1 /*****************************************************************************
2 * alsa.c : alsa plugin for vlc
3 *****************************************************************************
4 * Copyright (C) 2000-2010 the VideoLAN team
5 * Copyright (C) 2009-2011 RĂ©mi Denis-Courmont
7 * Authors: Henri Fallon <henri@videolan.org> - Original Author
8 * Jeffrey Baker <jwbaker@acm.org> - Port to ALSA 1.0 API
9 * John Paul Lorenti <jpl31@columbia.edu> - Device selection
10 * Arnaud de Bossoreille de Ribou <bozo@via.ecp.fr> - S/PDIF and aout3
12 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
13 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
14 * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
15 * (at your option) any later version.
17 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
18 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
19 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
20 * GNU General Public License for more details.
22 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
23 * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
24 * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston MA 02110-1301, USA.
25 *****************************************************************************/
33 #include <vlc_common.h>
34 #include <vlc_plugin.h>
35 #include <vlc_dialog.h>
39 #include <alsa/asoundlib.h>
40 #include <alsa/version.h>
42 /** Private data for an ALSA PCM playback stream */
46 void (*reorder) (void *, size_t, unsigned);
49 #define A52_FRAME_NB 1536
51 static int Open (vlc_object_t *);
52 static void Close (vlc_object_t *);
53 static int FindDevicesCallback( vlc_object_t *p_this, char const *psz_name,
54 vlc_value_t newval, vlc_value_t oldval, void *p_unused );
55 static void GetDevices (vlc_object_t *, module_config_t *, const char *);
57 #define AUDIO_DEV_TEXT N_("Audio output device")
58 #define AUDIO_DEV_LONGTEXT N_("Audio output device (using ALSA syntax).")
59 static const char *const devices[] = {
62 static const char *const devices_text[] = {
66 #define AUDIO_CHAN_TEXT N_("Audio output channels")
67 #define AUDIO_CHAN_LONGTEXT N_("Channels available for audio output." \
68 "If the input has more channels than the output, it will be down-mixed." \
69 "This parameter is ignored when digital pass-through is active.")
70 static const int channels[] = {
71 AOUT_CHAN_CENTER, AOUT_CHANS_STEREO, AOUT_CHANS_4_0, AOUT_CHANS_4_1,
72 AOUT_CHANS_5_0, AOUT_CHANS_5_1, AOUT_CHANS_7_1,
74 static const char *const channels_text[] = {
75 N_("Mono"), N_("Stereo"), N_("Surround 4.0"), N_("Surround 4.1"),
76 N_("Surround 5.0"), N_("Surround 5.1"), N_("Surround 7.1"),
80 set_shortname( "ALSA" )
81 set_description( N_("ALSA audio output") )
82 set_category( CAT_AUDIO )
83 set_subcategory( SUBCAT_AUDIO_AOUT )
84 add_string ("alsa-audio-device", "default",
85 AUDIO_DEV_TEXT, AUDIO_DEV_LONGTEXT, false)
86 change_string_list( devices, devices_text, FindDevicesCallback )
87 change_action_add( FindDevicesCallback, N_("Refresh list") )
88 add_integer ("alsa-audio-channels", AOUT_CHANS_FRONT,
89 AUDIO_CHAN_TEXT, AUDIO_CHAN_LONGTEXT, false)
90 change_integer_list (channels, channels_text)
91 set_capability( "audio output", 150 )
92 set_callbacks( Open, Close )
96 /** Helper for ALSA -> VLC debugging output */
97 static void Dump (vlc_object_t *obj, const char *msg,
98 int (*cb)(void *, snd_output_t *), void *p)
100 snd_output_t *output;
103 if (unlikely(snd_output_buffer_open (&output)))
106 int val = cb (p, output);
109 msg_Warn (obj, "cannot get info: %s", snd_strerror (val));
113 size_t len = snd_output_buffer_string (output, &str);
114 if (len > 0 && str[len - 1])
115 len--; /* strip trailing newline */
116 msg_Dbg (obj, "%s%.*s", msg, (int)len, str);
117 snd_output_close (output);
119 #define Dump(o, m, cb, p) \
120 Dump(VLC_OBJECT(o), m, (int (*)(void *, snd_output_t *))(cb), p)
122 static void DumpDevice (vlc_object_t *obj, snd_pcm_t *pcm)
124 snd_pcm_info_t *info;
126 Dump (obj, " ", snd_pcm_dump, pcm);
127 snd_pcm_info_alloca (&info);
128 if (snd_pcm_info (pcm, info) == 0)
130 msg_Dbg (obj, " device name : %s", snd_pcm_info_get_name (info));
131 msg_Dbg (obj, " device ID : %s", snd_pcm_info_get_id (info));
132 msg_Dbg (obj, " subdevice name: %s",
133 snd_pcm_info_get_subdevice_name (info));
137 static void DumpDeviceStatus (vlc_object_t *obj, snd_pcm_t *pcm)
139 snd_pcm_status_t *status;
141 snd_pcm_status_alloca (&status);
142 snd_pcm_status (pcm, status);
143 Dump (obj, "current status:\n", snd_pcm_status_dump, status);
145 #define DumpDeviceStatus(o, p) DumpDeviceStatus(VLC_OBJECT(o), p)
148 * Initializes list of devices.
