha, beta, value);
898 // Raise alpha to setup proper non-pv search upper bound
905 for (int j = 0; j < Min(MultiPV, rml.move_count()); j++)
907 cout << "info multipv " << j + 1
908 << " score " << value_to_uci(rml.move_score(j))
909 << " depth " << (j <= i ? Iteration : Iteration - 1)
910 << " time " << current_search_time()
911 << " nodes " << ThreadsMgr.nodes_searched()
915 for (int k = 0; rml.move_pv(j, k) != MOVE_NONE && k < PLY_MAX; k++)
916 cout << rml.move_pv(j, k) << " ";
920 alpha = rml.move_score(Min(i, MultiPV - 1));
922 } // PV move or new best move
924 assert(alpha >= *alphaPtr);
926 AspirationFailLow = (alpha == *alphaPtr);
928 if (AspirationFailLow && StopOnPonderhit)
929 StopOnPonderhit = false;
932 // Can we exit fail low loop ?
933 if (AbortSearch || !AspirationFailLow)
936 // Prepare for a research after a fail low, each time with a wider window
937 *alphaPtr = alpha = Max(alpha - AspirationDelta * (1 << researchCountFL), -VALUE_INFINITE);
942 // Sort the moves before to return
949 // search<>() is the main search function for both PV and non-PV nodes and for
950 // normal and SplitPoint nodes. When called just after a split point the search
951 // is simpler because we have already probed the hash table, done a null move
952 // search, and searched the first move before splitting, we don't have to repeat
953 // all this work again. We also don't need to store anything to the hash table
954 // here: This is taken care of after we return from the split point.
956 template <NodeType PvNode, bool SpNode>
957 Value search(Position& pos, SearchStack* ss, Value alpha, Value beta, Depth depth, int ply) {
959 assert(alpha >= -VALUE_INFINITE && alpha <= VALUE_INFINITE);
960 assert(beta > alpha && beta <= VALUE_INFINITE);
961 assert(PvNode || alpha == beta - 1);
962 assert(ply > 0 && ply < PLY_MAX);
963 assert(pos.thread() >= 0 && pos.thread() < ThreadsMgr.active_threads());
965 Move movesSearched[MOVES_MAX];
969 Move ttMove, move, excludedMove, threatMove;
971 Value bestValue, value, oldAlpha;
972 Value refinedValue, nullValue, futilityBase, futilityValueScaled; // Non-PV specific
973 bool isCheck, singleEvasion, singularExtensionNode, moveIsCheck, captureOrPromotion, dangerous;
974 bool mateThreat = false;
976 int threadID = pos.thread();
977 SplitPoint* sp = NULL;
978 refinedValue = bestValue = value = -VALUE_INFINITE;
980 isCheck = pos.is_check();
986 ttMove = excludedMove = MOVE_NONE;
987 threatMove = sp->threatMove;
988 mateThreat = sp->mateThreat;
989 goto split_point_start;
992 // Step 1. Initialize node and poll. Polling can abort search
993 ThreadsMgr.incrementNodeCounter(threadID);
994 ss->currentMove = ss->bestMove = threatMove = MOVE_NONE;
995 (ss+2)->killers[0] = (ss+2)->killers[1] = (ss+2)->mateKiller = MOVE_NONE;
997 if (threadID == 0 && ++NodesSincePoll > NodesBetweenPolls)
1003 // Step 2. Check for aborted search and immediate draw
1004 if ( AbortSearch || ThreadsMgr.thread_should_stop(threadID)
1005 || pos.is_draw() || ply >= PLY_MAX - 1)
1008 // Step 3. Mate distance pruning
1009 alpha = Max(value_mated_in(ply), alpha);
1010 beta = Min(value_mate_in(ply+1), beta);
1014 // Step 4. Transposition table lookup
1016 // We don't want the score of a partial search to overwrite a previous full search
1017 // TT value, so we use a different position key in case of an excluded move exists.
1018 excludedMove = ss->excludedMove;
1019 posKey = excludedMove ? pos.get_exclusion_key() : pos.get_key();
1021 tte = TT.retrieve(posKey);
1022 ttMove = tte ? tte->move() : MOVE_NONE;
1024 // At PV nodes, we don't use the TT for pruning, but only for move ordering.
1025 // This is to avoid problems in the following areas:
1027 // * Repetition draw detection
1028 // * Fifty move rule detection
1029 // * Searching for a mate
1030 // * Printing of full PV line
1031 if (!PvNode && tte && ok_to_use_TT(tte, depth, beta, ply))
1034 ss->bestMove = ttMove; // Can be MOVE_NONE
1035 return value_from_tt(tte->value(), ply);
1038 // Step 5. Evaluate the position statically and
1039 // update gain statistics of parent move.
1041 ss->eval = ss->evalMargin = VALUE_NONE;
1044 assert(tte->static_value() != VALUE_NONE);
1046 ss->eval = tte->static_value();
1047 ss->evalMargin = tte->static_value_margin();
1048 refinedValue = refine_eval(tte, ss->eval, ply);
1052 refinedValue = ss->eval = evaluate(pos, ss->evalMargin);
1053 TT.store(posKey, VALUE_NONE, VALUE_TYPE_NONE, DEPTH_NONE, MOVE_NONE, ss->eval, ss->evalMargin);
1056 // Save gain for the parent non-capture move
1057 update_gains(pos, (ss-1)->currentMove, (ss-1)->eval, ss->eval);
1059 // Step 6. Razoring (is omitted in PV nodes)
1061 && depth < RazorDepth
1063 && refinedValue < beta - razor_margin(depth)
1064 && ttMove == MOVE_NONE
1065 && (ss-1)->currentMove != MOVE_NULL
1066 && !value_is_mate(beta)
1067 && !pos.has_pawn_on_7th(pos.side_to_move()))
1069 Value rbeta = beta - razor_margin(depth);
1070 Value v = qsearch<NonPV>(pos, ss, rbeta-1, rbeta, DEPTH_ZERO, ply);
1072 // Logically we should return (v + razor_margin(depth)), but
1073 // surprisingly this did slightly weaker in tests.
1077 // Step 7. Static null move pruning (is omitted in PV nodes)
1078 // We're betting that the opponent doesn't have a move that will reduce
1079 // the score by more than futility_margin(depth) if we do a null move.
