2 Stockfish, a UCI chess playing engine derived from Glaurung 2.1
3 Copyright (C) 2004-2008 Tord Romstad (Glaurung author)
4 Copyright (C) 2008-2015 Marco Costalba, Joona Kiiski, Tord Romstad
5 Copyright (C) 2015-2018 Marco Costalba, Joona Kiiski, Gary Linscott, Tord Romstad
7 Stockfish is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
8 it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
9 the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
10 (at your option) any later version.
12 Stockfish is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
13 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
14 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
15 GNU General Public License for more details.
17 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
18 along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
24 #include <cstring> // For std::memset
38 #include "syzygy/tbprobe.h"
45 namespace Tablebases {
54 namespace TB = Tablebases;
58 using namespace Search;
62 // Different node types, used as a template parameter
63 enum NodeType { NonPV, PV };
65 // Sizes and phases of the skip-blocks, used for distributing search depths across the threads
66 const int SkipSize[] = { 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4 };
67 const int SkipPhase[] = { 0, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 };
69 // Razor and futility margins
70 const int RazorMargin1 = 590;
71 const int RazorMargin2 = 604;
72 Value futility_margin(Depth d) { return Value(150 * d / ONE_PLY); }
74 // Futility and reductions lookup tables, initialized at startup
75 int FutilityMoveCounts[2][16]; // [improving][depth]
76 int Reductions[2][2][64][64]; // [pv][improving][depth][moveNumber]
78 template <bool PvNode> Depth reduction(bool i, Depth d, int mn) {
79 return Reductions[PvNode][i][std::min(d / ONE_PLY, 63)][std::min(mn, 63)] * ONE_PLY;
82 // History and stats update bonus, based on depth
83 int stat_bonus(Depth depth) {
84 int d = depth / ONE_PLY;
85 return d > 17 ? 0 : d * d + 2 * d - 2;
88 // Skill structure is used to implement strength limit
90 explicit Skill(int l) : level(l) {}
91 bool enabled() const { return level < 20; }
92 bool time_to_pick(Depth depth) const { return depth / ONE_PLY == 1 + level; }
93 Move pick_best(size_t multiPV);
96 Move best = MOVE_NONE;
99 template <NodeType NT>
100 Value search(Position& pos, Stack* ss, Value alpha, Value beta, Depth depth, bool cutNode, bool skipEarlyPruning);
102 template <NodeType NT, bool InCheck>
103 Value qsearch(Position& pos, Stack* ss, Value alpha, Value beta, Depth depth = DEPTH_ZERO);
105 Value value_to_tt(Value v, int ply);
106 Value value_from_tt(Value v, int ply);
107 void update_pv(Move* pv, Move move, Move* childPv);
108 void update_continuation_histories(Stack* ss, Piece pc, Square to, int bonus);
109 void update_quiet_stats(const Position& pos, Stack* ss, Move move, Move* quiets, int quietsCnt, int bonus);
110 void update_capture_stats(const Position& pos, Move move, Move* captures, int captureCnt, int bonus);
112 inline bool gives_check(const Position& pos, Move move) {
113 Color us = pos.side_to_move();
114 return type_of(move) == NORMAL && !(pos.blockers_for_king(~us) & pos.pieces(us))
115 ? pos.check_squares(type_of(pos.moved_piece(move))) & to_sq(move)
116 : pos.gives_check(move);
119 // perft() is our utility to verify move generation. All the leaf nodes up
120 // to the given depth are generated and counted, and the sum is returned.
122 uint64_t perft(Position& pos, Depth depth) {
125 uint64_t cnt, nodes = 0;
126 const bool leaf = (depth == 2 * ONE_PLY);
128 for (const auto& m : MoveList<LEGAL>(pos))
130 if (Root && depth <= ONE_PLY)
135 cnt = leaf ? MoveList<LEGAL>(pos).size() : perft<false>(pos, depth - ONE_PLY);
140 sync_cout << UCI::move(m, pos.is_chess960()) << ": " << cnt << sync_endl;
148 /// Search::init() is called at startup to initialize various lookup tables
150 void Search::init() {
152 for (int imp = 0; imp <= 1; ++imp)
153 for (int d = 1; d < 64; ++d)
154 for (int mc = 1; mc < 64; ++mc)
156 double r = log(d) * log(mc) / 1.95;
158 Reductions[NonPV][imp][d][mc] = int(std::round(r));
159 Reductions[PV][imp][d][mc] = std::max(Reductions[NonPV][imp][d][mc] - 1, 0);
161 // Increase reduction for non-PV nodes when eval is not improving
162 if (!imp && Reductions[NonPV][imp][d][mc] >= 2)
163 Reductions[NonPV][imp][d][mc]++;
166 for (int d = 0; d < 16; ++d)
168 FutilityMoveCounts[0][d] = int(2.4 + 0.74 * pow(d, 1.78));
169 FutilityMoveCounts[1][d] = int(5.0 + 1.00 * pow(d, 2.00));
174 /// Search::clear() resets search state to its initial value
176 void Search::clear() {
178 Threads.main()->wait_for_search_finished();
180 Time.availableNodes = 0;
186 /// MainThread::search() is called by the main thread when the program receives
187 /// the UCI 'go' command. It searches from the root position and outputs the "bestmove".
189 void MainThread::search() {
193 nodes = perft<true>(rootPos, Limits.perft * ONE_PLY);
194 sync_cout << "\nNodes searched: " << nodes << "\n" << sync_endl;
198 Color us = rootPos.side_to_move();
199 Time.init(Limits, us, rootPos.game_ply());
202 if (rootMoves.empty())
204 rootMoves.emplace_back(MOVE_NONE);
205 sync_cout << "info depth 0 score "
206 << UCI::value(rootPos.checkers() ? -VALUE_MATE : VALUE_DRAW)
211 for (Thread* th : Threads)
213 th->start_searching();
215 Thread::search(); // Let's start searching!
218 // When we reach the maximum depth, we can arrive here without a raise of
219 // Threads.stop. However, if we are pondering or in an infinite search,
220 // the UCI protocol states that we shouldn't print the best move before the
221 // GUI sends a "stop" or "ponderhit" command. We therefore simply wait here
222 // until the GUI sends one of those commands (which also raises Threads.stop).