150 static void Probe (vlc_object_t *obj, const char *dev)
154 var_Create (obj, "audio-device", VLC_VAR_STRING | VLC_VAR_HASCHOICE);
155 text.psz_string = _("Audio Device");
156 var_Change (obj, "audio-device", VLC_VAR_SETTEXT, &text, NULL);
158 GetDevices (obj, NULL, dev);
160 var_AddCallback (obj, "audio-device", aout_ChannelsRestart, NULL);
161 var_TriggerCallback (obj, "intf-change");
165 static void Play (audio_output_t *, block_t *);
166 static void Pause (audio_output_t *, bool, mtime_t);
167 static void PauseDummy (audio_output_t *, bool, mtime_t);
168 static void Flush (audio_output_t *, bool);
169 static void Reorder71 (void *, size_t, unsigned);
171 /** Initializes an ALSA playback stream */
172 static int Open (vlc_object_t *obj)
174 audio_output_t *aout = (audio_output_t *)obj;
176 /* Get device name */
177 char *device = var_InheritString (aout, "alsa-audio-device");
178 if (unlikely(device == NULL))
181 snd_pcm_format_t pcm_format; /* ALSA sample format */
182 vlc_fourcc_t fourcc = aout->format.i_format;
188 pcm_format = SND_PCM_FORMAT_FLOAT64_BE;
191 pcm_format = SND_PCM_FORMAT_FLOAT64_LE;
194 pcm_format = SND_PCM_FORMAT_FLOAT_BE;
197 pcm_format = SND_PCM_FORMAT_FLOAT_LE;
200 fourcc = VLC_CODEC_FL32;
201 pcm_format = SND_PCM_FORMAT_FLOAT;
204 pcm_format = SND_PCM_FORMAT_S32_BE;
207 pcm_format = SND_PCM_FORMAT_S32_LE;
210 pcm_format = SND_PCM_FORMAT_S24_3BE;
213 pcm_format = SND_PCM_FORMAT_S24_3LE;
216 pcm_format = SND_PCM_FORMAT_U24_3BE;
219 pcm_format = SND_PCM_FORMAT_U24_3LE;
222 pcm_format = SND_PCM_FORMAT_S16_BE;
225 pcm_format = SND_PCM_FORMAT_S16_LE;
228 pcm_format = SND_PCM_FORMAT_U16_BE;
231 pcm_format = SND_PCM_FORMAT_U16_LE;
234 pcm_format = SND_PCM_FORMAT_S8;
237 pcm_format = SND_PCM_FORMAT_U8;
240 if (AOUT_FMT_SPDIF(&aout->format))
241 spdif = var_InheritBool (aout, "spdif");
244 fourcc = VLC_CODEC_SPDIFL;
245 pcm_format = SND_PCM_FORMAT_S16;
250 fourcc = VLC_CODEC_FL32;
251 pcm_format = SND_PCM_FORMAT_FLOAT;
255 fourcc = VLC_CODEC_S16N;
256 pcm_format = SND_PCM_FORMAT_S16;
261 /* XXX: maybe this should be shared with other dumb outputs */
262 uint32_t map = var_InheritInteger (aout, "alsa-audio-channels");
263 map &= aout->format.i_physical_channels;
264 if (unlikely(map == 0)) /* WTH? */
265 map = AOUT_CHANS_STEREO;
267 unsigned channels = popcount (map);
268 if (channels < aout_FormatNbChannels (&aout->format))
269 msg_Dbg (aout, "downmixing from %u to %u channels",
270 aout_FormatNbChannels (&aout->format), channels);
272 msg_Dbg (aout, "keeping %u channels", channels);
274 /* Choose the IEC device for S/PDIF output:
275 if the device is overridden by the user then it will be the one.