1081 && !ss->skipNullMove
1082 && depth < RazorDepth
1084 && refinedValue >= beta + futility_margin(depth, 0)
1085 && !value_is_mate(beta)
1086 && pos.non_pawn_material(pos.side_to_move()))
1087 return refinedValue - futility_margin(depth, 0);
1089 // Step 8. Null move search with verification search (is omitted in PV nodes)
1091 && !ss->skipNullMove
1094 && refinedValue >= beta
1095 && !value_is_mate(beta)
1096 && pos.non_pawn_material(pos.side_to_move()))
1098 ss->currentMove = MOVE_NULL;
1100 // Null move dynamic reduction based on depth
1101 int R = 3 + (depth >= 5 * ONE_PLY ? depth / 8 : 0);
1103 // Null move dynamic reduction based on value
1104 if (refinedValue - beta > PawnValueMidgame)
1107 pos.do_null_move(st);
1108 (ss+1)->skipNullMove = true;
1109 nullValue = -search<NonPV>(pos, ss+1, -beta, -alpha, depth-R*ONE_PLY, ply+1);
1110 (ss+1)->skipNullMove = false;
1111 pos.undo_null_move();
1113 if (nullValue >= beta)
1115 // Do not return unproven mate scores
1116 if (nullValue >= value_mate_in(PLY_MAX))
1119 if (depth < 6 * ONE_PLY)
1122 // Do verification search at high depths
1123 ss->skipNullMove = true;
1124 Value v = search<NonPV>(pos, ss, alpha, beta, depth-R*ONE_PLY, ply);
1125 ss->skipNullMove = false;
1132 // The null move failed low, which means that we may be faced with
1133 // some kind of threat. If the previous move was reduced, check if
1134 // the move that refuted the null move was somehow connected to the
1135 // move which was reduced. If a connection is found, return a fail
1136 // low score (which will cause the reduced move to fail high in the
1137 // parent node, which will trigger a re-search with full depth).
1138 if (nullValue == value_mated_in(ply + 2))
1141 threatMove = (ss+1)->bestMove;
1142 if ( depth < ThreatDepth
1143 && (ss-1)->reduction
1144 && connected_moves(pos, (ss-1)->currentMove, threatMove))
1149 // Step 9. Internal iterative deepening
1150 if ( depth >= IIDDepth[PvNode]
1151 && ttMove == MOVE_NONE
1152 && (PvNode || (!isCheck && ss->eval >= beta - IIDMargin)))
1154 Depth d = (PvNode ? depth - 2 * ONE_PLY : depth / 2);
1156 ss->skipNullMove = true;
1157 search<PvNode>(pos, ss, alpha, beta, d, ply);
1158 ss->skipNullMove = false;
1160 ttMove = ss->bestMove;
1161 tte = TT.retrieve(posKey);
1164 // Expensive mate threat detection (only for PV nodes)
1166 mateThreat = pos.has_mate_threat();
1168 split_point_start: // At split points actual search starts from here
1170 // Initialize a MovePicker object for the current position
1171 // FIXME currently MovePicker() c'tor is needless called also in SplitPoint
1172 MovePicker mpBase(pos, ttMove, depth, H, ss, (PvNode ? -VALUE_INFINITE : beta));
1173 MovePicker& mp = SpNode ? *sp->mp : mpBase;
1175 ss->bestMove = MOVE_NONE;
1176 singleEvasion = !SpNode && isCheck && mp.number_of_evasions() == 1;
1177 futilityBase = ss->eval + ss->evalMargin;
1178 singularExtensionNode = !SpNode
1179 && depth >= SingularExtensionDepth[PvNode]
1182 && !excludedMove // Do not allow recursive singular extension search
1183 && (tte->type() & VALUE_TYPE_LOWER)
1184 && tte->depth() >= depth - 3 * ONE_PLY;
1187 lock_grab(&(sp->lock));
1188 bestValue = sp->bestValue;
1191 // Step 10. Loop through moves
1192 // Loop through all legal moves until no moves remain or a beta cutoff occurs
1193 while ( bestValue < beta
1194 && (move = mp.get_next_move()) != MOVE_NONE
1195 && !ThreadsMgr.thread_should_stop(threadID))
1199 moveCount = ++sp->moveCount;
1200 lock_release(&(sp->lock));
1203 assert(move_is_ok(move));
1205 if (move == excludedMove)
1208 moveIsCheck = pos.move_is_check(move, ci);
1209 captureOrPromotion = pos.move_is_capture_or_promotion(move);
1211 // Step 11. Decide the new search depth
1212 ext = extension<PvNode>(pos, move, captureOrPromotion, moveIsCheck, singleEvasion, mateThreat, &dangerous);
1214 // Singular extension search. If all moves but one fail low on a search of (alpha-s, beta-s),
1215 // and just one fails high on (alpha, beta), then that move is singular and should be extended.
1216 // To verify this we do a reduced search on all the other moves but the ttMove, if result is
1217 // lower then ttValue minus a margin then we extend ttMove.
1218 if ( singularExtensionNode
1219 && move == tte->move()
1222 Value ttValue = value_from_tt(tte->value(), ply);
1224 if (abs(ttValue) < VALUE_KNOWN_WIN)
1226 Value b = ttValue - SingularExtensionMargin;
1227 ss->excludedMove = move;
1228 ss->skipNullMove = true;
1229 Value v = search<NonPV>(pos, ss, b - 1, b, depth / 2, ply);
1230 ss->skipNullMove = false;
1231 ss->excludedMove = MOVE_NONE;
1232 ss->bestMove = MOVE_NONE;
1238 newDepth = depth - ONE_PLY + ext;
1240 // Update current move (this must be done after singular extension search)
1241 movesSearched[moveCount] = ss->currentMove = move;
1246 // Step 12. Futility pruning (is omitted in PV nodes)
1248 && !captureOrPromotion
1252 && !move_is_castle(move))
1254 // Move count based pruning
1255 if ( moveCount >= futility_move_count(depth)
1256 && !(threatMove && connected_threat(pos, move, threatMove))
1257 && bestValue > value_mated_in(PLY_MAX)) // FIXME bestValue is racy
1260 lock_grab(&(sp->lock));
1265 // Value based pruning
1266 // We illogically ignore reduction condition depth >= 3*ONE_PLY for predicted depth,
1267 // but fixing this made program slightly weaker.
1268 Depth predictedDepth = newDepth - reduction<NonPV>(depth, moveCount);
1269 futilityValueScaled = futilityBase + futility_margin(predictedDepth, moveCount)
1270 + H.gain(pos.piece_on(move_from(move)), move_to(move));
1272 if (futilityValueScaled < beta)
1276 lock_grab(&(sp->lock));
1277 if (futilityValueScaled > sp->bestValue)
1278 sp->bestValue = bestValue = futilityValueScaled;
1280 else if (futilityValueScaled > bestValue)
1281 bestValue = futilityValueScaled;
1287 // Step 13. Make the move
1288 pos.do_move(move, st, ci, moveIsCheck);
1290 // Step extra. pv search (only in PV nodes)
1291 // The first move in list is the expected PV
1292 if (!SpNode && PvNode && moveCount == 1)
1293 value = -search<PV>(pos, ss+1, -beta, -alpha, newDepth, ply+1);
1296 // Step 14. Reduced depth search
1297 // If the move fails high will be re-searched at full depth.