223 Threads.stopOnPonderhit = true;
225 while (!Threads.stop && (Threads.ponder || Limits.infinite))
226 {} // Busy wait for a stop or a ponder reset
228 // Stop the threads if not already stopped (also raise the stop if
229 // "ponderhit" just reset Threads.ponder).
232 // Wait until all threads have finished
233 for (Thread* th : Threads)
235 th->wait_for_search_finished();
237 // When playing in 'nodes as time' mode, subtract the searched nodes from
238 // the available ones before exiting.
240 Time.availableNodes += Limits.inc[us] - Threads.nodes_searched();
242 // Check if there are threads with a better score than main thread
243 Thread* bestThread = this;
244 if ( Options["MultiPV"] == 1
246 && !Skill(Options["Skill Level"]).enabled()
247 && rootMoves[0].pv[0] != MOVE_NONE)
249 for (Thread* th : Threads)
251 Depth depthDiff = th->completedDepth - bestThread->completedDepth;
252 Value scoreDiff = th->rootMoves[0].score - bestThread->rootMoves[0].score;
254 // Select the thread with the best score, always if it is a mate
256 && (depthDiff >= 0 || th->rootMoves[0].score >= VALUE_MATE_IN_MAX_PLY))
261 previousScore = bestThread->rootMoves[0].score;
263 // Send again PV info if we have a new best thread
264 if (bestThread != this)
265 sync_cout << UCI::pv(bestThread->rootPos, bestThread->completedDepth, -VALUE_INFINITE, VALUE_INFINITE) << sync_endl;
267 sync_cout << "bestmove " << UCI::move(bestThread->rootMoves[0].pv[0], rootPos.is_chess960());
269 if (bestThread->rootMoves[0].pv.size() > 1 || bestThread->rootMoves[0].extract_ponder_from_tt(rootPos))
270 std::cout << " ponder " << UCI::move(bestThread->rootMoves[0].pv[1], rootPos.is_chess960());
272 std::cout << sync_endl;
276 /// Thread::search() is the main iterative deepening loop. It calls search()
277 /// repeatedly with increasing depth until the allocated thinking time has been
278 /// consumed, the user stops the search, or the maximum search depth is reached.
280 void Thread::search() {
282 Stack stack[MAX_PLY+7], *ss = stack+4; // To reference from (ss-4) to (ss+2)
283 Value bestValue, alpha, beta, delta;
284 Move lastBestMove = MOVE_NONE;
285 Depth lastBestMoveDepth = DEPTH_ZERO;
286 MainThread* mainThread = (this == Threads.main() ? Threads.main() : nullptr);
287 double timeReduction = 1.0;
288 Color us = rootPos.side_to_move();
290 std::memset(ss-4, 0, 7 * sizeof(Stack));
291 for (int i = 4; i > 0; i--)
292 (ss-i)->contHistory = &this->contHistory[NO_PIECE][0]; // Use as sentinel
294 bestValue = delta = alpha = -VALUE_INFINITE;
295 beta = VALUE_INFINITE;
298 mainThread->bestMoveChanges = 0, mainThread->failedLow = false;
300 size_t multiPV = Options["MultiPV"];
301 Skill skill(Options["Skill Level"]);
303 // When playing with strength handicap enable MultiPV search that we will
304 // use behind the scenes to retrieve a set of possible moves.
306 multiPV = std::max(multiPV, (size_t)4);
308 multiPV = std::min(multiPV, rootMoves.size());
310 int ct = Options["Contempt"] * PawnValueEg / 100; // From centipawns
311 Eval::Contempt = (us == WHITE ? make_score(ct, ct / 2)
312 : -make_score(ct, ct / 2));
314 // Iterative deepening loop until requested to stop or the target depth is reached
315 while ( (rootDepth += ONE_PLY) < DEPTH_MAX
317 && !(Limits.depth && mainThread && rootDepth / ONE_PLY > Limits.depth))
319 // Distribute search depths across the helper threads
322 int i = (idx - 1) % 20;
323 if (((rootDepth / ONE_PLY + rootPos.game_ply() + SkipPhase[i]) / SkipSize[i]) % 2)
324 continue; // Retry with an incremented rootDepth
327 // Age out PV variability metric
329 mainThread->bestMoveChanges *= 0.517, mainThread->failedLow = false;
331 // Save the last iteration's scores before first PV line is searched and
332 // all the move scores except the (new) PV are set to -VALUE_INFINITE.
333 for (RootMove& rm : rootMoves)
334 rm.previousScore = rm.score;
336 // MultiPV loop. We perform a full root search for each PV line
337 for (PVIdx = 0; PVIdx < multiPV && !Threads.stop; ++PVIdx)
339 // Reset UCI info selDepth for each depth and each PV line
342 // Reset aspiration window starting size
343 if (rootDepth >= 5 * ONE_PLY)
346 alpha = std::max(rootMoves[PVIdx].previousScore - delta,-VALUE_INFINITE);
347 beta = std::min(rootMoves[PVIdx].previousScore + delta, VALUE_INFINITE);
349 // Adjust contempt based on current bestValue
350 ct = Options["Contempt"] * PawnValueEg / 100 // From centipawns
351 + (bestValue > 500 ? 50: // Dynamic contempt
352 bestValue < -500 ? -50:
355 Eval::Contempt = (us == WHITE ? make_score(ct, ct / 2)
356 : -make_score(ct, ct / 2));
359 // Start with a small aspiration window and, in the case of a fail
360 // high/low, re-search with a bigger window until we don't fail
364 bestValue = ::search<PV>(rootPos, ss, alpha, beta, rootDepth, false, false);
366 // Bring the best move to the front. It is critical that sorting
367 // is done with a stable algorithm because all the values but the
368 // first and eventually the new best one are set to -VALUE_INFINITE
369 // and we want to keep the same order for all the moves except the
370 // new PV that goes to the front. Note that in case of MultiPV
371 // search the already searched PV lines are preserved.
372 std::stable_sort(rootMoves.begin() + PVIdx, rootMoves.end());
374 // If search has been stopped, we break immediately. Sorting is
375 // safe because RootMoves is still valid, although it refers to
376 // the previous iteration.
380 // When failing high/low give some update (without cluttering
381 // the UI) before a re-search.
