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[vlc] / modules / packetizer / mpeg4video.c
1 /*****************************************************************************
2  * mpeg4video.c: mpeg 4 video packetizer
3  *****************************************************************************
4  * Copyright (C) 2001-2006 the VideoLAN team
5  * $Id$
6  *
7  * Authors: Gildas Bazin <gbazin@videolan.org>
8  *          Laurent Aimar <fenrir@via.ecp.fr>
9  *          Eric Petit <titer@videolan.org>
10  *
11  * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
12  * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
13  * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
14  * (at your option) any later version.
15  *
16  * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
17  * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
18  * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
19  * GNU General Public License for more details.
20  *
21  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
22  * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
23  * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston MA 02110-1301, USA.
24  *****************************************************************************/
25
26 /*****************************************************************************
27  * Preamble
28  *****************************************************************************/
29
30 #ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
31 # include "config.h"
32 #endif
33
34 #include <vlc_common.h>
35 #include <vlc_plugin.h>
36 #include <vlc_sout.h>
37 #include <vlc_codec.h>
38 #include <vlc_block.h>
39 #include <vlc_input.h>                  /* hmmm, just for INPUT_RATE_DEFAULT */
40
41 #include "vlc_bits.h"
42 #include "vlc_block_helper.h"
43
44 /*****************************************************************************
45  * Module descriptor
46  *****************************************************************************/
47 static int  Open ( vlc_object_t * );
48 static void Close( vlc_object_t * );
49
50 vlc_module_begin();
51     set_category( CAT_SOUT );
52     set_subcategory( SUBCAT_SOUT_PACKETIZER );
53     set_description( N_("MPEG4 video packetizer") );
54     set_capability( "packetizer", 50 );
55     set_callbacks( Open, Close );
56 vlc_module_end();
57
58 /****************************************************************************
59  * Local prototypes
60  ****************************************************************************/
61 static block_t *Packetize( decoder_t *, block_t ** );
62
63 struct decoder_sys_t
64 {
65     /*
66      * Input properties
67      */
68     block_bytestream_t bytestream;
69     int i_state;
70     size_t i_offset;
71     uint8_t p_startcode[3];
72
73     /*
74      * Common properties
75      */
76     mtime_t i_interpolated_pts;
77     mtime_t i_interpolated_dts;
78     mtime_t i_last_ref_pts;
79     mtime_t i_last_time_ref;
80     mtime_t i_time_ref;
81     mtime_t i_last_time;
82     mtime_t i_last_timeincr;
83
84     unsigned int i_flags;
85
86     int         i_fps_num;
87     int         i_fps_den;
88     int         i_last_incr;
89     int         i_last_incr_diff;
90
91     bool  b_frame;
92
93     /* Current frame being built */
94     block_t    *p_frame;
95     block_t    **pp_last;
96 };
97
98 enum {
99     STATE_NOSYNC,
100     STATE_NEXT_SYNC
101 };
102
103 static block_t *ParseMPEGBlock( decoder_t *, block_t * );
104 static int ParseVOL( decoder_t *, es_format_t *, uint8_t *, int );
105 static int ParseVOP( decoder_t *, block_t * );
106 static int vlc_log2( unsigned int );
107
108 #define VIDEO_OBJECT_MASK                       0x01f
109 #define VIDEO_OBJECT_LAYER_MASK                 0x00f
110
111 #define VIDEO_OBJECT_START_CODE                 0x100
112 #define VIDEO_OBJECT_LAYER_START_CODE           0x120
113 #define VISUAL_OBJECT_SEQUENCE_START_CODE       0x1b0
114 #define VISUAL_OBJECT_SEQUENCE_END_CODE         0x1b1