1298 bool doFullDepthSearch = true;
1300 if ( depth >= 3 * ONE_PLY
1301 && !captureOrPromotion
1303 && !move_is_castle(move)
1304 && !(ss->killers[0] == move || ss->killers[1] == move))
1306 ss->reduction = reduction<PvNode>(depth, moveCount);
1309 alpha = SpNode ? sp->alpha : alpha;
1310 Depth d = newDepth - ss->reduction;
1311 value = -search<NonPV>(pos, ss+1, -(alpha+1), -alpha, d, ply+1);
1313 doFullDepthSearch = (value > alpha);
1316 // The move failed high, but if reduction is very big we could
1317 // face a false positive, retry with a less aggressive reduction,
1318 // if the move fails high again then go with full depth search.
1319 if (doFullDepthSearch && ss->reduction > 2 * ONE_PLY)
1321 assert(newDepth - ONE_PLY >= ONE_PLY);
1323 ss->reduction = ONE_PLY;
1324 alpha = SpNode ? sp->alpha : alpha;
1325 value = -search<NonPV>(pos, ss+1, -(alpha+1), -alpha, newDepth-ss->reduction, ply+1);
1326 doFullDepthSearch = (value > alpha);
1328 ss->reduction = DEPTH_ZERO; // Restore original reduction
1331 // Step 15. Full depth search
1332 if (doFullDepthSearch)
1334 alpha = SpNode ? sp->alpha : alpha;
1335 value = -search<NonPV>(pos, ss+1, -(alpha+1), -alpha, newDepth, ply+1);
1337 // Step extra. pv search (only in PV nodes)
1338 // Search only for possible new PV nodes, if instead value >= beta then
1339 // parent node fails low with value <= alpha and tries another move.
1340 if (PvNode && value > alpha && value < beta)
1341 value = -search<PV>(pos, ss+1, -beta, -alpha, newDepth, ply+1);
1345 // Step 16. Undo move
1346 pos.undo_move(move);
1348 assert(value > -VALUE_INFINITE && value < VALUE_INFINITE);
1350 // Step 17. Check for new best move
1353 lock_grab(&(sp->lock));
1354 bestValue = sp->bestValue;
1358 if (value > bestValue && !(SpNode && ThreadsMgr.thread_should_stop(threadID)))
1363 sp->bestValue = value;
1367 if (SpNode && (!PvNode || value >= beta))
1368 sp->stopRequest = true;
1370 if (PvNode && value < beta) // We want always alpha < beta
1377 if (value == value_mate_in(ply + 1))
1378 ss->mateKiller = move;
1380 ss->bestMove = move;
1383 sp->parentSstack->bestMove = move;
1387 // Step 18. Check for split
1389 && depth >= MinimumSplitDepth
1390 && ThreadsMgr.active_threads() > 1
1392 && ThreadsMgr.available_thread_exists(threadID)
1394 && !ThreadsMgr.thread_should_stop(threadID)
1396 ThreadsMgr.split<FakeSplit>(pos, ss, ply, &alpha, beta, &bestValue, depth,
1397 threatMove, mateThreat, moveCount, &mp, PvNode);
1402 /* Here we have the lock still grabbed */
1403 sp->slaves[threadID] = 0;
1404 lock_release(&(sp->lock));
1408 // Step 19. Check for mate and stalemate
1409 // All legal moves have been searched and if there are
1410 // no legal moves, it must be mate or stalemate.
1411 // If one move was excluded return fail low score.
1413 return excludedMove ? oldAlpha : isCheck ? value_mated_in(ply) : VALUE_DRAW;
1415 // Step 20. Update tables
1416 // If the search is not aborted, update the transposition table,
1417 // history counters, and killer moves.
1418 if (AbortSearch || ThreadsMgr.thread_should_stop(threadID))
1421 ValueType vt = (bestValue <= oldAlpha ? VALUE_TYPE_UPPER : bestValue >= beta ? VALUE_TYPE_LOWER : VALUE_TYPE_EXACT);
1422 move = (bestValue <= oldAlpha ? MOVE_NONE : ss->bestMove);
1423 TT.store(posKey, value_to_tt(bestValue, ply), vt, depth, move, ss->eval, ss->evalMargin);
1425 // Update killers and history only for non capture moves that fails high
1426 if ( bestValue >= beta
1427 && !pos.move_is_capture_or_promotion(move))
1429 update_history(pos, move, depth, movesSearched, moveCount);
1430 update_killers(move, ss);
1433 assert(bestValue > -VALUE_INFINITE && bestValue < VALUE_INFINITE);
1439 // qsearch() is the quiescence search function, which is called by the main
1440 // search function when the remaining depth is zero (or, to be more precise,
1441 // less than ONE_PLY).
1443 template <NodeType PvNode>
1444 Value qsearch(Position& pos, SearchStack* ss, Value alpha, Value beta, Depth depth, int ply) {
1446 assert(alpha >= -VALUE_INFINITE && alpha <= VALUE_INFINITE);
1447 assert(beta >= -VALUE_INFINITE && beta <= VALUE_INFINITE);
1448 assert(PvNode || alpha == beta - 1);
1450 assert(ply > 0 && ply < PLY_MAX);
1451 assert(pos.thread() >= 0 && pos.thread() < ThreadsMgr.active_threads());
1455 Value bestValue, value, evalMargin, futilityValue, futilityBase;
1456 bool isCheck, deepChecks, enoughMaterial, moveIsCheck, evasionPrunable;
1458 Value oldAlpha = alpha;
1460 ThreadsMgr.incrementNodeCounter(pos.thread());
1461 ss->bestMove = ss->currentMove = MOVE_NONE;
1463 // Check for an instant draw or maximum ply reached
1464 if (pos.is_draw() || ply >= PLY_MAX - 1)
1467 // Transposition table lookup. At PV nodes, we don't use the TT for
1468 // pruning, but only for move ordering.
1469 tte = TT.retrieve(pos.get_key());
1470 ttMove = (tte ? tte->move() : MOVE_NONE);
1472 if (!PvNode && tte && ok_to_use_TT(tte, depth, beta, ply))
1474 ss->bestMove = ttMove; // Can be MOVE_NONE
1475 return value_from_tt(tte->value(), ply);
1478 isCheck = pos.is_check();
1480 // Evaluate the position statically
1483 bestValue = futilityBase = -VALUE_INFINITE;
1484 ss->eval = evalMargin = VALUE_NONE;
1485 deepChecks = enoughMaterial = false;
1491 assert(tte->static_value() != VALUE_NONE);
1493 evalMargin = tte->static_value_margin();
1494 ss->eval = bestValue = tte->static_value();
1497 ss->eval = bestValue = evaluate(pos, evalMargin);
1499 update_gains(pos, (ss-1)->currentMove, (ss-1)->eval, ss->eval);
1501 // Stand pat. Return immediately if static value is at least beta
1502 if (bestValue >= beta)
1505 TT.store(pos.get_key(), value_to_tt(bestValue, ply), VALUE_TYPE_LOWER, DEPTH_NONE, MOVE_NONE, ss->eval, evalMargin);
1510 if (PvNode && bestValue > alpha)
1513 // If we are near beta then try to get a cutoff pushing checks a bit further
1514 deepChecks = (depth == -ONE_PLY && bestValue >= beta - PawnValueMidgame / 8);
1516 // Futility pruning parameters, not needed when in check
1517 futilityBase = ss->eval + evalMargin + FutilityMarginQS;
1518 enoughMaterial = pos.non_pawn_material(pos.side_to_move()) > RookValueMidgame;
1521 // Initialize a MovePicker object for the current position, and prepare
1522 // to search the moves. Because the depth is <= 0 here, only captures,
1523 // queen promotions and checks (only if depth == 0 or depth == -ONE_PLY
1524 // and we are near beta) will be generated.