276 Otherwise we compute the default device based on the output format. */
277 if (spdif && !strcmp (device, "default"))
281 switch (aout->format.i_rate)
284 case freq: aes3 = IEC958_AES3_CON_FS_ ## freq; break;
285 FS( 44100) /* def. */ FS( 48000) FS( 32000)
286 FS( 22050) FS( 24000)
287 FS( 88200) FS(768000) FS( 96000)
288 FS(176400) FS(192000)
291 aes3 = IEC958_AES3_CON_FS_NOTID;
296 if (asprintf (&device,
297 "iec958:AES0=0x%x,AES1=0x%x,AES2=0x%x,AES3=0x%x",
298 IEC958_AES0_CON_EMPHASIS_NONE | IEC958_AES0_NONAUDIO,
299 IEC958_AES1_CON_ORIGINAL | IEC958_AES1_CON_PCM_CODER,
304 /* Allocate structures */
305 aout_sys_t *sys = malloc (sizeof (*sys));
306 if (unlikely(sys == NULL))
313 /* Open the device */
315 /* VLC always has a resampler. No need for ALSA's. */
316 const int mode = SND_PCM_NO_AUTO_RESAMPLE;
318 int val = snd_pcm_open (&pcm, device, SND_PCM_STREAM_PLAYBACK, mode);
319 #if (SND_LIB_VERSION <= 0x010015)
320 # warning Please update alsa-lib to version > 1.0.21a.
321 var_Create (aout->p_libvlc, "alsa-working", VLC_VAR_BOOL);
322 if (val != 0 && var_GetBool (aout->p_libvlc, "alsa-working"))
323 dialog_Fatal (aout, "ALSA version problem",
324 "VLC failed to re-initialize your audio output device.\n"
325 "Please update alsa-lib to version 1.0.22 or higher "
326 "to fix this issue.");
327 var_SetBool (aout->p_libvlc, "alsa-working", !val);
331 #if (SND_LIB_VERSION <= 0x010017)
332 # warning Please update alsa-lib to version > 1.0.23.
333 var_Create (aout->p_libvlc, "alsa-broken", VLC_VAR_BOOL);
334 if (!var_GetBool (aout->p_libvlc, "alsa-broken"))
336 var_SetBool (aout->p_libvlc, "alsa-broken", true);
337 dialog_Fatal (aout, "Potential ALSA version problem",
338 "VLC failed to initialize your audio output device (if any).\n"
339 "Please update alsa-lib to version 1.0.24 or higher "
340 "to try to fix this issue.");
343 msg_Err (aout, "cannot open ALSA device \"%s\": %s", device,
345 dialog_Fatal (aout, _("Audio output failed"),
346 _("The audio device \"%s\" could not be used:\n%s."),
347 device, snd_strerror (val));
354 /* Print some potentially useful debug */
355 msg_Dbg (aout, "using ALSA device: %s", device);
356 DumpDevice (VLC_OBJECT(aout), pcm);
358 /* Get Initial hardware parameters */
359 snd_pcm_hw_params_t *hw;
362 snd_pcm_hw_params_alloca (&hw);
363 snd_pcm_hw_params_any (pcm, hw);
364 Dump (aout, "initial hardware setup:\n", snd_pcm_hw_params_dump, hw);
366 val = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_rate_resample(pcm, hw, 0);
369 msg_Err (aout, "cannot disable resampling: %s", snd_strerror (val));
373 val = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_access (pcm, hw,
374 SND_PCM_ACCESS_RW_INTERLEAVED);
377 msg_Err (aout, "cannot set access mode: %s", snd_strerror (val));
381 /* Set sample format */
382 if (snd_pcm_hw_params_test_format (pcm, hw, pcm_format) == 0)
385 if (snd_pcm_hw_params_test_format (pcm, hw, SND_PCM_FORMAT_FLOAT) == 0)
387 fourcc = VLC_CODEC_FL32;
388 pcm_format = SND_PCM_FORMAT_FLOAT;
391 if (snd_pcm_hw_params_test_format (pcm, hw, SND_PCM_FORMAT_S32) == 0)
393 fourcc = VLC_CODEC_S32N;
394 pcm_format = SND_PCM_FORMAT_S32;
397 if (snd_pcm_hw_params_test_format (pcm, hw, SND_PCM_FORMAT_S16) == 0)
399 fourcc = VLC_CODEC_S16N;
400 pcm_format = SND_PCM_FORMAT_S16;