115 #define USER_DATA_START_CODE                    0x1b2
116 #define GROUP_OF_VOP_START_CODE                 0x1b3
117 #define VIDEO_SESSION_ERROR_CODE                0x1b4
118 #define VISUAL_OBJECT_START_CODE                0x1b5
119 #define VOP_START_CODE                          0x1b6
120 #define FACE_OBJECT_START_CODE                  0x1ba
121 #define FACE_OBJECT_PLANE_START_CODE            0x1bb
122 #define MESH_OBJECT_START_CODE                  0x1bc
123 #define MESH_OBJECT_PLANE_START_CODE            0x1bd
124 #define STILL_TEXTURE_OBJECT_START_CODE         0x1be
125 #define TEXTURE_SPATIAL_LAYER_START_CODE        0x1bf
126 #define TEXTURE_SNR_LAYER_START_CODE            0x1c0
127
128 /*****************************************************************************
129  * Open: probe the packetizer and return score
130  *****************************************************************************/
131 static int Open( vlc_object_t *p_this )
132 {
133     decoder_t     *p_dec = (decoder_t*)p_this;
134     decoder_sys_t *p_sys;
135
136     switch( p_dec->fmt_in.i_codec )
137     {
138         case VLC_FOURCC( 'm', '4', 's', '2'):
139         case VLC_FOURCC( 'M', '4', 'S', '2'):
140         case VLC_FOURCC( 'm', 'p', '4', 's'):
141         case VLC_FOURCC( 'M', 'P', '4', 'S'):
142         case VLC_FOURCC( 'm', 'p', '4', 'v'):
143         case VLC_FOURCC( 'M', 'P', '4', 'V'):
144         case VLC_FOURCC( 'D', 'I', 'V', 'X'):
145         case VLC_FOURCC( 'd', 'i', 'v', 'x'):
146         case VLC_FOURCC( 'X', 'V', 'I', 'D'):
147         case VLC_FOURCC( 'X', 'v', 'i', 'D'):
148         case VLC_FOURCC( 'x', 'v', 'i', 'd'):
149         case VLC_FOURCC( 'D', 'X', '5', '0'):
150         case VLC_FOURCC( 'd', 'x', '5', '0'):
151         case VLC_FOURCC( 0x04, 0,   0,   0):
152         case VLC_FOURCC( '3', 'I', 'V', '2'):
153         case VLC_FOURCC( 'm', '4', 'c', 'c'):
154         case VLC_FOURCC( 'M', '4', 'C', 'C'):
155             break;
156
157         default:
158             return VLC_EGENERIC;
159     }
160
161     /* Allocate the memory needed to store the decoder's structure */
162     if( ( p_dec->p_sys = p_sys = malloc( sizeof(decoder_sys_t) ) ) == NULL )
163         return VLC_ENOMEM;
164     memset( p_sys, 0, sizeof(decoder_sys_t) );
165
166     /* Misc init */
167     p_sys->i_state = STATE_NOSYNC;
168     p_sys->bytestream = block_BytestreamInit();
169     p_sys->p_startcode[0] = 0;
170     p_sys->p_startcode[1] = 0;
171     p_sys->p_startcode[2] = 1;
172     p_sys->i_offset = 0;
173     p_sys->p_frame = NULL;
174     p_sys->pp_last = &p_sys->p_frame;
175
176     /* Setup properties */
177     es_format_Copy( &p_dec->fmt_out, &p_dec->fmt_in );
178     p_dec->fmt_out.i_codec = VLC_FOURCC( 'm', 'p', '4', 'v' );
179
180     if( p_dec->fmt_in.i_extra )
181     {
182         /* We have a vol */
183         p_dec->fmt_out.i_extra = p_dec->fmt_in.i_extra;
184         p_dec->fmt_out.p_extra = malloc( p_dec->fmt_in.i_extra );
185         memcpy( p_dec->fmt_out.p_extra, p_dec->fmt_in.p_extra,
186                 p_dec->fmt_in.i_extra );
187
188         msg_Dbg( p_dec, "opening with vol size: %d", p_dec->fmt_in.i_extra );
189         ParseVOL( p_dec, &p_dec->fmt_out,
190                   p_dec->fmt_out.p_extra, p_dec->fmt_out.i_extra );
191     }
192     else
193     {
194         /* No vol, we'll have to look for one later on */
195         p_dec->fmt_out.i_extra = 0;
196         p_dec->fmt_out.p_extra = 0;
197     }
198
199     /* Set callback */
200     p_dec->pf_packetize = Packetize;
201
202     return VLC_SUCCESS;
203 }
204
205 /*****************************************************************************
206  * Close: clean up the packetizer
207  *****************************************************************************/
208 static void Close( vlc_object_t *p_this )
209 {
210     decoder_t *p_dec = (decoder_t*)p_this;
211
212     block_BytestreamRelease( &p_dec->p_sys->bytestream );