1525 MovePicker mp = MovePicker(pos, ttMove, deepChecks ? DEPTH_ZERO : depth, H);
1528 // Loop through the moves until no moves remain or a beta cutoff occurs
1529 while ( alpha < beta
1530 && (move = mp.get_next_move()) != MOVE_NONE)
1532 assert(move_is_ok(move));
1534 moveIsCheck = pos.move_is_check(move, ci);
1542 && !move_is_promotion(move)
1543 && !pos.move_is_passed_pawn_push(move))
1545 futilityValue = futilityBase
1546 + pos.endgame_value_of_piece_on(move_to(move))
1547 + (move_is_ep(move) ? PawnValueEndgame : VALUE_ZERO);
1549 if (futilityValue < alpha)
1551 if (futilityValue > bestValue)
1552 bestValue = futilityValue;
1557 // Detect non-capture evasions that are candidate to be pruned
1558 evasionPrunable = isCheck
1559 && bestValue > value_mated_in(PLY_MAX)
1560 && !pos.move_is_capture(move)
1561 && !pos.can_castle(pos.side_to_move());
1563 // Don't search moves with negative SEE values
1565 && (!isCheck || evasionPrunable)
1567 && !move_is_promotion(move)
1568 && pos.see_sign(move) < 0)
1571 // Update current move
1572 ss->currentMove = move;
1574 // Make and search the move
1575 pos.do_move(move, st, ci, moveIsCheck);
1576 value = -qsearch<PvNode>(pos, ss+1, -beta, -alpha, depth-ONE_PLY, ply+1);
1577 pos.undo_move(move);
1579 assert(value > -VALUE_INFINITE && value < VALUE_INFINITE);
1582 if (value > bestValue)
1588 ss->bestMove = move;
1593 // All legal moves have been searched. A special case: If we're in check
1594 // and no legal moves were found, it is checkmate.
1595 if (isCheck && bestValue == -VALUE_INFINITE)
1596 return value_mated_in(ply);
1598 // Update transposition table
1599 Depth d = (depth == DEPTH_ZERO ? DEPTH_ZERO : DEPTH_ZERO - ONE_PLY);
1600 ValueType vt = (bestValue <= oldAlpha ? VALUE_TYPE_UPPER : bestValue >= beta ? VALUE_TYPE_LOWER : VALUE_TYPE_EXACT);
1601 TT.store(pos.get_key(), value_to_tt(bestValue, ply), vt, d, ss->bestMove, ss->eval, evalMargin);
1603 assert(bestValue > -VALUE_INFINITE && bestValue < VALUE_INFINITE);
1609 // connected_moves() tests whether two moves are 'connected' in the sense
1610 // that the first move somehow made the second move possible (for instance
1611 // if the moving piece is the same in both moves). The first move is assumed
1612 // to be the move that was made to reach the current position, while the
1613 // second move is assumed to be a move from the current position.
1615 bool connected_moves(const Position& pos, Move m1, Move m2) {
1617 Square f1, t1, f2, t2;
1620 assert(move_is_ok(m1));
1621 assert(move_is_ok(m2));
1623 if (m2 == MOVE_NONE)
1626 // Case 1: The moving piece is the same in both moves
1632 // Case 2: The destination square for m2 was vacated by m1
1638 // Case 3: Moving through the vacated square
1639 if ( piece_is_slider(pos.piece_on(f2))
1640 && bit_is_set(squares_between(f2, t2), f1))
1643 // Case 4: The destination square for m2 is defended by the moving piece in m1
1644 p = pos.piece_on(t1);
1645 if (bit_is_set(pos.attacks_from(p, t1), t2))
1648 // Case 5: Discovered check, checking piece is the piece moved in m1
1649 if ( piece_is_slider(p)
1650 && bit_is_set(squares_between(t1, pos.king_square(pos.side_to_move())), f2)
1651 && !bit_is_set(squares_between(t1, pos.king_square(pos.side_to_move())), t2))
1653 // discovered_check_candidates() works also if the Position's side to
1654 // move is the opposite of the checking piece.
1655 Color them = opposite_color(pos.side_to_move());
1656 Bitboard dcCandidates = pos.discovered_check_candidates(them);
1658 if (bit_is_set(dcCandidates, f2))
1665 // value_is_mate() checks if the given value is a mate one eventually
1666 // compensated for the ply.
1668 bool value_is_mate(Value value) {
1670 assert(abs(value) <= VALUE_INFINITE);
1672 return value <= value_mated_in(PLY_MAX)
1673 || value >= value_mate_in(PLY_MAX);
1677 // value_to_tt() adjusts a mate score from "plies to mate from the root" to
1678 // "plies to mate from the current ply". Non-mate scores are unchanged.
1679 // The function is called before storing a value to the transposition table.
1681 Value value_to_tt(Value v, int ply) {
1683 if (v >= value_mate_in(PLY_MAX))
1686 if (v <= value_mated_in(PLY_MAX))
1693 // value_from_tt() is the inverse of value_to_tt(): It adjusts a mate score from
1694 // the transposition table to a mate score corrected for the current ply.
1696 Value value_from_tt(Value v, int ply) {
1698 if (v >= value_mate_in(PLY_MAX))
1701 if (v <= value_mated_in(PLY_MAX))
1708 // extension() decides whether a move should be searched with normal depth,
1709 // or with extended depth. Certain classes of moves (checking moves, in
1710 // particular) are searched with bigger depth than ordinary moves and in
1711 // any case are marked as 'dangerous'. Note that also if a move is not
1712 // extended, as example because the corresponding UCI option is set to zero,
1713 // the move is marked as 'dangerous' so, at least, we avoid to prune it.