384 && (bestValue <= alpha || bestValue >= beta)
385 && Time.elapsed() > 3000)
386 sync_cout << UCI::pv(rootPos, rootDepth, alpha, beta) << sync_endl;
388 // In case of failing low/high increase aspiration window and
389 // re-search, otherwise exit the loop.
390 if (bestValue <= alpha)
392 beta = (alpha + beta) / 2;
393 alpha = std::max(bestValue - delta, -VALUE_INFINITE);
397 mainThread->failedLow = true;
398 Threads.stopOnPonderhit = false;
401 else if (bestValue >= beta)
402 beta = std::min(bestValue + delta, VALUE_INFINITE);
406 delta += delta / 4 + 5;
408 assert(alpha >= -VALUE_INFINITE && beta <= VALUE_INFINITE);
411 // Sort the PV lines searched so far and update the GUI
412 std::stable_sort(rootMoves.begin(), rootMoves.begin() + PVIdx + 1);
415 && (Threads.stop || PVIdx + 1 == multiPV || Time.elapsed() > 3000))
416 sync_cout << UCI::pv(rootPos, rootDepth, alpha, beta) << sync_endl;
420 completedDepth = rootDepth;
422 if (rootMoves[0].pv[0] != lastBestMove) {
423 lastBestMove = rootMoves[0].pv[0];
424 lastBestMoveDepth = rootDepth;
427 // Have we found a "mate in x"?
429 && bestValue >= VALUE_MATE_IN_MAX_PLY
430 && VALUE_MATE - bestValue <= 2 * Limits.mate)
436 // If skill level is enabled and time is up, pick a sub-optimal best move
437 if (skill.enabled() && skill.time_to_pick(rootDepth))
438 skill.pick_best(multiPV);
440 // Do we have time for the next iteration? Can we stop searching now?
441 if ( Limits.use_time_management()
443 && !Threads.stopOnPonderhit)
445 const int F[] = { mainThread->failedLow,
446 bestValue - mainThread->previousScore };
448 int improvingFactor = std::max(246, std::min(832, 306 + 119 * F[0] - 6 * F[1]));
450 // If the bestMove is stable over several iterations, reduce time accordingly
452 for (int i : {3, 4, 5})
453 if (lastBestMoveDepth * i < completedDepth)
454 timeReduction *= 1.25;
456 // Use part of the gained time from a previous stable move for the current move
457 double unstablePvFactor = 1.0 + mainThread->bestMoveChanges;
458 unstablePvFactor *= std::pow(mainThread->previousTimeReduction, 0.528) / timeReduction;
460 // Stop the search if we have only one legal move, or if available time elapsed
461 if ( rootMoves.size() == 1
462 || Time.elapsed() > Time.optimum() * unstablePvFactor * improvingFactor / 581)
464 // If we are allowed to ponder do not stop the search now but
465 // keep pondering until the GUI sends "ponderhit" or "stop".
467 Threads.stopOnPonderhit = true;
477 mainThread->previousTimeReduction = timeReduction;
479 // If skill level is enabled, swap best PV line with the sub-optimal one
481 std::swap(rootMoves[0], *std::find(rootMoves.begin(), rootMoves.end(),
482 skill.best ? skill.best : skill.pick_best(multiPV)));
488 // search<>() is the main search function for both PV and non-PV nodes
490 template <NodeType NT>
491 Value search(Position& pos, Stack* ss, Value alpha, Value beta, Depth depth, bool cutNode, bool skipEarlyPruning) {
493 const bool PvNode = NT == PV;
494 const bool rootNode = PvNode && ss->ply == 0;
496 assert(-VALUE_INFINITE <= alpha && alpha < beta && beta <= VALUE_INFINITE);
497 assert(PvNode || (alpha == beta - 1));
498 assert(DEPTH_ZERO < depth && depth < DEPTH_MAX);
499 assert(!(PvNode && cutNode));
500 assert(depth / ONE_PLY * ONE_PLY == depth);
502 Move pv[MAX_PLY+1], capturesSearched[32], quietsSearched[64];
506 Move ttMove, move, excludedMove, bestMove;
507 Depth extension, newDepth;
508 Value bestValue, value, ttValue, eval, maxValue;
509 bool ttHit, inCheck, givesCheck, singularExtensionNode, improving;
510 bool captureOrPromotion, doFullDepthSearch, moveCountPruning, skipQuiets, ttCapture, pvExact;
512 int moveCount, captureCount, quietCount;
514 // Step 1. Initialize node
515 Thread* thisThread = pos.this_thread();
516 inCheck = pos.checkers();
517 moveCount = captureCount = quietCount = ss->moveCount = 0;
518 bestValue = -VALUE_INFINITE;
519 maxValue = VALUE_INFINITE;
521 // Check for the available remaining time
522 if (thisThread == Threads.main())
523 static_cast<MainThread*>(thisThread)->check_time();
525 // Used to send selDepth info to GUI (selDepth counts from 1, ply from 0)
526 if (PvNode && thisThread->selDepth < ss->ply + 1)
527 thisThread->selDepth = ss->ply + 1;
531 // Step 2. Check for aborted search and immediate draw
532 if ( Threads.stop.load(std::memory_order_relaxed)
533 || pos.is_draw(ss->ply)
534 || ss->ply >= MAX_PLY)
535 return (ss->ply >= MAX_PLY && !inCheck) ? evaluate(pos) : VALUE_DRAW;
537 // Step 3. Mate distance pruning. Even if we mate at the next move our score
538 // would be at best mate_in(ss->ply+1), but if alpha is already bigger because
539 // a shorter mate was found upward in the tree then there is no need to search
540 // because we will never beat the current alpha. Same logic but with reversed
541 // signs applies also in the opposite condition of being mated instead of giving
542 // mate. In this case return a fail-high score.
543 alpha = std::max(mated_in(ss->ply), alpha);
544 beta = std::min(mate_in(ss->ply+1), beta);
549 assert(0 <= ss->ply && ss->ply < MAX_PLY);
551 (ss+1)->ply = ss->ply + 1;
552 ss->currentMove = (ss+1)->excludedMove = bestMove = MOVE_NONE;
553 ss->contHistory = &thisThread->contHistory[NO_PIECE][0];
554 (ss+2)->killers[0] = (ss+2)->killers[1] = MOVE_NONE;
555 Square prevSq = to_sq((ss-1)->currentMove);
557 // Initialize statScore to zero for the grandchildren of the current position.