404 msg_Err (aout, "no supported sample format");
408 val = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format (pcm, hw, pcm_format);
411 msg_Err (aout, "cannot set sample format: %s", snd_strerror (val));
415 /* Set channels count */
416 /* By default, ALSA plug will pad missing channels with zeroes, which is
417 * usually fine. However, it will also discard extraneous channels, which
418 * is not acceptable. Thus the user must configure the physically
419 * available channels, and VLC will downmix if needed. */
420 val = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_channels (pcm, hw, channels);
423 msg_Err (aout, "cannot set %u channels: %s", channels,
428 /* Set sample rate */
429 unsigned rate = aout->format.i_rate;
430 val = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_rate_near (pcm, hw, &rate, NULL);
433 msg_Err (aout, "cannot set sample rate: %s", snd_strerror (val));
436 if (aout->format.i_rate != rate)
437 msg_Dbg (aout, "resampling from %d Hz to %d Hz",
438 aout->format.i_rate, rate);
440 /* Set buffer size */
441 param = AOUT_MAX_ADVANCE_TIME;
442 val = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_buffer_time_near (pcm, hw, ¶m, NULL);
445 msg_Err (aout, "cannot set buffer duration: %s", snd_strerror (val));
449 val = snd_pcm_hw_params_get_buffer_time (hw, ¶m, NULL);
452 msg_Warn (aout, "cannot get buffer time: %s", snd_strerror(val));
453 param = AOUT_MIN_PREPARE_TIME;
457 #else /* work-around for period-long latency outputs (e.g. PulseAudio): */
458 param = AOUT_MIN_PREPARE_TIME;
460 val = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_period_time_near (pcm, hw, ¶m, NULL);
463 msg_Err (aout, "cannot set period: %s", snd_strerror (val));
467 /* Commit hardware parameters */
468 val = snd_pcm_hw_params (pcm, hw);
471 msg_Err (aout, "cannot commit hardware parameters: %s",
475 Dump (aout, "final HW setup:\n", snd_pcm_hw_params_dump, hw);
477 /* Get Initial software parameters */
478 snd_pcm_sw_params_t *sw;
480 snd_pcm_sw_params_alloca (&sw);
481 snd_pcm_sw_params_current (pcm, sw);
482 Dump (aout, "initial software parameters:\n", snd_pcm_sw_params_dump, sw);
485 //snd_pcm_sw_params_set_avail_min( pcm, sw, i_period_size );
487 val = snd_pcm_sw_params_set_start_threshold (pcm, sw, 1);
490 msg_Err( aout, "unable to set start threshold (%s)",
491 snd_strerror( val ) );
496 /* Commit software parameters. */
497 val = snd_pcm_sw_params (pcm, sw);
500 msg_Err (aout, "cannot commit software parameters: %s",
504 Dump (aout, "final software parameters:\n", snd_pcm_sw_params_dump, sw);
506 val = snd_pcm_prepare (pcm);
509 msg_Err (aout, "cannot prepare device: %s", snd_strerror (val));
513 /* Setup audio_output_t */
514 aout->format.i_format = fourcc;
515 aout->format.i_rate = rate;
518 aout->format.i_bytes_per_frame = AOUT_SPDIF_SIZE;
519 aout->format.i_frame_length = A52_FRAME_NB;
520 aout->pf_volume_set = NULL;
524 aout->format.i_original_channels =
525 aout->format.i_physical_channels = map;
526 switch (popcount (map))
529 sys->reorder = Reorder71;
535 aout_VolumeSoftInit (aout);
538 aout->pf_play = Play;
539 if (snd_pcm_hw_params_can_pause (hw))
540 aout->pf_pause = Pause;
543 aout->pf_pause = PauseDummy;
544 msg_Warn (aout, "device cannot be paused");
546 aout->pf_flush = Flush;
560 * Queues one audio buffer to the hardware.
