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1 /*****************************************************************************
2  * mpeg4video.c: mpeg 4 video packetizer
3  *****************************************************************************
4  * Copyright (C) 2001-2006 the VideoLAN team
5  * $Id$
6  *
7  * Authors: Gildas Bazin <gbazin@videolan.org>
8  *          Laurent Aimar <fenrir@via.ecp.fr>
9  *          Eric Petit <titer@videolan.org>
10  *
11  * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
12  * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
13  * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
14  * (at your option) any later version.
15  *
16  * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
17  * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
18  * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
19  * GNU General Public License for more details.
20  *
21  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
22  * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
23  * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston MA 02110-1301, USA.
24  *****************************************************************************/
25
26 /*****************************************************************************
27  * Preamble
28  *****************************************************************************/
29
30 #ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
31 # include "config.h"
32 #endif
33
34 #include <vlc/vlc.h>
35 #include <vlc_sout.h>
36 #include <vlc_codec.h>
37 #include <vlc_block.h>
38 #include <vlc_input.h>                  /* hmmm, just for INPUT_RATE_DEFAULT */
39
40 #include "vlc_bits.h"
41 #include "vlc_block_helper.h"
42
43 /*****************************************************************************
44  * Module descriptor
45  *****************************************************************************/
46 static int  Open ( vlc_object_t * );
47 static void Close( vlc_object_t * );
48
49 vlc_module_begin();
50     set_category( CAT_SOUT );
51     set_subcategory( SUBCAT_SOUT_PACKETIZER );
52     set_description( _("MPEG4 video packetizer") );
53     set_capability( "packetizer", 50 );
54     set_callbacks( Open, Close );
55 vlc_module_end();
56
57 /****************************************************************************
58  * Local prototypes
59  ****************************************************************************/
60 static block_t *Packetize( decoder_t *, block_t ** );
61
62 struct decoder_sys_t
63 {
64     /*
65      * Input properties
66      */
67     block_bytestream_t bytestream;
68     int i_state;
69     size_t i_offset;
70     uint8_t p_startcode[3];
71
72     /*
73      * Common properties
74      */
75     mtime_t i_interpolated_pts;
76     mtime_t i_interpolated_dts;
77     mtime_t i_last_ref_pts;
78     mtime_t i_last_time_ref;
79     mtime_t i_time_ref;
80     mtime_t i_last_time;
81     mtime_t i_last_timeincr;
82
83     unsigned int i_flags;
84
85     int         i_fps_num;
86     int         i_fps_den;
87     int         i_last_incr;
88     int         i_last_incr_diff;
89
90     vlc_bool_t  b_frame;
91
92     /* Current frame being built */
93     block_t    *p_frame;
94     block_t    **pp_last;
95 };
96
97 enum {
98     STATE_NOSYNC,
99     STATE_NEXT_SYNC
100 };
101
102 static block_t *ParseMPEGBlock( decoder_t *, block_t * );
103 static int ParseVOL( decoder_t *, es_format_t *, uint8_t *, int );
104 static int ParseVOP( decoder_t *, block_t * );
105 static int vlc_log2( unsigned int );
106
107 #define VIDEO_OBJECT_MASK                       0x01f
108 #define VIDEO_OBJECT_LAYER_MASK                 0x00f
109
110 #define VIDEO_OBJECT_START_CODE                 0x100
111 #define VIDEO_OBJECT_LAYER_START_CODE           0x120
112 #define VISUAL_OBJECT_SEQUENCE_START_CODE       0x1b0
113 #define VISUAL_OBJECT_SEQUENCE_END_CODE         0x1b1
114 #define USER_DATA_START_CODE                    0x1b2