213     if( p_dec->p_sys->p_frame ) block_ChainRelease( p_dec->p_sys->p_frame );
214     free( p_dec->p_sys );
215 }
216
217 /****************************************************************************
218  * Packetize: the whole thing
219  ****************************************************************************/
220 static block_t *Packetize( decoder_t *p_dec, block_t **pp_block )
221 {
222     decoder_sys_t *p_sys = p_dec->p_sys;
223     block_t       *p_pic;
224     mtime_t       i_pts, i_dts;
225
226     if( pp_block == NULL || *pp_block == NULL ) return NULL;
227
228     if( (*pp_block)->i_flags&(BLOCK_FLAG_DISCONTINUITY|BLOCK_FLAG_CORRUPTED) )
229     {
230         if( (*pp_block)->i_flags&BLOCK_FLAG_CORRUPTED )
231         {
232             p_sys->i_state = STATE_NOSYNC;
233             block_BytestreamFlush( &p_sys->bytestream );
234
235             if( p_sys->p_frame )
236                 block_ChainRelease( p_sys->p_frame );
237             p_sys->p_frame = NULL;
238             p_sys->pp_last = &p_sys->p_frame;
239         }
240 //        p_sys->i_interpolated_pts =
241 //        p_sys->i_interpolated_dts =
242 //        p_sys->i_last_ref_pts =
243 //        p_sys->i_last_time_ref =
244 //        p_sys->i_time_ref =
245 //        p_sys->i_last_time =
246 //        p_sys->i_last_timeincr = 0;
247
248         block_Release( *pp_block );
249         return NULL;
250     }
251
252     block_BytestreamPush( &p_sys->bytestream, *pp_block );
253
254     while( 1 )
255     {
256         switch( p_sys->i_state )
257         {
258
259         case STATE_NOSYNC:
260             if( block_FindStartcodeFromOffset( &p_sys->bytestream,
261                     &p_sys->i_offset, p_sys->p_startcode, 3 ) == VLC_SUCCESS )
262             {
263                 p_sys->i_state = STATE_NEXT_SYNC;
264             }
265
266             if( p_sys->i_offset )
267             {
268                 block_SkipBytes( &p_sys->bytestream, p_sys->i_offset );
269                 p_sys->i_offset = 0;
270                 block_BytestreamFlush( &p_sys->bytestream );
271             }
272
273             if( p_sys->i_state != STATE_NEXT_SYNC )
274             {
275                 /* Need more data */
276                 return NULL;
277             }
278
279             p_sys->i_offset = 1; /* To find next startcode */
280
281         case STATE_NEXT_SYNC:
282             /* TODO: If p_block == NULL, flush the buffer without checking the
283              * next sync word */
284
285             /* Find the next startcode */
286             if( block_FindStartcodeFromOffset( &p_sys->bytestream,
287                     &p_sys->i_offset, p_sys->p_startcode, 3 ) != VLC_SUCCESS )
288             {
289                 /* Need more data */
290                 return NULL;
291             }
292
293             /* Get the new fragment and set the pts/dts */
294             p_pic = block_New( p_dec, p_sys->i_offset );
295             block_BytestreamFlush( &p_sys->bytestream );
296             p_pic->i_pts = i_pts = p_sys->bytestream.p_block->i_pts;
297             p_pic->i_dts = i_dts = p_sys->bytestream.p_block->i_dts;
298             p_pic->i_rate = p_sys->bytestream.p_block->i_rate;
299
300             block_GetBytes( &p_sys->bytestream, p_pic->p_buffer,
301                             p_pic->i_buffer );
302
303             p_sys->i_offset = 0;
304
305             /* Get picture if any */
306             if( !( p_pic = ParseMPEGBlock( p_dec, p_pic ) ) )
307             {
308                 p_sys->i_state = STATE_NOSYNC;
309                 break;
310             }
311
312             /* don't reuse the same timestamps several times */
313             if( i_pts == p_sys->bytestream.p_block->i_pts &&
314                 i_dts == p_sys->bytestream.p_block->i_dts )
315             {
316                 p_sys->bytestream.p_block->i_pts = 0;
317                 p_sys->bytestream.p_block->i_dts = 0;
318             }
319
320             /* We've just started the stream, wait for the first PTS.