1714 template <NodeType PvNode>
1715 Depth extension(const Position& pos, Move m, bool captureOrPromotion, bool moveIsCheck,
1716 bool singleEvasion, bool mateThreat, bool* dangerous) {
1718 assert(m != MOVE_NONE);
1720 Depth result = DEPTH_ZERO;
1721 *dangerous = moveIsCheck | singleEvasion | mateThreat;
1725 if (moveIsCheck && pos.see_sign(m) >= 0)
1726 result += CheckExtension[PvNode];
1729 result += SingleEvasionExtension[PvNode];
1732 result += MateThreatExtension[PvNode];
1735 if (pos.type_of_piece_on(move_from(m)) == PAWN)
1737 Color c = pos.side_to_move();
1738 if (relative_rank(c, move_to(m)) == RANK_7)
1740 result += PawnPushTo7thExtension[PvNode];
1743 if (pos.pawn_is_passed(c, move_to(m)))
1745 result += PassedPawnExtension[PvNode];
1750 if ( captureOrPromotion
1751 && pos.type_of_piece_on(move_to(m)) != PAWN
1752 && ( pos.non_pawn_material(WHITE) + pos.non_pawn_material(BLACK)
1753 - pos.midgame_value_of_piece_on(move_to(m)) == VALUE_ZERO)
1754 && !move_is_promotion(m)
1757 result += PawnEndgameExtension[PvNode];
1762 && captureOrPromotion
1763 && pos.type_of_piece_on(move_to(m)) != PAWN
1764 && pos.see_sign(m) >= 0)
1766 result += ONE_PLY / 2;
1770 return Min(result, ONE_PLY);
1774 // connected_threat() tests whether it is safe to forward prune a move or if
1775 // is somehow coonected to the threat move returned by null search.
1777 bool connected_threat(const Position& pos, Move m, Move threat) {
1779 assert(move_is_ok(m));
1780 assert(threat && move_is_ok(threat));
1781 assert(!pos.move_is_check(m));
1782 assert(!pos.move_is_capture_or_promotion(m));
1783 assert(!pos.move_is_passed_pawn_push(m));
1785 Square mfrom, mto, tfrom, tto;
1787 mfrom = move_from(m);
1789 tfrom = move_from(threat);
1790 tto = move_to(threat);
1792 // Case 1: Don't prune moves which move the threatened piece
1796 // Case 2: If the threatened piece has value less than or equal to the
1797 // value of the threatening piece, don't prune move which defend it.
1798 if ( pos.move_is_capture(threat)
1799 && ( pos.midgame_value_of_piece_on(tfrom) >= pos.midgame_value_of_piece_on(tto)
1800 || pos.type_of_piece_on(tfrom) == KING)
1801 && pos.move_attacks_square(m, tto))
1804 // Case 3: If the moving piece in the threatened move is a slider, don't
1805 // prune safe moves which block its ray.
1806 if ( piece_is_slider(pos.piece_on(tfrom))
1807 && bit_is_set(squares_between(tfrom, tto), mto)
1808 && pos.see_sign(m) >= 0)
1815 // ok_to_use_TT() returns true if a transposition table score
1816 // can be used at a given point in search.
1818 bool ok_to_use_TT(const TTEntry* tte, Depth depth, Value beta, int ply) {
1820 Value v = value_from_tt(tte->value(), ply);
1822 return ( tte->depth() >= depth
1823 || v >= Max(value_mate_in(PLY_MAX), beta)
1824 || v < Min(value_mated_in(PLY_MAX), beta))
1826 && ( ((tte->type() & VALUE_TYPE_LOWER) && v >= beta)
1827 || ((tte->type() & VALUE_TYPE_UPPER) && v < beta));
1831 // refine_eval() returns the transposition table score if
1832 // possible otherwise falls back on static position evaluation.
1834 Value refine_eval(const TTEntry* tte, Value defaultEval, int ply) {
1838 Value v = value_from_tt(tte->value(), ply);
1840 if ( ((tte->type() & VALUE_TYPE_LOWER) && v >= defaultEval)
1841 || ((tte->type() & VALUE_TYPE_UPPER) && v < defaultEval))
1848 // update_history() registers a good move that produced a beta-cutoff
1849 // in history and marks as failures all the other moves of that ply.
1851 void update_history(const Position& pos, Move move, Depth depth,
1852 Move movesSearched[], int moveCount) {
1855 H.success(pos.piece_on(move_from(move)), move_to(move), depth);
1857 for (int i = 0; i < moveCount - 1; i++)
1859 m = movesSearched[i];
1863 if (!pos.move_is_capture_or_promotion(m))
1864 H.failure(pos.piece_on(move_from(m)), move_to(m), depth);
1869 // update_killers() add a good move that produced a beta-cutoff
1870 // among the killer moves of that ply.
1872 void update_killers(Move m, SearchStack* ss) {
1874 if (m == ss->killers[0])
1877 ss->killers[1] = ss->killers[0];
1882 // update_gains() updates the gains table of a non-capture move given
1883 // the static position evaluation before and after the move.
1885 void update_gains(const Position& pos, Move m, Value before, Value after) {
1888 && before != VALUE_NONE
1889 && after != VALUE_NONE
1890 && pos.captured_piece_type() == PIECE_TYPE_NONE
1891 && !move_is_special(m))
1892 H.set_gain(pos.piece_on(move_to(m)), move_to(m), -(before + after));
1896 // current_search_time() returns the number of milliseconds which have passed
1897 // since the beginning of the current search.
1899 int current_search_time() {
1901 return get_system_time() - SearchStartTime;
1905 // value_to_uci() converts a value to a string suitable for use with the UCI protocol
1907 std::string value_to_uci(Value v) {
1909 std::stringstream s;
1911 if (abs(v) < VALUE_MATE - PLY_MAX * ONE_PLY)
1912 s << "cp " << int(v) * 100 / int(PawnValueMidgame); // Scale to pawn = 100
1914 s << "mate " << (v > 0 ? (VALUE_MATE - v + 1) / 2 : -(VALUE_MATE + v) / 2 );
1919 // nps() computes the current nodes/second count.
1923 int t = current_search_time();
1924 return (t > 0 ? int((ThreadsMgr.nodes_searched() * 1000) / t) : 0);
1928 // poll() performs two different functions: It polls for user input, and it
1929 // looks at the time consumed so far and decides if it's time to abort the
1934 static int lastInfoTime;
1935 int t = current_search_time();
1940 // We are line oriented, don't read single chars
1941 std::string command;
1943 if (!std::getline(std::cin, command))
1946 if (command == "quit")
1949 PonderSearch = false;
1953 else if (command == "stop")
1956 PonderSearch = false;
1958 else if (command == "ponderhit")
1962 // Print search information
1966 else if (lastInfoTime > t)
1967 // HACK: Must be a new search where we searched less than
1968 // NodesBetweenPolls nodes during the first second of search.
1971 else if (t - lastInfoTime >= 1000)
1978 if (dbg_show_hit_rate)
1979 dbg_print_hit_rate();
1981 cout << "info nodes " << ThreadsMgr.nodes_searched() << " nps " << nps()
1982 << " time " << t << endl;
1985 // Should we stop the search?
1989 bool stillAtFirstMove = FirstRootMove
1990 && !AspirationFailLow
1991 && t > TimeMgr.available_time();
1993 bool noMoreTime = t > TimeMgr.maximum_time()
1994 || stillAtFirstMove;
1996 if ( (Iteration >= 3 && UseTimeManagement && noMoreTime)
1997 || (ExactMaxTime && t >= ExactMaxTime)
1998 || (Iteration >= 3 && MaxNodes && ThreadsMgr.nodes_searched() >= MaxNodes))
2003 // ponderhit() is called when the program is pondering (i.e. thinking while
2004 // it's the opponent's turn to move) in order to let the engine know that
2005 // it correctly predicted the opponent's move.