115 #define GROUP_OF_VOP_START_CODE                 0x1b3
116 #define VIDEO_SESSION_ERROR_CODE                0x1b4
117 #define VISUAL_OBJECT_START_CODE                0x1b5
118 #define VOP_START_CODE                          0x1b6
119 #define FACE_OBJECT_START_CODE                  0x1ba
120 #define FACE_OBJECT_PLANE_START_CODE            0x1bb
121 #define MESH_OBJECT_START_CODE                  0x1bc
122 #define MESH_OBJECT_PLANE_START_CODE            0x1bd
123 #define STILL_TEXTURE_OBJECT_START_CODE         0x1be
124 #define TEXTURE_SPATIAL_LAYER_START_CODE        0x1bf
125 #define TEXTURE_SNR_LAYER_START_CODE            0x1c0
126
127 /*****************************************************************************
128  * Open: probe the packetizer and return score
129  *****************************************************************************/
130 static int Open( vlc_object_t *p_this )
131 {
132     decoder_t     *p_dec = (decoder_t*)p_this;
133     decoder_sys_t *p_sys;
134
135     switch( p_dec->fmt_in.i_codec )
136     {
137         case VLC_FOURCC( 'm', '4', 's', '2'):
138         case VLC_FOURCC( 'M', '4', 'S', '2'):
139         case VLC_FOURCC( 'm', 'p', '4', 's'):
140         case VLC_FOURCC( 'M', 'P', '4', 'S'):
141         case VLC_FOURCC( 'm', 'p', '4', 'v'):
142         case VLC_FOURCC( 'M', 'P', '4', 'V'):
143         case VLC_FOURCC( 'D', 'I', 'V', 'X'):
144         case VLC_FOURCC( 'd', 'i', 'v', 'x'):
145         case VLC_FOURCC( 'X', 'V', 'I', 'D'):
146         case VLC_FOURCC( 'X', 'v', 'i', 'D'):
147         case VLC_FOURCC( 'x', 'v', 'i', 'd'):
148         case VLC_FOURCC( 'D', 'X', '5', '0'):
149         case VLC_FOURCC( 'd', 'x', '5', '0'):
150         case VLC_FOURCC( 0x04, 0,   0,   0):
151         case VLC_FOURCC( '3', 'I', 'V', '2'):
152         case VLC_FOURCC( 'm', '4', 'c', 'c'):
153         case VLC_FOURCC( 'M', '4', 'C', 'C'):
154             break;
155
156         default:
157             return VLC_EGENERIC;
158     }
159
160     /* Allocate the memory needed to store the decoder's structure */
161     if( ( p_dec->p_sys = p_sys = malloc( sizeof(decoder_sys_t) ) ) == NULL )
162     {
163         msg_Err( p_dec, "out of memory" );
164         return VLC_EGENERIC;
165     }
166     memset( p_sys, 0, sizeof(decoder_sys_t) );
167
168     /* Misc init */
169     p_sys->i_state = STATE_NOSYNC;
170     p_sys->bytestream = block_BytestreamInit();
171     p_sys->p_startcode[0] = 0;
172     p_sys->p_startcode[1] = 0;
173     p_sys->p_startcode[2] = 1;
174     p_sys->i_offset = 0;
175     p_sys->p_frame = NULL;
176     p_sys->pp_last = &p_sys->p_frame;
177
178     /* Setup properties */
179     es_format_Copy( &p_dec->fmt_out, &p_dec->fmt_in );
180     p_dec->fmt_out.i_codec = VLC_FOURCC( 'm', 'p', '4', 'v' );
181
182     if( p_dec->fmt_in.i_extra )
183     {
184         /* We have a vol */
185         p_dec->fmt_out.i_extra = p_dec->fmt_in.i_extra;
186         p_dec->fmt_out.p_extra = malloc( p_dec->fmt_in.i_extra );
187         memcpy( p_dec->fmt_out.p_extra, p_dec->fmt_in.p_extra,
188                 p_dec->fmt_in.i_extra );
189
190         msg_Dbg( p_dec, "opening with vol size: %d", p_dec->fmt_in.i_extra );
191         ParseVOL( p_dec, &p_dec->fmt_out,
192                   p_dec->fmt_out.p_extra, p_dec->fmt_out.i_extra );
193     }
194     else
195     {
196         /* No vol, we'll have to look for one later on */
197         p_dec->fmt_out.i_extra = 0;
198         p_dec->fmt_out.p_extra = 0;
199     }
200
201     /* Set callback */
202     p_dec->pf_packetize = Packetize;
203
204     return VLC_SUCCESS;
205 }
206
207 /*****************************************************************************
208  * Close: clean up the packetizer
209  *****************************************************************************/
210 static void Close( vlc_object_t *p_this )
211 {
212     decoder_t *p_dec = (decoder_t*)p_this;
213
214     block_BytestreamRelease( &p_dec->p_sys->bytestream );