321              * We discard here so we can still get the sequence header. */
322             if( p_sys->i_interpolated_pts <= 0 &&
323                 p_sys->i_interpolated_dts <= 0 )
324             {
325                 msg_Dbg( p_dec, "need a starting pts/dts" );
326                 p_sys->i_state = STATE_NOSYNC;
327                 block_Release( p_pic );
328                 break;
329             }
330
331             /* When starting the stream we can have the first frame with
332              * a null DTS (i_interpolated_pts is initialized to 0) */
333             if( !p_pic->i_dts ) p_pic->i_dts = p_pic->i_pts;
334
335             /* So p_block doesn't get re-added several times */
336             *pp_block = block_BytestreamPop( &p_sys->bytestream );
337
338             p_sys->i_state = STATE_NOSYNC;
339
340             return p_pic;
341         }
342     }
343 }
344
345 /*****************************************************************************
346  * ParseMPEGBlock: Re-assemble fragments into a block containing a picture
347  *****************************************************************************/
348 static block_t *ParseMPEGBlock( decoder_t *p_dec, block_t *p_frag )
349 {
350     decoder_sys_t *p_sys = p_dec->p_sys;
351     block_t *p_pic = NULL;
352
353     if( p_frag->p_buffer[3] == 0xB0 || p_frag->p_buffer[3] == 0xB1 || p_frag->p_buffer[3] == 0xB2 )
354     {   /* VOS and USERDATA */
355 #if 0
356         /* Remove VOS start/end code from the original stream */
357         block_Release( p_frag );
358 #else
359         /* Append the block for now since ts/ps muxers rely on VOL
360          * being present in the stream */
361         block_ChainLastAppend( &p_sys->pp_last, p_frag );
362 #endif
363         return NULL;
364     }
365     if( p_frag->p_buffer[3] >= 0x20 && p_frag->p_buffer[3] <= 0x2f )
366     {
367         /* Copy the complete VOL */
368         if( (size_t)p_dec->fmt_out.i_extra != p_frag->i_buffer )
369         {
370             p_dec->fmt_out.p_extra =
371                 realloc( p_dec->fmt_out.p_extra, p_frag->i_buffer );
372             p_dec->fmt_out.i_extra = p_frag->i_buffer;
373         }
374         memcpy( p_dec->fmt_out.p_extra, p_frag->p_buffer, p_frag->i_buffer );
375         ParseVOL( p_dec, &p_dec->fmt_out,
376                   p_dec->fmt_out.p_extra, p_dec->fmt_out.i_extra );
377
378 #if 0
379         /* Remove from the original stream */
380         block_Release( p_frag );
381 #else
382         /* Append the block for now since ts/ps muxers rely on VOL
383          * being present in the stream */
384         block_ChainLastAppend( &p_sys->pp_last, p_frag );
385 #endif
386         return NULL;
387     }
388     else
389     {
390         if( !p_dec->fmt_out.i_extra )
391         {
392             msg_Warn( p_dec, "waiting for VOL" );
393             block_Release( p_frag );
394             return NULL;
395         }
396
397         /* Append the block */
398         block_ChainLastAppend( &p_sys->pp_last, p_frag );
399     }
400
401     if( p_frag->p_buffer[3] == 0xb6 &&
402         ParseVOP( p_dec, p_frag ) == VLC_SUCCESS )
403     {
404         /* We are dealing with a VOP */
405         p_pic = block_ChainGather( p_sys->p_frame );
406         p_pic->i_pts = p_sys->i_interpolated_pts;
407         p_pic->i_dts = p_sys->i_interpolated_dts;
408
409         /* Reset context */
410         p_sys->p_frame = NULL;