558 // So statScore is shared between all grandchildren and only the first grandchild
559 // starts with statScore = 0. Later grandchildren start with the last calculated
560 // statScore of the previous grandchild. This influences the reduction rules in
561 // LMR which are based on the statScore of parent position.
562 (ss+2)->statScore = 0;
564 // Step 4. Transposition table lookup. We don't want the score of a partial
565 // search to overwrite a previous full search TT value, so we use a different
566 // position key in case of an excluded move.
567 excludedMove = ss->excludedMove;
568 posKey = pos.key() ^ Key(excludedMove << 16); // Isn't a very good hash
569 tte = TT.probe(posKey, ttHit);
570 ttValue = ttHit ? value_from_tt(tte->value(), ss->ply) : VALUE_NONE;
571 ttMove = rootNode ? thisThread->rootMoves[thisThread->PVIdx].pv[0]
572 : ttHit ? tte->move() : MOVE_NONE;
574 // At non-PV nodes we check for an early TT cutoff
577 && tte->depth() >= depth
578 && ttValue != VALUE_NONE // Possible in case of TT access race
579 && (ttValue >= beta ? (tte->bound() & BOUND_LOWER)
580 : (tte->bound() & BOUND_UPPER)))
582 // If ttMove is quiet, update move sorting heuristics on TT hit
587 if (!pos.capture_or_promotion(ttMove))
588 update_quiet_stats(pos, ss, ttMove, nullptr, 0, stat_bonus(depth));
590 // Extra penalty for a quiet TT move in previous ply when it gets refuted
591 if ((ss-1)->moveCount == 1 && !pos.captured_piece())
592 update_continuation_histories(ss-1, pos.piece_on(prevSq), prevSq, -stat_bonus(depth + ONE_PLY));
594 // Penalty for a quiet ttMove that fails low
595 else if (!pos.capture_or_promotion(ttMove))
597 int penalty = -stat_bonus(depth);
598 thisThread->mainHistory.update(pos.side_to_move(), ttMove, penalty);
599 update_continuation_histories(ss, pos.moved_piece(ttMove), to_sq(ttMove), penalty);
605 // Step 5. Tablebases probe
606 if (!rootNode && TB::Cardinality)
608 int piecesCount = pos.count<ALL_PIECES>();
610 if ( piecesCount <= TB::Cardinality
611 && (piecesCount < TB::Cardinality || depth >= TB::ProbeDepth)
612 && pos.rule50_count() == 0
613 && !pos.can_castle(ANY_CASTLING))
616 TB::WDLScore wdl = Tablebases::probe_wdl(pos, &err);
618 if (err != TB::ProbeState::FAIL)
620 thisThread->tbHits.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
622 int drawScore = TB::UseRule50 ? 1 : 0;
624 value = wdl < -drawScore ? -VALUE_MATE + MAX_PLY + ss->ply + 1
625 : wdl > drawScore ? VALUE_MATE - MAX_PLY - ss->ply - 1
626 : VALUE_DRAW + 2 * wdl * drawScore;
628 Bound b = wdl < -drawScore ? BOUND_UPPER
629 : wdl > drawScore ? BOUND_LOWER : BOUND_EXACT;
631 if ( b == BOUND_EXACT
632 || (b == BOUND_LOWER ? value >= beta : value <= alpha))
634 tte->save(posKey, value_to_tt(value, ss->ply), b,
635 std::min(DEPTH_MAX - ONE_PLY, depth + 6 * ONE_PLY),
636 MOVE_NONE, VALUE_NONE, TT.generation());
643 if (b == BOUND_LOWER)
644 bestValue = value, alpha = std::max(alpha, bestValue);
652 // Step 6. Evaluate the position statically
655 ss->staticEval = eval = VALUE_NONE;
660 // Never assume anything on values stored in TT
661 if ((ss->staticEval = eval = tte->eval()) == VALUE_NONE)
662 eval = ss->staticEval = evaluate(pos);
664 // Can ttValue be used as a better position evaluation?
665 if ( ttValue != VALUE_NONE
666 && (tte->bound() & (ttValue > eval ? BOUND_LOWER : BOUND_UPPER)))
671 ss->staticEval = eval =
672 (ss-1)->currentMove != MOVE_NULL ? evaluate(pos)
673 : -(ss-1)->staticEval + 2 * Eval::Tempo;
675 tte->save(posKey, VALUE_NONE, BOUND_NONE, DEPTH_NONE, MOVE_NONE,
676 ss->staticEval, TT.generation());
679 if (skipEarlyPruning || !pos.non_pawn_material(pos.side_to_move()))
682 // Step 7. Razoring (skipped when in check)
686 if (eval + RazorMargin1 <= alpha)
687 return qsearch<NonPV, false>(pos, ss, alpha, alpha+1);
690 && depth <= 2 * ONE_PLY
691 && eval + RazorMargin2 <= alpha)
693 Value ralpha = alpha - RazorMargin2;
694 Value v = qsearch<NonPV, false>(pos, ss, ralpha, ralpha+1);
699 // Step 8. Futility pruning: child node (skipped when in check)
701 && depth < 7 * ONE_PLY
702 && eval - futility_margin(depth) >= beta
703 && eval < VALUE_KNOWN_WIN) // Do not return unproven wins
706 // Step 9. Null move search with verification search
709 && ss->staticEval >= beta - 36 * depth / ONE_PLY + 225
710 && (ss->ply >= thisThread->nmp_ply || ss->ply % 2 != thisThread->nmp_odd))
712 assert(eval - beta >= 0);
714 // Null move dynamic reduction based on depth and value
715 Depth R = ((823 + 67 * depth / ONE_PLY) / 256 + std::min((eval - beta) / PawnValueMg, 3)) * ONE_PLY;
717 ss->currentMove = MOVE_NULL;
718 ss->contHistory = &thisThread->contHistory[NO_PIECE][0];
720 pos.do_null_move(st);
721 Value nullValue = depth-R < ONE_PLY ? -qsearch<NonPV, false>(pos, ss+1, -beta, -beta+1)
722 : - search<NonPV>(pos, ss+1, -beta, -beta+1, depth-R, !cutNode, true);
723 pos.undo_null_move();
725 if (nullValue >= beta)
727 // Do not return unproven mate scores
728 if (nullValue >= VALUE_MATE_IN_MAX_PLY)
731 if (abs(beta) < VALUE_KNOWN_WIN && (depth < 12 * ONE_PLY || thisThread->nmp_ply))
734 // Do verification search at high depths. Disable null move pruning
735 // for side to move for the first part of the remaining search tree.