215     if( p_dec->p_sys->p_frame ) block_ChainRelease( p_dec->p_sys->p_frame );
216     free( p_dec->p_sys );
217 }
218
219 /****************************************************************************
220  * Packetize: the whole thing
221  ****************************************************************************/
222 static block_t *Packetize( decoder_t *p_dec, block_t **pp_block )
223 {
224     decoder_sys_t *p_sys = p_dec->p_sys;
225     block_t       *p_pic;
226     mtime_t       i_pts, i_dts;
227
228     if( pp_block == NULL || *pp_block == NULL ) return NULL;
229
230     if( (*pp_block)->i_flags&(BLOCK_FLAG_DISCONTINUITY|BLOCK_FLAG_CORRUPTED) )
231     {
232         if( (*pp_block)->i_flags&BLOCK_FLAG_CORRUPTED )
233         {
234             p_sys->i_state = STATE_NOSYNC;
235             block_BytestreamFlush( &p_sys->bytestream );
236
237             if( p_sys->p_frame )
238                 block_ChainRelease( p_sys->p_frame );
239             p_sys->p_frame = NULL;
240             p_sys->pp_last = &p_sys->p_frame;
241         }
242 //        p_sys->i_interpolated_pts =
243 //        p_sys->i_interpolated_dts =
244 //        p_sys->i_last_ref_pts =
245 //        p_sys->i_last_time_ref =
246 //        p_sys->i_time_ref =
247 //        p_sys->i_last_time =
248 //        p_sys->i_last_timeincr = 0;
249
250         block_Release( *pp_block );
251         return NULL;
252     }
253
254     block_BytestreamPush( &p_sys->bytestream, *pp_block );
255
256     while( 1 )
257     {
258         switch( p_sys->i_state )
259         {
260
261         case STATE_NOSYNC:
262             if( block_FindStartcodeFromOffset( &p_sys->bytestream,
263                     &p_sys->i_offset, p_sys->p_startcode, 3 ) == VLC_SUCCESS )
264             {
265                 p_sys->i_state = STATE_NEXT_SYNC;
266             }
267
268             if( p_sys->i_offset )
269             {
270                 block_SkipBytes( &p_sys->bytestream, p_sys->i_offset );
271                 p_sys->i_offset = 0;
272                 block_BytestreamFlush( &p_sys->bytestream );
273             }
274
275             if( p_sys->i_state != STATE_NEXT_SYNC )
276             {
277                 /* Need more data */
278                 return NULL;
279             }
280
281             p_sys->i_offset = 1; /* To find next startcode */
282
283         case STATE_NEXT_SYNC:
284             /* TODO: If p_block == NULL, flush the buffer without checking the
285              * next sync word */
286
287             /* Find the next startcode */
288             if( block_FindStartcodeFromOffset( &p_sys->bytestream,
289                     &p_sys->i_offset, p_sys->p_startcode, 3 ) != VLC_SUCCESS )
290             {
291                 /* Need more data */
292                 return NULL;
293             }
294
295             /* Get the new fragment and set the pts/dts */
296             p_pic = block_New( p_dec, p_sys->i_offset );
297             block_BytestreamFlush( &p_sys->bytestream );
298             p_pic->i_pts = i_pts = p_sys->bytestream.p_block->i_pts;
299             p_pic->i_dts = i_dts = p_sys->bytestream.p_block->i_dts;
300             p_pic->i_rate = p_sys->bytestream.p_block->i_rate;
301
302             block_GetBytes( &p_sys->bytestream, p_pic->p_buffer,
303                             p_pic->i_buffer );
304
305             p_sys->i_offset = 0;
306
307             /* Get picture if any */
308             if( !( p_pic = ParseMPEGBlock( p_dec, p_pic ) ) )
309             {
310                 p_sys->i_state = STATE_NOSYNC;
311                 break;
312             }
313
314             /* don't reuse the same timestamps several times */
315             if( i_pts == p_sys->bytestream.p_block->i_pts &&
316                 i_dts == p_sys->bytestream.p_block->i_dts )
317             {
318                 p_sys->bytestream.p_block->i_pts = 0;
319                 p_sys->bytestream.p_block->i_dts = 0;
320             }
321
322             /* We've just started the stream, wait for the first PTS.