411         p_sys->pp_last = &p_sys->p_frame;
412     }
413
414     return p_pic;
415 }
416
417 /* ParseVOL:
418  *  TODO:
419  *      - support aspect ratio
420  */
421 static int ParseVOL( decoder_t *p_dec, es_format_t *fmt,
422                      uint8_t *p_vol, int i_vol )
423 {
424     decoder_sys_t *p_sys = p_dec->p_sys;
425     int i_vo_type, i_vo_ver_id, i_ar, i_shape;
426     bs_t s;
427
428     for( ;; )
429     {
430         if( p_vol[0] == 0x00 && p_vol[1] == 0x00 && p_vol[2] == 0x01 &&
431             p_vol[3] >= 0x20 && p_vol[3] <= 0x2f ) break;
432
433         p_vol++; i_vol--;
434         if( i_vol <= 4 ) return VLC_EGENERIC;
435     }
436
437     bs_init( &s, &p_vol[4], i_vol - 4 );
438
439     bs_skip( &s, 1 );   /* random access */
440     i_vo_type = bs_read( &s, 8 );
441     if( bs_read1( &s ) )
442     {
443         i_vo_ver_id = bs_read( &s, 4 );
444         bs_skip( &s, 3 );
445     }
446     else
447     {
448         i_vo_ver_id = 1;
449     }
450     i_ar = bs_read( &s, 4 );
451     if( i_ar == 0xf )
452     {
453         int i_ar_width, i_ar_height;
454
455         i_ar_width = bs_read( &s, 8 );
456         i_ar_height= bs_read( &s, 8 );
457     }
458     if( bs_read1( &s ) )
459     {
460         int i_chroma_format;
461         int i_low_delay;
462
463         /* vol control parameter */
464         i_chroma_format = bs_read( &s, 2 );
465         i_low_delay = bs_read1( &s );
466
467         if( bs_read1( &s ) )
468         {
469             bs_skip( &s, 16 );
470             bs_skip( &s, 16 );
471             bs_skip( &s, 16 );
472             bs_skip( &s, 3 );
473             bs_skip( &s, 11 );
474             bs_skip( &s, 1 );
475             bs_skip( &s, 16 );
476         }
477     }
478     /* shape 0->RECT, 1->BIN, 2->BIN_ONLY, 3->GRAY */
479     i_shape = bs_read( &s, 2 );
480     if( i_shape == 3 && i_vo_ver_id != 1 )
481     {
482         bs_skip( &s, 4 );
483     }
484
485     if( !bs_read1( &s ) ) return VLC_EGENERIC; /* Marker */
486
487     p_sys->i_fps_num = bs_read( &s, 16 ); /* Time increment resolution*/
488     if( !p_sys->i_fps_num ) p_sys->i_fps_num = 1;
489
490     if( !bs_read1( &s ) ) return VLC_EGENERIC; /* Marker */
491
492     if( bs_read1( &s ) )
493     {
494         int i_time_increment_bits = vlc_log2( p_sys->i_fps_num - 1 ) + 1;
495
496         if( i_time_increment_bits < 1 ) i_time_increment_bits = 1;
497
498         p_sys->i_fps_den = bs_read( &s, i_time_increment_bits );
499     }
500     if( i_shape == 0 )
501     {
502         bs_skip( &s, 1 );
503         fmt->video.i_width = bs_read( &s, 13 );
504         bs_skip( &s, 1 );
505         fmt->video.i_height= bs_read( &s, 13 );
506         bs_skip( &s, 1 );
507     }
508
509     return VLC_SUCCESS;
510 }
511
512 static int ParseVOP( decoder_t *p_dec, block_t *p_vop )
513 {
514     decoder_sys_t *p_sys = p_dec->p_sys;
515     int64_t i_time_increment, i_time_ref;
516     int i_modulo_time_base = 0, i_time_increment_bits;
517     bs_t s;
518
519     bs_init( &s, &p_vop->p_buffer[4], p_vop->i_buffer - 4 );
520
521     switch( bs_read( &s, 2 ) )
522     {
523     case 0:
524         p_sys->i_flags = BLOCK_FLAG_TYPE_I;
525         break;
526     case 1:
527         p_sys->i_flags = BLOCK_FLAG_TYPE_P;
528         break;
529     case 2:
530         p_sys->i_flags = BLOCK_FLAG_TYPE_B;
531         p_sys->b_frame = true;
532         break;
533     case 3: /* gni ? */
534         p_sys->i_flags = BLOCK_FLAG_TYPE_PB;