2009 int t = current_search_time();
2010 PonderSearch = false;
2012 bool stillAtFirstMove = FirstRootMove
2013 && !AspirationFailLow
2014 && t > TimeMgr.available_time();
2016 bool noMoreTime = t > TimeMgr.maximum_time()
2017 || stillAtFirstMove;
2019 if (Iteration >= 3 && UseTimeManagement && (noMoreTime || StopOnPonderhit))
2024 // init_ss_array() does a fast reset of the first entries of a SearchStack
2025 // array and of all the excludedMove and skipNullMove entries.
2027 void init_ss_array(SearchStack* ss, int size) {
2029 for (int i = 0; i < size; i++, ss++)
2031 ss->excludedMove = MOVE_NONE;
2032 ss->skipNullMove = false;
2033 ss->reduction = DEPTH_ZERO;
2037 ss->killers[0] = ss->killers[1] = ss->mateKiller = MOVE_NONE;
2042 // wait_for_stop_or_ponderhit() is called when the maximum depth is reached
2043 // while the program is pondering. The point is to work around a wrinkle in
2044 // the UCI protocol: When pondering, the engine is not allowed to give a
2045 // "bestmove" before the GUI sends it a "stop" or "ponderhit" command.
2046 // We simply wait here until one of these commands is sent, and return,
2047 // after which the bestmove and pondermove will be printed (in id_loop()).
2049 void wait_for_stop_or_ponderhit() {
2051 std::string command;
2055 if (!std::getline(std::cin, command))
2058 if (command == "quit")
2063 else if (command == "ponderhit" || command == "stop")
2069 // print_pv_info() prints to standard output and eventually to log file information on
2070 // the current PV line. It is called at each iteration or after a new pv is found.
2072 void print_pv_info(const Position& pos, Move pv[], Value alpha, Value beta, Value value) {
2074 cout << "info depth " << Iteration
2075 << " score " << value_to_uci(value)
2076 << (value >= beta ? " lowerbound" : value <= alpha ? " upperbound" : "")
2077 << " time " << current_search_time()
2078 << " nodes " << ThreadsMgr.nodes_searched()
2082 for (Move* m = pv; *m != MOVE_NONE; m++)
2089 ValueType t = value >= beta ? VALUE_TYPE_LOWER :
2090 value <= alpha ? VALUE_TYPE_UPPER : VALUE_TYPE_EXACT;
2092 LogFile << pretty_pv(pos, current_search_time(), Iteration,
2093 ThreadsMgr.nodes_searched(), value, t, pv) << endl;
2098 // insert_pv_in_tt() is called at the end of a search iteration, and inserts
2099 // the PV back into the TT. This makes sure the old PV moves are searched
2100 // first, even if the old TT entries have been overwritten.
2102 void insert_pv_in_tt(const Position& pos, Move pv[]) {
2106 Position p(pos, pos.thread());
2107 Value v, m = VALUE_NONE;
2109 for (int i = 0; pv[i] != MOVE_NONE; i++)
2111 tte = TT.retrieve(p.get_key());
2112 if (!tte || tte->move() != pv[i])
2114 v = (p.is_check() ? VALUE_NONE : evaluate(p, m));
2115 TT.store(p.get_key(), VALUE_NONE, VALUE_TYPE_NONE, DEPTH_NONE, pv[i], v, m);
2117 p.do_move(pv[i], st);
2122 // extract_pv_from_tt() builds a PV by adding moves from the transposition table.
2123 // We consider also failing high nodes and not only VALUE_TYPE_EXACT nodes. This
2124 // allow to always have a ponder move even when we fail high at root and also a
2125 // long PV to print that is important for position analysis.
2127 void extract_pv_from_tt(const Position& pos, Move bestMove, Move pv[]) {
2131 Position p(pos, pos.thread());
2134 assert(bestMove != MOVE_NONE);
2137 p.do_move(pv[ply++], st);
2139 while ( (tte = TT.retrieve(p.get_key())) != NULL
2140 && tte->move() != MOVE_NONE
2141 && move_is_legal(p, tte->move())
2143 && (!p.is_draw() || ply < 2))
2145 pv[ply] = tte->move();
2146 p.do_move(pv[ply++], st);
2148 pv[ply] = MOVE_NONE;
2152 // init_thread() is the function which is called when a new thread is
2153 // launched. It simply calls the idle_loop() function with the supplied
2154 // threadID. There are two versions of this function; one for POSIX
2155 // threads and one for Windows threads.
2157 #if !defined(_MSC_VER)
2159 void* init_thread(void *threadID) {
2161 ThreadsMgr.idle_loop(*(int*)threadID, NULL);
2167 DWORD WINAPI init_thread(LPVOID threadID) {
2169 ThreadsMgr.idle_loop(*(int*)threadID, NULL);
2176 /// The ThreadsManager class
2178 // resetNodeCounters(), resetBetaCounters(), searched_nodes() and
2179 // get_beta_counters() are getters/setters for the per thread
2180 // counters used to sort the moves at root.
2182 void ThreadsManager::resetNodeCounters() {
2184 for (int i = 0; i < MAX_THREADS; i++)
2185 threads[i].nodes = 0ULL;
2188 int64_t ThreadsManager::nodes_searched() const {
2190 int64_t result = 0ULL;
2191 for (int i = 0; i < ActiveThreads; i++)
2192 result += threads[i].nodes;
2198 // idle_loop() is where the threads are parked when they have no work to do.
2199 // The parameter 'sp', if non-NULL, is a pointer to an active SplitPoint
2200 // object for which the current thread is the master.
2202 void ThreadsManager::idle_loop(int threadID, SplitPoint* sp) {
2204 assert(threadID >= 0 && threadID < MAX_THREADS);
2208 // Slave threads can exit as soon as AllThreadsShouldExit raises,
2209 // master should exit as last one.
2210 if (AllThreadsShouldExit)
2213 threads[threadID].state = THREAD_TERMINATED;
2217 // If we are not thinking, wait for a condition to be signaled
2218 // instead of wasting CPU time polling for work.