323              * We discard here so we can still get the sequence header. */
324             if( p_sys->i_interpolated_pts <= 0 &&
325                 p_sys->i_interpolated_dts <= 0 )
326             {
327                 msg_Dbg( p_dec, "need a starting pts/dts" );
328                 p_sys->i_state = STATE_NOSYNC;
329                 block_Release( p_pic );
330                 break;
331             }
332
333             /* When starting the stream we can have the first frame with
334              * a null DTS (i_interpolated_pts is initialized to 0) */
335             if( !p_pic->i_dts ) p_pic->i_dts = p_pic->i_pts;
336
337             /* So p_block doesn't get re-added several times */
338             *pp_block = block_BytestreamPop( &p_sys->bytestream );
339
340             p_sys->i_state = STATE_NOSYNC;
341
342             return p_pic;
343         }
344     }
345 }
346
347 /*****************************************************************************
348  * ParseMPEGBlock: Re-assemble fragments into a block containing a picture
349  *****************************************************************************/
350 static block_t *ParseMPEGBlock( decoder_t *p_dec, block_t *p_frag )
351 {
352     decoder_sys_t *p_sys = p_dec->p_sys;
353     block_t *p_pic = NULL;
354
355     if( p_frag->p_buffer[3] == 0xB0 || p_frag->p_buffer[3] == 0xB1 || p_frag->p_buffer[3] == 0xB2 )
356     {   /* VOS and USERDATA */
357 #if 0
358         /* Remove VOS start/end code from the original stream */
359         block_Release( p_frag );
360 #else
361         /* Append the block for now since ts/ps muxers rely on VOL
362          * being present in the stream */
363         block_ChainLastAppend( &p_sys->pp_last, p_frag );
364 #endif
365         return NULL;
366     }
367     if( p_frag->p_buffer[3] >= 0x20 && p_frag->p_buffer[3] <= 0x2f )
368     {
369         /* Copy the complete VOL */
370         if( (size_t)p_dec->fmt_out.i_extra != p_frag->i_buffer )
371         {
372             p_dec->fmt_out.p_extra =
373                 realloc( p_dec->fmt_out.p_extra, p_frag->i_buffer );
374             p_dec->fmt_out.i_extra = p_frag->i_buffer;
375         }
376         memcpy( p_dec->fmt_out.p_extra, p_frag->p_buffer, p_frag->i_buffer );
377         ParseVOL( p_dec, &p_dec->fmt_out,
378                   p_dec->fmt_out.p_extra, p_dec->fmt_out.i_extra );
379
380 #if 0
381         /* Remove from the original stream */
382         block_Release( p_frag );
383 #else
384         /* Append the block for now since ts/ps muxers rely on VOL
385          * being present in the stream */
386         block_ChainLastAppend( &p_sys->pp_last, p_frag );
387 #endif
388         return NULL;
389     }
390     else
391     {
392         if( !p_dec->fmt_out.i_extra )
393         {
394             msg_Warn( p_dec, "waiting for VOL" );
395             block_Release( p_frag );
396             return NULL;
397         }
398
399         /* Append the block */
400         block_ChainLastAppend( &p_sys->pp_last, p_frag );
401     }
402
403     if( p_frag->p_buffer[3] == 0xb6 &&
404         ParseVOP( p_dec, p_frag ) == VLC_SUCCESS )
405     {
406         /* We are dealing with a VOP */
407         p_pic = block_ChainGather( p_sys->p_frame );
408         p_pic->i_pts = p_sys->i_interpolated_pts;
409         p_pic->i_dts = p_sys->i_interpolated_dts;
410
411         /* Reset context */
412         p_sys->p_frame = NULL;