535         break;
536     }
537
538     while( bs_read( &s, 1 ) ) i_modulo_time_base++;
539     if( !bs_read1( &s ) ) return VLC_EGENERIC; /* Marker */
540
541     /* VOP time increment */
542     i_time_increment_bits = vlc_log2(p_dec->p_sys->i_fps_num - 1) + 1;
543     if( i_time_increment_bits < 1 ) i_time_increment_bits = 1;
544     i_time_increment = bs_read( &s, i_time_increment_bits );
545
546     /* Interpolate PTS/DTS */
547     if( !(p_sys->i_flags & BLOCK_FLAG_TYPE_B) )
548     {
549         p_sys->i_last_time_ref = p_sys->i_time_ref;
550         p_sys->i_time_ref +=
551             (i_modulo_time_base * p_dec->p_sys->i_fps_num);
552         i_time_ref = p_sys->i_time_ref;
553     }
554     else
555     {
556         i_time_ref = p_sys->i_last_time_ref +
557             (i_modulo_time_base * p_dec->p_sys->i_fps_num);
558     }
559
560 #if 0
561     msg_Err( p_dec, "interp pts/dts (%lli,%lli), pts/dts (%lli,%lli)",
562              p_sys->i_interpolated_pts, p_sys->i_interpolated_dts,
563              p_vop->i_pts, p_vop->i_dts );
564 #endif
565
566     if( p_dec->p_sys->i_fps_num < 5 && /* Work-around buggy streams */
567         p_dec->fmt_in.video.i_frame_rate > 0 &&
568         p_dec->fmt_in.video.i_frame_rate_base > 0 )
569     {
570         p_sys->i_interpolated_pts += INT64_C(1000000) *
571         p_dec->fmt_in.video.i_frame_rate_base *
572         p_vop->i_rate / INPUT_RATE_DEFAULT /
573         p_dec->fmt_in.video.i_frame_rate;
574     }
575     else if( p_dec->p_sys->i_fps_num )
576         p_sys->i_interpolated_pts +=
577             ( INT64_C(1000000) * (i_time_ref + i_time_increment -
578               p_sys->i_last_time - p_sys->i_last_timeincr) *
579               p_vop->i_rate / INPUT_RATE_DEFAULT /
580               p_dec->p_sys->i_fps_num );
581
582     p_sys->i_last_time = i_time_ref;
583     p_sys->i_last_timeincr = i_time_increment;
584
585     /* Correct interpolated dts when we receive a new pts/dts */
586     if( p_vop->i_pts > 0 )
587         p_sys->i_interpolated_pts = p_vop->i_pts;
588     if( p_vop->i_dts > 0 )
589         p_sys->i_interpolated_dts = p_vop->i_dts;
590
591     if( (p_sys->i_flags & BLOCK_FLAG_TYPE_B) || !p_sys->b_frame )
592     {
593         /* Trivial case (DTS == PTS) */
594
595         p_sys->i_interpolated_dts = p_sys->i_interpolated_pts;
596
597         if( p_vop->i_pts > 0 )
598             p_sys->i_interpolated_dts = p_vop->i_pts;
599         if( p_vop->i_dts > 0 )
600             p_sys->i_interpolated_dts = p_vop->i_dts;
601
602         p_sys->i_interpolated_pts = p_sys->i_interpolated_dts;
603     }
604     else
605     {
606         if( p_sys->i_last_ref_pts > 0 )
607             p_sys->i_interpolated_dts = p_sys->i_last_ref_pts;
608
609         p_sys->i_last_ref_pts = p_sys->i_interpolated_pts;
610     }
611
612     return VLC_SUCCESS;
613 }
614
615 /* look at ffmpeg av_log2 ;) */
616 static int vlc_log2( unsigned int v )
617 {
618     int n = 0;
619     static const int vlc_log2_table[16] =
620     {
621         0,0,1,1,2,2,2,2, 3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3
622     };
623
624     if( v&0xffff0000 )
625     {
626         v >>= 16;
627         n += 16;
628     }
629     if( v&0xff00 )
630     {
631         v >>= 8;
632         n += 8;
633     }
634     if( v&0xf0 )
635     {
636         v >>= 4;
637         n += 4;
638     }
639     n += vlc_log2_table[v];
640
641     return n;
642 }