562 static void Play (audio_output_t *aout, block_t *block)
564 aout_sys_t *sys = aout->sys;
566 if (sys->reorder != NULL)
567 sys->reorder (block->p_buffer, block->i_nb_samples,
568 aout->format.i_bitspersample / 8);
570 snd_pcm_t *pcm = sys->pcm;
571 snd_pcm_sframes_t frames;
572 snd_pcm_state_t state = snd_pcm_state (pcm);
574 if (snd_pcm_delay (pcm, &frames) == 0)
576 mtime_t delay = frames * CLOCK_FREQ / aout->format.i_rate;
578 if (state != SND_PCM_STATE_RUNNING)
580 delay = block->i_pts - (mdate () + delay);
583 if (aout->format.i_format != VLC_CODEC_SPDIFL)
585 frames = (delay * aout->format.i_rate) / CLOCK_FREQ;
586 msg_Dbg (aout, "prepending %ld zeroes", frames);
588 void *z = calloc (frames, aout->format.i_bytes_per_frame);
589 if (likely(z != NULL))
591 snd_pcm_writei (pcm, z, frames);
596 /* Lame fallback if zero padding does not work */
599 msg_Dbg (aout, "deferring start (%"PRId64" us)", delay);
604 msg_Dbg (aout, "starting late (%"PRId64" us)", delay);
607 aout_TimeReport (aout, block->i_pts - delay);
610 /* TODO: better overflow handling */
611 /* TODO: no period wake ups */
613 while (block->i_nb_samples > 0)
615 frames = snd_pcm_writei (pcm, block->p_buffer, block->i_nb_samples);
618 size_t bytes = snd_pcm_frames_to_bytes (pcm, frames);
619 block->i_nb_samples -= frames;
620 block->p_buffer += bytes;
621 block->i_buffer -= bytes;
626 int val = snd_pcm_recover (pcm, frames, 1);
629 msg_Err (aout, "cannot recover playback stream: %s",
631 DumpDeviceStatus (aout, pcm);
634 msg_Warn (aout, "cannot write samples: %s", snd_strerror (frames));
637 block_Release (block);
641 * Pauses/resumes the audio playback.
643 static void Pause (audio_output_t *aout, bool pause, mtime_t date)
645 snd_pcm_t *pcm = aout->sys->pcm;
647 int val = snd_pcm_pause (pcm, pause);
649 PauseDummy (aout, pause, date);
652 static void PauseDummy (audio_output_t *aout, bool pause, mtime_t date)
654 snd_pcm_t *pcm = aout->sys->pcm;
656 /* Stupid device cannot pause. Discard samples. */
660 snd_pcm_prepare (pcm);
665 * Flushes/drains the audio playback buffer.
667 static void Flush (audio_output_t *aout, bool wait)
669 snd_pcm_t *pcm = aout->sys->pcm;
675 snd_pcm_prepare (pcm);
680 * Releases the audio output.
682 static void Close (vlc_object_t *obj)
684 audio_output_t *aout = (audio_output_t *)obj;
685 aout_sys_t *sys = aout->sys;
686 snd_pcm_t *pcm = aout->sys->pcm;
688 /* FIXME: ugly hack so selected ALSA device survives restart */
689 char *device = var_InheritString (obj, "audio-device");
692 if (!var_Type (obj, "alsa-audio-device"))
693 var_Create (obj, "alsa-audio-device", VLC_VAR_STRING);
694 var_SetString (obj, "alsa-audio-device", device);
698 var_DelCallback (obj, "audio-device", aout_ChannelsRestart, NULL);
699 var_Destroy (obj, "audio-device");
706 * Converts from VLC to ALSA order for 7.1.