736 thisThread->nmp_ply = ss->ply + 3 * (depth-R) / 4;
737 thisThread->nmp_odd = ss->ply % 2;
739 Value v = depth-R < ONE_PLY ? qsearch<NonPV, false>(pos, ss, beta-1, beta)
740 : search<NonPV>(pos, ss, beta-1, beta, depth-R, false, true);
742 thisThread->nmp_odd = thisThread->nmp_ply = 0;
749 // Step 10. ProbCut (skipped when in check)
750 // If we have a good enough capture and a reduced search returns a value
751 // much above beta, we can (almost) safely prune the previous move.
753 && depth >= 5 * ONE_PLY
754 && abs(beta) < VALUE_MATE_IN_MAX_PLY)
756 assert(is_ok((ss-1)->currentMove));
758 Value rbeta = std::min(beta + 200, VALUE_INFINITE);
759 MovePicker mp(pos, ttMove, rbeta - ss->staticEval, &thisThread->captureHistory);
761 while ((move = mp.next_move()) != MOVE_NONE)
764 ss->currentMove = move;
765 ss->contHistory = &thisThread->contHistory[pos.moved_piece(move)][to_sq(move)];
767 assert(depth >= 5 * ONE_PLY);
769 pos.do_move(move, st);
771 // Perform a preliminary search at depth 1 to verify that the move holds.
772 // We will only do this search if the depth is not 5, thus avoiding two
773 // searches at depth 1 in a row.
774 if (depth != 5 * ONE_PLY)
775 value = -search<NonPV>(pos, ss+1, -rbeta, -rbeta+1, ONE_PLY, !cutNode, true);
777 // If the first search was skipped or was performed and held, perform
778 // the regular search.
779 if (depth == 5 * ONE_PLY || value >= rbeta)
780 value = -search<NonPV>(pos, ss+1, -rbeta, -rbeta+1, depth - 4 * ONE_PLY, !cutNode, false);
788 // Step 11. Internal iterative deepening (skipped when in check)
789 if ( depth >= 6 * ONE_PLY
791 && (PvNode || ss->staticEval + 256 >= beta))
793 Depth d = 3 * depth / 4 - 2 * ONE_PLY;
794 search<NT>(pos, ss, alpha, beta, d, cutNode, true);
796 tte = TT.probe(posKey, ttHit);
797 ttValue = ttHit ? value_from_tt(tte->value(), ss->ply) : VALUE_NONE;
798 ttMove = ttHit ? tte->move() : MOVE_NONE;
801 moves_loop: // When in check, search starts from here
803 const PieceToHistory* contHist[] = { (ss-1)->contHistory, (ss-2)->contHistory, nullptr, (ss-4)->contHistory };
804 Move countermove = thisThread->counterMoves[pos.piece_on(prevSq)][prevSq];
806 MovePicker mp(pos, ttMove, depth, &thisThread->mainHistory, &thisThread->captureHistory, contHist, countermove, ss->killers);
807 value = bestValue; // Workaround a bogus 'uninitialized' warning under gcc
808 improving = ss->staticEval >= (ss-2)->staticEval
809 /* || ss->staticEval == VALUE_NONE Already implicit in the previous condition */
810 ||(ss-2)->staticEval == VALUE_NONE;
812 singularExtensionNode = !rootNode
813 && depth >= 8 * ONE_PLY
814 && ttMove != MOVE_NONE
815 && ttValue != VALUE_NONE
816 && !excludedMove // Recursive singular search is not allowed
817 && (tte->bound() & BOUND_LOWER)
818 && tte->depth() >= depth - 3 * ONE_PLY;
821 pvExact = PvNode && ttHit && tte->bound() == BOUND_EXACT;
823 // Step 12. Loop through all pseudo-legal moves until no moves remain
824 // or a beta cutoff occurs.
825 while ((move = mp.next_move(skipQuiets)) != MOVE_NONE)
829 if (move == excludedMove)
832 // At root obey the "searchmoves" option and skip moves not listed in Root
833 // Move List. As a consequence any illegal move is also skipped. In MultiPV
834 // mode we also skip PV moves which have been already searched.
835 if (rootNode && !std::count(thisThread->rootMoves.begin() + thisThread->PVIdx,
836 thisThread->rootMoves.end(), move))
839 ss->moveCount = ++moveCount;
841 if (rootNode && thisThread == Threads.main() && Time.elapsed() > 3000)
842 sync_cout << "info depth " << depth / ONE_PLY
843 << " currmove " << UCI::move(move, pos.is_chess960())
844 << " currmovenumber " << moveCount + thisThread->PVIdx << sync_endl;
846 (ss+1)->pv = nullptr;
848 extension = DEPTH_ZERO;
849 captureOrPromotion = pos.capture_or_promotion(move);
850 movedPiece = pos.moved_piece(move);
851 givesCheck = gives_check(pos, move);
853 moveCountPruning = depth < 16 * ONE_PLY
854 && moveCount >= FutilityMoveCounts[improving][depth / ONE_PLY];
856 // Step 13. Extensions
858 // Singular extension search. If all moves but one fail low on a search
859 // of (alpha-s, beta-s), and just one fails high on (alpha, beta), then
860 // that move is singular and should be extended. To verify this we do a
861 // reduced search on on all the other moves but the ttMove and if the
862 // result is lower than ttValue minus a margin then we will extend the ttMove.