413         p_sys->pp_last = &p_sys->p_frame;
414     }
415
416     return p_pic;
417 }
418
419 /* ParseVOL:
420  *  TODO:
421  *      - support aspect ratio
422  */
423 static int ParseVOL( decoder_t *p_dec, es_format_t *fmt,
424                      uint8_t *p_vol, int i_vol )
425 {
426     decoder_sys_t *p_sys = p_dec->p_sys;
427     int i_vo_type, i_vo_ver_id, i_ar, i_shape;
428     bs_t s;
429
430     for( ;; )
431     {
432         if( p_vol[0] == 0x00 && p_vol[1] == 0x00 && p_vol[2] == 0x01 &&
433             p_vol[3] >= 0x20 && p_vol[3] <= 0x2f ) break;
434
435         p_vol++; i_vol--;
436         if( i_vol <= 4 ) return VLC_EGENERIC;
437     }
438
439     bs_init( &s, &p_vol[4], i_vol - 4 );
440
441     bs_skip( &s, 1 );   /* random access */
442     i_vo_type = bs_read( &s, 8 );
443     if( bs_read1( &s ) )
444     {
445         i_vo_ver_id = bs_read( &s, 4 );
446         bs_skip( &s, 3 );
447     }
448     else
449     {
450         i_vo_ver_id = 1;
451     }
452     i_ar = bs_read( &s, 4 );
453     if( i_ar == 0xf )
454     {
455         int i_ar_width, i_ar_height;
456
457         i_ar_width = bs_read( &s, 8 );
458         i_ar_height= bs_read( &s, 8 );
459     }
460     if( bs_read1( &s ) )
461     {
462         int i_chroma_format;
463         int i_low_delay;
464
465         /* vol control parameter */
466         i_chroma_format = bs_read( &s, 2 );
467         i_low_delay = bs_read1( &s );
468
469         if( bs_read1( &s ) )
470         {
471             bs_skip( &s, 16 );
472             bs_skip( &s, 16 );
473             bs_skip( &s, 16 );
474             bs_skip( &s, 3 );
475             bs_skip( &s, 11 );
476             bs_skip( &s, 1 );
477             bs_skip( &s, 16 );
478         }
479     }
480     /* shape 0->RECT, 1->BIN, 2->BIN_ONLY, 3->GRAY */
481     i_shape = bs_read( &s, 2 );
482     if( i_shape == 3 && i_vo_ver_id != 1 )
483     {
484         bs_skip( &s, 4 );
485     }
486
487     if( !bs_read1( &s ) ) return VLC_EGENERIC; /* Marker */
488
489     p_sys->i_fps_num = bs_read( &s, 16 ); /* Time increment resolution*/
490     if( !p_sys->i_fps_num ) p_sys->i_fps_num = 1;
491
492     if( !bs_read1( &s ) ) return VLC_EGENERIC; /* Marker */
493
494     if( bs_read1( &s ) )
495     {
496         int i_time_increment_bits = vlc_log2( p_sys->i_fps_num - 1 ) + 1;
497
498         if( i_time_increment_bits < 1 ) i_time_increment_bits = 1;
499
500         p_sys->i_fps_den = bs_read( &s, i_time_increment_bits );
501     }
502     if( i_shape == 0 )
503     {
504         bs_skip( &s, 1 );
505         fmt->video.i_width = bs_read( &s, 13 );
506         bs_skip( &s, 1 );
507         fmt->video.i_height= bs_read( &s, 13 );
508         bs_skip( &s, 1 );
509     }
510
511     return VLC_SUCCESS;
512 }
513
514 static int ParseVOP( decoder_t *p_dec, block_t *p_vop )
515 {
516     decoder_sys_t *p_sys = p_dec->p_sys;
517     int64_t i_time_increment, i_time_ref;
518     int i_modulo_time_base = 0, i_time_increment_bits;
519     bs_t s;
520
521     bs_init( &s, &p_vop->p_buffer[4], p_vop->i_buffer - 4 );
522
523     switch( bs_read( &s, 2 ) )
524     {
525     case 0:
526         p_sys->i_flags = BLOCK_FLAG_TYPE_I;
527         break;
528     case 1:
529         p_sys->i_flags = BLOCK_FLAG_TYPE_P;
530         break;
531     case 2:
532         p_sys->i_flags = BLOCK_FLAG_TYPE_B;
533         p_sys->b_frame = VLC_TRUE;
534         break;
535     case 3: /* gni ? */
536         p_sys->i_flags = BLOCK_FLAG_TYPE_PB;