2219 while ( threadID >= ActiveThreads
2220 || threads[threadID].state == THREAD_INITIALIZING
2221 || (!sp && threads[threadID].state == THREAD_AVAILABLE))
2224 assert(threadID != 0);
2226 if (AllThreadsShouldExit)
2231 // Retest condition under lock protection
2232 if (!( threadID >= ActiveThreads
2233 || threads[threadID].state == THREAD_INITIALIZING
2234 || (!sp && threads[threadID].state == THREAD_AVAILABLE)))
2236 lock_release(&MPLock);
2240 // Put thread to sleep
2241 threads[threadID].state = THREAD_AVAILABLE;
2242 cond_wait(&WaitCond[threadID], &MPLock);
2243 lock_release(&MPLock);
2246 // If this thread has been assigned work, launch a search
2247 if (threads[threadID].state == THREAD_WORKISWAITING)
2249 assert(!AllThreadsShouldExit);
2251 threads[threadID].state = THREAD_SEARCHING;
2253 // Here we call search() with SplitPoint template parameter set to true
2254 SplitPoint* tsp = threads[threadID].splitPoint;
2255 Position pos(*tsp->pos, threadID);
2256 SearchStack* ss = tsp->sstack[threadID] + 1;
2260 search<PV, true>(pos, ss, tsp->alpha, tsp->beta, tsp->depth, tsp->ply);
2262 search<NonPV, true>(pos, ss, tsp->alpha, tsp->beta, tsp->depth, tsp->ply);
2264 assert(threads[threadID].state == THREAD_SEARCHING);
2266 threads[threadID].state = THREAD_AVAILABLE;
2269 // If this thread is the master of a split point and all slaves have
2270 // finished their work at this split point, return from the idle loop.
2272 for ( ; sp && i < ActiveThreads && !sp->slaves[i]; i++) {}
2274 if (i == ActiveThreads)
2276 // Because sp->slaves[] is reset under lock protection,
2277 // be sure sp->lock has been released before to return.
2278 lock_grab(&(sp->lock));
2279 lock_release(&(sp->lock));
2281 // In helpful master concept a master can help only a sub-tree, and
2282 // because here is all finished is not possible master is booked.
2283 assert(threads[threadID].state == THREAD_AVAILABLE);
2285 threads[threadID].state = THREAD_SEARCHING;
2292 // init_threads() is called during startup. It launches all helper threads,
2293 // and initializes the split point stack and the global locks and condition
2296 void ThreadsManager::init_threads() {
2301 // Initialize global locks
2304 for (i = 0; i < MAX_THREADS; i++)
2305 cond_init(&WaitCond[i]);
2307 // Initialize splitPoints[] locks
2308 for (i = 0; i < MAX_THREADS; i++)
2309 for (int j = 0; j < MAX_ACTIVE_SPLIT_POINTS; j++)
2310 lock_init(&(threads[i].splitPoints[j].lock));
2312 // Will be set just before program exits to properly end the threads
2313 AllThreadsShouldExit = false;
2315 // Threads will be put all threads to sleep as soon as created
2318 // All threads except the main thread should be initialized to THREAD_INITIALIZING
2319 threads[0].state = THREAD_SEARCHING;
2320 for (i = 1; i < MAX_THREADS; i++)
2321 threads[i].state = THREAD_INITIALIZING;
2323 // Launch the helper threads
2324 for (i = 1; i < MAX_THREADS; i++)
2327 #if !defined(_MSC_VER)
2328 pthread_t pthread[1];
2329 ok = (pthread_create(pthread, NULL, init_thread, (void*)(&i)) == 0);
2330 pthread_detach(pthread[0]);
2332 ok = (CreateThread(NULL, 0, init_thread, (LPVOID)(&i), 0, NULL) != NULL);
2337 cout << "Failed to create thread number " << i << endl;
2338 Application::exit_with_failure();
2341 // Wait until the thread has finished launching and is gone to sleep
2342 while (threads[i].state == THREAD_INITIALIZING) {}
2347 // exit_threads() is called when the program exits. It makes all the
2348 // helper threads exit cleanly.
2350 void ThreadsManager::exit_threads() {
2352 AllThreadsShouldExit = true; // Let the woken up threads to exit idle_loop()
2354 // Wake up all the threads and waits for termination
2355 for (int i = 1; i < MAX_THREADS; i++)
2357 wake_sleeping_thread(i);
2358 while (threads[i].state != THREAD_TERMINATED) {}
2361 // Now we can safely destroy the locks
2362 for (int i = 0; i < MAX_THREADS; i++)
2363 for (int j = 0; j < MAX_ACTIVE_SPLIT_POINTS; j++)
2364 lock_destroy(&(threads[i].splitPoints[j].lock));
2366 lock_destroy(&MPLock);
2368 // Now we can safely destroy the wait conditions
2369 for (int i = 0; i < MAX_THREADS; i++)
2370 cond_destroy(&WaitCond[i]);
2374 // thread_should_stop() checks whether the thread should stop its search.
2375 // This can happen if a beta cutoff has occurred in the thread's currently
2376 // active split point, or in some ancestor of the current split point.
2378 bool ThreadsManager::thread_should_stop(int threadID) const {
2380 assert(threadID >= 0 && threadID < ActiveThreads);
2382 SplitPoint* sp = threads[threadID].splitPoint;
2384 for ( ; sp && !sp->stopRequest; sp = sp->parent) {}
2389 // thread_is_available() checks whether the thread with threadID "slave" is
2390 // available to help the thread with threadID "master" at a split point. An
2391 // obvious requirement is that "slave" must be idle. With more than two
2392 // threads, this is not by itself sufficient: If "slave" is the master of
2393 // some active split point, it is only available as a slave to the other
2394 // threads which are busy searching the split point at the top of "slave"'s
2395 // split point stack (the "helpful master concept" in YBWC terminology).
2397 bool ThreadsManager::thread_is_available(int slave, int master) const {
2399 assert(slave >= 0 && slave < ActiveThreads);
2400 assert(master >= 0 && master < ActiveThreads);
2401 assert(ActiveThreads > 1);
2403 if (threads[slave].state != THREAD_AVAILABLE || slave == master)
2406 // Make a local copy to be sure doesn't change under our feet
2407 int localActiveSplitPoints = threads[slave].activeSplitPoints;
2409 // No active split points means that the thread is available as
2410 // a slave for any other thread.
2411 if (localActiveSplitPoints == 0 || ActiveThreads == 2)
2414 // Apply the "helpful master" concept if possible. Use localActiveSplitPoints
2415 // that is known to be > 0, instead of threads[slave].activeSplitPoints that
2416 // could have been set to 0 by another thread leading to an out of bound access.
2417 if (threads[slave].splitPoints[localActiveSplitPoints - 1].slaves[master])
2424 // available_thread_exists() tries to find an idle thread which is available as
2425 // a slave for the thread with threadID "master".
2427 bool ThreadsManager::available_thread_exists(int master) const {
2429 assert(master >= 0 && master < ActiveThreads);
2430 assert(ActiveThreads > 1);
2432 for (int i = 0; i < ActiveThreads; i++)
2433 if (thread_is_available(i, master))
2440 // split() does the actual work of distributing the work at a node between
2441 // several available threads. If it does not succeed in splitting the
2442 // node (because no idle threads are available, or because we have no unused
2443 // split point objects), the function immediately returns. If splitting is
2444 // possible, a SplitPoint object is initialized with all the data that must be
2445 // copied to the helper threads and we tell our helper threads that they have
2446 // been assigned work. This will cause them to instantly leave their idle loops and
2447 // call search().When all threads have returned from search() then split() returns.