863 if ( singularExtensionNode
867 Value rBeta = std::max(ttValue - 2 * depth / ONE_PLY, -VALUE_MATE);
868 ss->excludedMove = move;
869 value = search<NonPV>(pos, ss, rBeta - 1, rBeta, depth / 2, cutNode, true);
870 ss->excludedMove = MOVE_NONE;
875 else if ( givesCheck // Check extension
880 // Calculate new depth for this move
881 newDepth = depth - ONE_PLY + extension;
883 // Step 14. Pruning at shallow depth
885 && pos.non_pawn_material(pos.side_to_move())
886 && bestValue > VALUE_MATED_IN_MAX_PLY)
888 if ( !captureOrPromotion
890 && (!pos.advanced_pawn_push(move) || pos.non_pawn_material() >= Value(5000)))
892 // Move count based pruning
893 if (moveCountPruning)
899 // Reduced depth of the next LMR search
900 int lmrDepth = std::max(newDepth - reduction<PvNode>(improving, depth, moveCount), DEPTH_ZERO) / ONE_PLY;
902 // Countermoves based pruning
904 && (*contHist[0])[movedPiece][to_sq(move)] < CounterMovePruneThreshold
905 && (*contHist[1])[movedPiece][to_sq(move)] < CounterMovePruneThreshold)
908 // Futility pruning: parent node
911 && ss->staticEval + 256 + 200 * lmrDepth <= alpha)
914 // Prune moves with negative SEE
916 && !pos.see_ge(move, Value(-35 * lmrDepth * lmrDepth)))
919 else if ( depth < 7 * ONE_PLY
921 && !pos.see_ge(move, -PawnValueEg * (depth / ONE_PLY)))
925 // Speculative prefetch as early as possible
926 prefetch(TT.first_entry(pos.key_after(move)));
928 // Check for legality just before making the move
929 if (!rootNode && !pos.legal(move))
931 ss->moveCount = --moveCount;
935 if (move == ttMove && captureOrPromotion)
938 // Update the current move (this must be done after singular extension search)
939 ss->currentMove = move;
940 ss->contHistory = &thisThread->contHistory[movedPiece][to_sq(move)];
942 // Step 15. Make the move
943 pos.do_move(move, st, givesCheck);
945 // Step 16. Reduced depth search (LMR). If the move fails high it will be
946 // re-searched at full depth.
947 if ( depth >= 3 * ONE_PLY
949 && (!captureOrPromotion || moveCountPruning))
951 Depth r = reduction<PvNode>(improving, depth, moveCount);
953 if (captureOrPromotion)
954 r -= r ? ONE_PLY : DEPTH_ZERO;
957 // Decrease reduction if opponent's move count is high
958 if ((ss-1)->moveCount > 15)
961 // Decrease reduction for exact PV nodes
965 // Increase reduction if ttMove is a capture
969 // Increase reduction for cut nodes
973 // Decrease reduction for moves that escape a capture. Filter out
974 // castling moves, because they are coded as "king captures rook" and
975 // hence break make_move().
976 else if ( type_of(move) == NORMAL
977 && !pos.see_ge(make_move(to_sq(move), from_sq(move))))
980 ss->statScore = thisThread->mainHistory[~pos.side_to_move()][from_to(move)]
981 + (*contHist[0])[movedPiece][to_sq(move)]
982 + (*contHist[1])[movedPiece][to_sq(move)]
983 + (*contHist[3])[movedPiece][to_sq(move)]
986 // Decrease/increase reduction by comparing opponent's stat score
987 if (ss->statScore >= 0 && (ss-1)->statScore < 0)
990 else if ((ss-1)->statScore >= 0 && ss->statScore < 0)
993 // Decrease/increase reduction for moves with a good/bad history
994 r = std::max(DEPTH_ZERO, (r / ONE_PLY - ss->statScore / 20000) * ONE_PLY);
997 Depth d = std::max(newDepth - r, ONE_PLY);
999 value = -search<NonPV>(pos, ss+1, -(alpha+1), -alpha, d, true, false);
1001 doFullDepthSearch = (value > alpha && d != newDepth);
1004 doFullDepthSearch = !PvNode || moveCount > 1;
1006 // Step 17. Full depth search when LMR is skipped or fails high
1007 if (doFullDepthSearch)
1008 value = newDepth < ONE_PLY ?
1009 givesCheck ? -qsearch<NonPV, true>(pos, ss+1, -(alpha+1), -alpha)
1010 : -qsearch<NonPV, false>(pos, ss+1, -(alpha+1), -alpha)
1011 : - search<NonPV>(pos, ss+1, -(alpha+1), -alpha, newDepth, !cutNode, false);
1013 // For PV nodes only, do a full PV search on the first move or after a fail
1014 // high (in the latter case search only if value < beta), otherwise let the
1015 // parent node fail low with value <= alpha and try another move.
1016 if (PvNode && (moveCount == 1 || (value > alpha && (rootNode || value < beta))))
1019 (ss+1)->pv[0] = MOVE_NONE;
1021 value = newDepth < ONE_PLY ?
1022 givesCheck ? -qsearch<PV, true>(pos, ss+1, -beta, -alpha)
1023 : -qsearch<PV, false>(pos, ss+1, -beta, -alpha)
1024 : - search<PV>(pos, ss+1, -beta, -alpha, newDepth, false, false);
1027 // Step 18. Undo move
1028 pos.undo_move(move);
1030 assert(value > -VALUE_INFINITE && value < VALUE_INFINITE);
1032 // Step 19. Check for a new best move
1033 // Finished searching the move. If a stop occurred, the return value of
1034 // the search cannot be trusted, and we return immediately without
1035 // updating best move, PV and TT.
1036 if (Threads.stop.load(std::memory_order_relaxed))
1041 RootMove& rm = *std::find(thisThread->rootMoves.begin(),
1042 thisThread->rootMoves.end(), move);
1044 // PV move or new best move?
1045 if (moveCount == 1 || value > alpha)
1048 rm.selDepth = thisThread->selDepth;
1053 for (Move* m = (ss+1)->pv; *m != MOVE_NONE; ++m)
1054 rm.pv.push_back(*m);
1056 // We record how often the best move has been changed in each
1057 // iteration. This information is used for time management: When
1058 // the best move changes frequently, we allocate some more time.
1059 if (moveCount > 1 && thisThread == Threads.main())
1060 ++static_cast<MainThread*>(thisThread)->bestMoveChanges;
1063 // All other moves but the PV are set to the lowest value: this
1064 // is not a problem when sorting because the sort is stable and the
1065 // move position in the list is preserved - just the PV is pushed up.