537         break;
538     }
539
540     while( bs_read( &s, 1 ) ) i_modulo_time_base++;
541     if( !bs_read1( &s ) ) return VLC_EGENERIC; /* Marker */
542
543     /* VOP time increment */
544     i_time_increment_bits = vlc_log2(p_dec->p_sys->i_fps_num - 1) + 1;
545     if( i_time_increment_bits < 1 ) i_time_increment_bits = 1;
546     i_time_increment = bs_read( &s, i_time_increment_bits );
547
548     /* Interpolate PTS/DTS */
549     if( !(p_sys->i_flags & BLOCK_FLAG_TYPE_B) )
550     {
551         p_sys->i_last_time_ref = p_sys->i_time_ref;
552         p_sys->i_time_ref +=
553             (i_modulo_time_base * p_dec->p_sys->i_fps_num);
554         i_time_ref = p_sys->i_time_ref;
555     }
556     else
557     {
558         i_time_ref = p_sys->i_last_time_ref +
559             (i_modulo_time_base * p_dec->p_sys->i_fps_num);
560     }
561
562 #if 0
563     msg_Err( p_dec, "interp pts/dts (%lli,%lli), pts/dts (%lli,%lli)",
564              p_sys->i_interpolated_pts, p_sys->i_interpolated_dts,
565              p_vop->i_pts, p_vop->i_dts );
566 #endif
567
568     if( p_dec->p_sys->i_fps_num < 5 && /* Work-around buggy streams */
569         p_dec->fmt_in.video.i_frame_rate > 0 &&
570         p_dec->fmt_in.video.i_frame_rate_base > 0 )
571     {
572         p_sys->i_interpolated_pts += I64C(1000000) *
573         p_dec->fmt_in.video.i_frame_rate_base *
574         p_vop->i_rate / INPUT_RATE_DEFAULT /
575         p_dec->fmt_in.video.i_frame_rate;
576     }
577     else if( p_dec->p_sys->i_fps_num )
578         p_sys->i_interpolated_pts +=
579             ( I64C(1000000) * (i_time_ref + i_time_increment -
580               p_sys->i_last_time - p_sys->i_last_timeincr) *
581               p_vop->i_rate / INPUT_RATE_DEFAULT /
582               p_dec->p_sys->i_fps_num );
583
584     p_sys->i_last_time = i_time_ref;
585     p_sys->i_last_timeincr = i_time_increment;
586
587     /* Correct interpolated dts when we receive a new pts/dts */
588     if( p_vop->i_pts > 0 )
589         p_sys->i_interpolated_pts = p_vop->i_pts;
590     if( p_vop->i_dts > 0 )
591         p_sys->i_interpolated_dts = p_vop->i_dts;
592
593     if( (p_sys->i_flags & BLOCK_FLAG_TYPE_B) || !p_sys->b_frame )
594     {
595         /* Trivial case (DTS == PTS) */
596
597         p_sys->i_interpolated_dts = p_sys->i_interpolated_pts;
598
599         if( p_vop->i_pts > 0 )
600             p_sys->i_interpolated_dts = p_vop->i_pts;
601         if( p_vop->i_dts > 0 )
602             p_sys->i_interpolated_dts = p_vop->i_dts;
603
604         p_sys->i_interpolated_pts = p_sys->i_interpolated_dts;
605     }
606     else
607     {
608         if( p_sys->i_last_ref_pts > 0 )
609             p_sys->i_interpolated_dts = p_sys->i_last_ref_pts;
610
611         p_sys->i_last_ref_pts = p_sys->i_interpolated_pts;
612     }
613
614     return VLC_SUCCESS;
615 }
616
617 /* look at ffmpeg av_log2 ;) */
618 static int vlc_log2( unsigned int v )
619 {
620     int n = 0;
621     static const int vlc_log2_table[16] =
622     {
623         0,0,1,1,2,2,2,2, 3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3
624     };
625
626     if( v&0xffff0000 )
627     {
628         v >>= 16;
629         n += 16;
630     }
631     if( v&0xff00 )
632     {
633         v >>= 8;
634         n += 8;
635     }
636     if( v&0xf0 )
637     {
638         v >>= 4;
639         n += 4;
640     }
641     n += vlc_log2_table[v];
642
643     return n;
644 }