707 * VLC has middle channels in position 2 and 3, ALSA in position 6 and 7.
709 static void Reorder71 (void *p, size_t n, unsigned size)
714 for (uint64_t *ptr = p; n > 0; ptr += 4, n--)
716 uint64_t middle = ptr[1], c_lfe = ptr[2], rear = ptr[3];
717 ptr[1] = c_lfe; ptr[2] = rear; ptr[3] = middle;
721 for (uint32_t *ptr = p; n > 0; ptr += 4, n--)
723 uint32_t middle = ptr[1], c_lfe = ptr[2], rear = ptr[3];
724 ptr[1] = c_lfe; ptr[2] = rear; ptr[3] = middle;
729 for (uint16_t *ptr = p; n > 0; n--)
731 uint16_t middle[size];
732 memcpy (middle, ptr + size, size * 2);
734 memcpy (ptr, ptr + size, size * 2);
736 memcpy (ptr, ptr + size, size * 2);
738 memcpy (ptr, middle, size * 2);
746 /*****************************************************************************
747 * config variable callback
748 *****************************************************************************/
749 static int FindDevicesCallback( vlc_object_t *p_this, char const *psz_name,
750 vlc_value_t newval, vlc_value_t oldval, void *p_unused )
752 module_config_t *p_item;
757 p_item = config_FindConfig( p_this, psz_name );
758 if( !p_item ) return VLC_SUCCESS;
760 /* Clear-up the current list */
765 /* Keep the first entrie */
766 for( i = 1; i < p_item->i_list; i++ )
768 free( (char *)p_item->ppsz_list[i] );
769 free( (char *)p_item->ppsz_list_text[i] );
771 /* TODO: Remove when no more needed */
772 p_item->ppsz_list[i] = NULL;
773 p_item->ppsz_list_text[i] = NULL;
777 GetDevices (p_this, p_item, "default");
783 static void GetDevices (vlc_object_t *obj, module_config_t *item,
784 const char *prefs_dev)
787 bool hinted_default = false;
788 bool hinted_prefs = !strcmp (prefs_dev, "default");
790 msg_Dbg(obj, "Available ALSA PCM devices:");
792 if (snd_device_name_hint(-1, "pcm", &hints) < 0)
795 for (size_t i = 0; hints[i] != NULL; i++)
797 void *hint = hints[i];
799 char *name = snd_device_name_get_hint(hint, "NAME");
800 if (unlikely(name == NULL))
803 char *desc = snd_device_name_get_hint(hint, "DESC");
805 for (char *lf = strchr(desc, '\n'); lf; lf = strchr(lf, '\n'))
807 msg_Dbg(obj, "%s (%s)", (desc != NULL) ? desc : name, name);
809 if (!strcmp (name, "default"))
810 hinted_default = true;
811 if (!strcmp (name, prefs_dev))
816 item->ppsz_list = xrealloc(item->ppsz_list,
817 (item->i_list + 2) * sizeof(char *));
818 item->ppsz_list_text = xrealloc(item->ppsz_list_text,
819 (item->i_list + 2) * sizeof(char *));
820 item->ppsz_list[item->i_list] = name;
823 item->ppsz_list_text[item->i_list] = desc;
828 vlc_value_t val, text;
830 val.psz_string = name;
831 text.psz_string = desc;
832 var_Change(obj, "audio-device", VLC_VAR_ADDCHOICE, &val, &text);
838 snd_device_name_free_hint(hints);
842 item->ppsz_list[item->i_list] = NULL;
843 item->ppsz_list_text[item->i_list] = NULL;
847 vlc_value_t val, text;
851 val.psz_string = (char *)"default";
852 text.psz_string = (char *)N_("Default");
853 var_Change(obj, "audio-device", VLC_VAR_ADDCHOICE, &val, &text);
856 val.psz_string = (char *)prefs_dev;
859 text.psz_string = (char *)N_("VLC preferences");
860 var_Change(obj, "audio-device", VLC_VAR_ADDCHOICE, &val, &text);
862 var_Change(obj, "audio-device", VLC_VAR_SETVALUE, &val, NULL);