1066 rm.score = -VALUE_INFINITE;
1069 if (value > bestValue)
1077 if (PvNode && !rootNode) // Update pv even in fail-high case
1078 update_pv(ss->pv, move, (ss+1)->pv);
1080 if (PvNode && value < beta) // Update alpha! Always alpha < beta
1084 assert(value >= beta); // Fail high
1090 if (move != bestMove)
1092 if (captureOrPromotion && captureCount < 32)
1093 capturesSearched[captureCount++] = move;
1095 else if (!captureOrPromotion && quietCount < 64)
1096 quietsSearched[quietCount++] = move;
1100 // The following condition would detect a stop only after move loop has been
1101 // completed. But in this case bestValue is valid because we have fully
1102 // searched our subtree, and we can anyhow save the result in TT.
1108 // Step 20. Check for mate and stalemate
1109 // All legal moves have been searched and if there are no legal moves, it
1110 // must be a mate or a stalemate. If we are in a singular extension search then
1111 // return a fail low score.
1113 assert(moveCount || !inCheck || excludedMove || !MoveList<LEGAL>(pos).size());
1116 bestValue = excludedMove ? alpha
1117 : inCheck ? mated_in(ss->ply) : VALUE_DRAW;
1120 // Quiet best move: update move sorting heuristics
1121 if (!pos.capture_or_promotion(bestMove))
1122 update_quiet_stats(pos, ss, bestMove, quietsSearched, quietCount, stat_bonus(depth));
1124 update_capture_stats(pos, bestMove, capturesSearched, captureCount, stat_bonus(depth));
1126 // Extra penalty for a quiet TT move in previous ply when it gets refuted
1127 if ((ss-1)->moveCount == 1 && !pos.captured_piece())
1128 update_continuation_histories(ss-1, pos.piece_on(prevSq), prevSq, -stat_bonus(depth + ONE_PLY));
1130 // Bonus for prior countermove that caused the fail low
1131 else if ( depth >= 3 * ONE_PLY
1132 && !pos.captured_piece()
1133 && is_ok((ss-1)->currentMove))
1134 update_continuation_histories(ss-1, pos.piece_on(prevSq), prevSq, stat_bonus(depth));
1137 bestValue = std::min(bestValue, maxValue);
1140 tte->save(posKey, value_to_tt(bestValue, ss->ply),
1141 bestValue >= beta ? BOUND_LOWER :
1142 PvNode && bestMove ? BOUND_EXACT : BOUND_UPPER,
1143 depth, bestMove, ss->staticEval, TT.generation());
1145 assert(bestValue > -VALUE_INFINITE && bestValue < VALUE_INFINITE);
1151 // qsearch() is the quiescence search function, which is called by the main
1152 // search function with depth zero, or recursively with depth less than ONE_PLY.
1154 template <NodeType NT, bool InCheck>
1155 Value qsearch(Position& pos, Stack* ss, Value alpha, Value beta, Depth depth) {
1157 const bool PvNode = NT == PV;
1159 assert(alpha >= -VALUE_INFINITE && alpha < beta && beta <= VALUE_INFINITE);
1160 assert(PvNode || (alpha == beta - 1));
1161 assert(depth <= DEPTH_ZERO);
1162 assert(depth / ONE_PLY * ONE_PLY == depth);
1163 assert(InCheck == bool(pos.checkers()));
1169 Move ttMove, move, bestMove;
1171 Value bestValue, value, ttValue, futilityValue, futilityBase, oldAlpha;
1172 bool ttHit, givesCheck, evasionPrunable;
1177 oldAlpha = alpha; // To flag BOUND_EXACT when eval above alpha and no available moves
1179 ss->pv[0] = MOVE_NONE;
1182 (ss+1)->ply = ss->ply + 1;
1183 ss->currentMove = bestMove = MOVE_NONE;
1186 // Check for an immediate draw or maximum ply reached
1187 if ( pos.is_draw(ss->ply)
1188 || ss->ply >= MAX_PLY)
1189 return (ss->ply >= MAX_PLY && !InCheck) ? evaluate(pos) : VALUE_DRAW;
1191 assert(0 <= ss->ply && ss->ply < MAX_PLY);
1193 // Decide whether or not to include checks: this fixes also the type of
1194 // TT entry depth that we are going to use. Note that in qsearch we use
1195 // only two types of depth in TT: DEPTH_QS_CHECKS or DEPTH_QS_NO_CHECKS.
1196 ttDepth = InCheck || depth >= DEPTH_QS_CHECKS ? DEPTH_QS_CHECKS
1197 : DEPTH_QS_NO_CHECKS;
1198 // Transposition table lookup
1200 tte = TT.probe(posKey, ttHit);
1201 ttValue = ttHit ? value_from_tt(tte->value(), ss->ply) : VALUE_NONE;
1202 ttMove = ttHit ? tte->move() : MOVE_NONE;
1206 && tte->depth() >= ttDepth
1207 && ttValue != VALUE_NONE // Only in case of TT access race
1208 && (ttValue >= beta ? (tte->bound() & BOUND_LOWER)
1209 : (tte->bound() & BOUND_UPPER)))
1212 // Evaluate the position statically
1215 ss->staticEval = VALUE_NONE;
1216 bestValue = futilityBase = -VALUE_INFINITE;
1222 // Never assume anything on values stored in TT
1223 if ((ss->staticEval = bestValue = tte->eval()) == VALUE_NONE)
1224 ss->staticEval = bestValue = evaluate(pos);
1226 // Can ttValue be used as a better position evaluation?