2449 template <bool Fake>
2450 void ThreadsManager::split(const Position& p, SearchStack* ss, int ply, Value* alpha,
2451 const Value beta, Value* bestValue, Depth depth, Move threatMove,
2452 bool mateThreat, int moveCount, MovePicker* mp, bool pvNode) {
2454 assert(ply > 0 && ply < PLY_MAX);
2455 assert(*bestValue >= -VALUE_INFINITE);
2456 assert(*bestValue <= *alpha);
2457 assert(*alpha < beta);
2458 assert(beta <= VALUE_INFINITE);
2459 assert(depth > DEPTH_ZERO);
2460 assert(p.thread() >= 0 && p.thread() < ActiveThreads);
2461 assert(ActiveThreads > 1);
2463 int i, master = p.thread();
2464 Thread& masterThread = threads[master];
2468 // If no other thread is available to help us, or if we have too many
2469 // active split points, don't split.
2470 if ( !available_thread_exists(master)
2471 || masterThread.activeSplitPoints >= MAX_ACTIVE_SPLIT_POINTS)
2473 lock_release(&MPLock);
2477 // Pick the next available split point object from the split point stack
2478 SplitPoint& splitPoint = masterThread.splitPoints[masterThread.activeSplitPoints++];
2480 // Initialize the split point object
2481 splitPoint.parent = masterThread.splitPoint;
2482 splitPoint.stopRequest = false;
2483 splitPoint.ply = ply;
2484 splitPoint.depth = depth;
2485 splitPoint.threatMove = threatMove;
2486 splitPoint.mateThreat = mateThreat;
2487 splitPoint.alpha = *alpha;
2488 splitPoint.beta = beta;
2489 splitPoint.pvNode = pvNode;
2490 splitPoint.bestValue = *bestValue;
2492 splitPoint.moveCount = moveCount;
2493 splitPoint.pos = &p;
2494 splitPoint.parentSstack = ss;
2495 for (i = 0; i < ActiveThreads; i++)
2496 splitPoint.slaves[i] = 0;
2498 masterThread.splitPoint = &splitPoint;
2500 // If we are here it means we are not available
2501 assert(masterThread.state != THREAD_AVAILABLE);
2503 int workersCnt = 1; // At least the master is included
2505 // Allocate available threads setting state to THREAD_BOOKED
2506 for (i = 0; !Fake && i < ActiveThreads && workersCnt < MaxThreadsPerSplitPoint; i++)
2507 if (thread_is_available(i, master))
2509 threads[i].state = THREAD_BOOKED;
2510 threads[i].splitPoint = &splitPoint;
2511 splitPoint.slaves[i] = 1;
2515 assert(Fake || workersCnt > 1);
2517 // We can release the lock because slave threads are already booked and master is not available
2518 lock_release(&MPLock);
2520 // Tell the threads that they have work to do. This will make them leave
2521 // their idle loop. But before copy search stack tail for each thread.
2522 for (i = 0; i < ActiveThreads; i++)
2523 if (i == master || splitPoint.slaves[i])
2525 memcpy(splitPoint.sstack[i], ss - 1, 4 * sizeof(SearchStack));
2527 assert(i == master || threads[i].state == THREAD_BOOKED);
2529 threads[i].state = THREAD_WORKISWAITING; // This makes the slave to exit from idle_loop()
2531 wake_sleeping_thread(i);
2534 // Everything is set up. The master thread enters the idle loop, from
2535 // which it will instantly launch a search, because its state is
2536 // THREAD_WORKISWAITING. We send the split point as a second parameter to the
2537 // idle loop, which means that the main thread will return from the idle
2538 // loop when all threads have finished their work at this split point.
2539 idle_loop(master, &splitPoint);
2541 // We have returned from the idle loop, which means that all threads are
2542 // finished. Update alpha and bestValue, and return.
2545 *alpha = splitPoint.alpha;
2546 *bestValue = splitPoint.bestValue;
2547 masterThread.activeSplitPoints--;
2548 masterThread.splitPoint = splitPoint.parent;
2550 lock_release(&MPLock);
2554 // wake_sleeping_thread() wakes up all sleeping threads when it is time
2555 // to start a new search from the root.
2557 void ThreadsManager::wake_sleeping_thread(int threadID) {
2560 cond_signal(&WaitCond[threadID]);
2561 lock_release(&MPLock);
2565 /// The RootMoveList class
2567 // RootMoveList c'tor
2569 RootMoveList::RootMoveList(Position& pos, Move searchMoves[]) {
2571 SearchStack ss[PLY_MAX_PLUS_2];
2572 MoveStack mlist[MOVES_MAX];
2574 bool includeAllMoves = (searchMoves[0] == MOVE_NONE);
2576 // Initialize search stack
2577 init_ss_array(ss, PLY_MAX_PLUS_2);
2578 ss[0].eval = ss[0].evalMargin = VALUE_NONE;
2581 // Generate all legal moves
2582 MoveStack* last = generate_moves(pos, mlist);
2584 // Add each move to the moves[] array
2585 for (MoveStack* cur = mlist; cur != last; cur++)
2587 bool includeMove = includeAllMoves;
2589 for (int k = 0; !includeMove && searchMoves[k] != MOVE_NONE; k++)
2590 includeMove = (searchMoves[k] == cur->move);
2595 // Find a quick score for the move
2596 moves[count].move = ss[0].currentMove = moves[count].pv[0] = cur->move;
2597 moves[count].pv[1] = MOVE_NONE;
2598 pos.do_move(cur->move, st);
2599 moves[count].score = -qsearch<PV>(pos, ss+1, -VALUE_INFINITE, VALUE_INFINITE, DEPTH_ZERO, 1);
2600 pos.undo_move(cur->move);
2606 // Score root moves using the standard way used in main search, the moves
2607 // are scored according to the order in which are returned by MovePicker.
2609 void RootMoveList::score_moves(const Position& pos)
2613 MovePicker mp = MovePicker(pos, MOVE_NONE, ONE_PLY, H);
2615 while ((move = mp.get_next_move()) != MOVE_NONE)
2616 for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
2617 if (moves[i].move == move)
2619 moves[i].mp_score = score--;
2624 // RootMoveList simple methods definitions
2626 void RootMoveList::set_move_pv(int moveNum, const Move pv[]) {
2630 for (j = 0; pv[j] != MOVE_NONE; j++)
2631 moves[moveNum].pv[j] = pv[j];
2633 moves[moveNum].pv[j] = MOVE_NONE;
2637 // RootMoveList::sort() sorts the root move list at the beginning of a new
2640 void RootMoveList::sort() {
2642 sort_multipv(count - 1); // Sort all items
2646 // RootMoveList::sort_multipv() sorts the first few moves in the root move
2647 // list by their scores and depths. It is used to order the different PVs
2648 // correctly in MultiPV mode.
2650 void RootMoveList::sort_multipv(int n) {
2654 for (i = 1; i <= n; i++)
2656 RootMove rm = moves[i];
2657 for (j = i; j > 0 && moves[j - 1] < rm; j--)
2658 moves[j] = moves[j - 1];