1227 if ( ttValue != VALUE_NONE
1228 && (tte->bound() & (ttValue > bestValue ? BOUND_LOWER : BOUND_UPPER)))
1229 bestValue = ttValue;
1232 ss->staticEval = bestValue =
1233 (ss-1)->currentMove != MOVE_NULL ? evaluate(pos)
1234 : -(ss-1)->staticEval + 2 * Eval::Tempo;
1236 // Stand pat. Return immediately if static value is at least beta
1237 if (bestValue >= beta)
1240 tte->save(posKey, value_to_tt(bestValue, ss->ply), BOUND_LOWER,
1241 DEPTH_NONE, MOVE_NONE, ss->staticEval, TT.generation());
1246 if (PvNode && bestValue > alpha)
1249 futilityBase = bestValue + 128;
1252 // Initialize a MovePicker object for the current position, and prepare
1253 // to search the moves. Because the depth is <= 0 here, only captures,
1254 // queen promotions and checks (only if depth >= DEPTH_QS_CHECKS) will
1256 MovePicker mp(pos, ttMove, depth, &pos.this_thread()->mainHistory, &pos.this_thread()->captureHistory, to_sq((ss-1)->currentMove));
1258 // Loop through the moves until no moves remain or a beta cutoff occurs
1259 while ((move = mp.next_move()) != MOVE_NONE)
1261 assert(is_ok(move));
1263 givesCheck = gives_check(pos, move);
1270 && futilityBase > -VALUE_KNOWN_WIN
1271 && !pos.advanced_pawn_push(move))
1273 assert(type_of(move) != ENPASSANT); // Due to !pos.advanced_pawn_push
1275 futilityValue = futilityBase + PieceValue[EG][pos.piece_on(to_sq(move))];
1277 if (futilityValue <= alpha)
1279 bestValue = std::max(bestValue, futilityValue);
1283 if (futilityBase <= alpha && !pos.see_ge(move, VALUE_ZERO + 1))
1285 bestValue = std::max(bestValue, futilityBase);
1290 // Detect non-capture evasions that are candidates to be pruned
1291 evasionPrunable = InCheck
1292 && (depth != DEPTH_ZERO || moveCount > 2)
1293 && bestValue > VALUE_MATED_IN_MAX_PLY
1294 && !pos.capture(move);
1296 // Don't search moves with negative SEE values
1297 if ( (!InCheck || evasionPrunable)
1298 && !pos.see_ge(move))
1301 // Speculative prefetch as early as possible
1302 prefetch(TT.first_entry(pos.key_after(move)));
1304 // Check for legality just before making the move
1305 if (!pos.legal(move))
1311 ss->currentMove = move;
1313 // Make and search the move
1314 pos.do_move(move, st, givesCheck);
1315 value = givesCheck ? -qsearch<NT, true>(pos, ss+1, -beta, -alpha, depth - ONE_PLY)
1316 : -qsearch<NT, false>(pos, ss+1, -beta, -alpha, depth - ONE_PLY);
1317 pos.undo_move(move);
1319 assert(value > -VALUE_INFINITE && value < VALUE_INFINITE);
1321 // Check for a new best move
1322 if (value > bestValue)
1328 if (PvNode) // Update pv even in fail-high case
1329 update_pv(ss->pv, move, (ss+1)->pv);
1331 if (PvNode && value < beta) // Update alpha here!
1338 tte->save(posKey, value_to_tt(value, ss->ply), BOUND_LOWER,
1339 ttDepth, move, ss->staticEval, TT.generation());
1347 // All legal moves have been searched. A special case: If we're in check
1348 // and no legal moves were found, it is checkmate.
1349 if (InCheck && bestValue == -VALUE_INFINITE)
1350 return mated_in(ss->ply); // Plies to mate from the root
1352 tte->save(posKey, value_to_tt(bestValue, ss->ply),
1353 PvNode && bestValue > oldAlpha ? BOUND_EXACT : BOUND_UPPER,
1354 ttDepth, bestMove, ss->staticEval, TT.generation());
1356 assert(bestValue > -VALUE_INFINITE && bestValue < VALUE_INFINITE);
1362 // value_to_tt() adjusts a mate score from "plies to mate from the root" to
1363 // "plies to mate from the current position". Non-mate scores are unchanged.
1364 // The function is called before storing a value in the transposition table.
1366 Value value_to_tt(Value v, int ply) {
1368 assert(v != VALUE_NONE);
1370 return v >= VALUE_MATE_IN_MAX_PLY ? v + ply
1371 : v <= VALUE_MATED_IN_MAX_PLY ? v - ply : v;
1375 // value_from_tt() is the inverse of value_to_tt(): It adjusts a mate score
1376 // from the transposition table (which refers to the plies to mate/be mated
1377 // from current position) to "plies to mate/be mated from the root".
1379 Value value_from_tt(Value v, int ply) {
1381 return v == VALUE_NONE ? VALUE_NONE
1382 : v >= VALUE_MATE_IN_MAX_PLY ? v - ply
1383 : v <= VALUE_MATED_IN_MAX_PLY ? v + ply : v;
1387 // update_pv() adds current move and appends child pv[]
1389 void update_pv(Move* pv, Move move, Move* childPv) {
1391 for (*pv++ = move; childPv && *childPv != MOVE_NONE; )
1397 // update_continuation_histories() updates histories of the move pairs formed
1398 // by moves at ply -1, -2, and -4 with current move.
1400 void update_continuation_histories(Stack* ss, Piece pc, Square to, int bonus) {
1402 for (int i : {1, 2, 4})
1403 if (is_ok((ss-i)->currentMove))
1404 (ss-i)->contHistory->update(pc, to, bonus);
1408 // update_capture_stats() updates move sorting heuristics when a new capture best move is found
1410 void update_capture_stats(const Position& pos, Move move,
1411 Move* captures, int captureCnt, int bonus) {
1413 CapturePieceToHistory& captureHistory = pos.this_thread()->captureHistory;
1414 Piece moved_piece = pos.moved_piece(move);
1415 PieceType captured = type_of(pos.piece_on(to_sq(move)));
1416 captureHistory.update(moved_piece, to_sq(move), captured, bonus);
1418 // Decrease all the other played capture moves
1419 for (int i = 0; i < captureCnt; ++i)
1421 moved_piece = pos.moved_piece(captures[i]);
1422 captured = type_of(pos.piece_on(to_sq(captures[i])));
1423 captureHistory.update(moved_piece, to_sq(captures[i]), captured, -bonus);
1428 // update_quiet_stats() updates move sorting heuristics when a new quiet best move is found
1430 void update_quiet_stats(const Position& pos, Stack* ss, Move move,
1431 Move* quiets, int quietsCnt, int bonus) {
1433 if (ss->killers[0] != move)
1435 ss->killers[1] = ss->killers[0];
1436 ss->killers[0] = move;
1439 Color us = pos.side_to_move();
1440 Thread* thisThread = pos.this_thread();
1441 thisThread->mainHistory.update(us, move, bonus);
1442 update_continuation_histories(ss, pos.moved_piece(move), to_sq(move), bonus);
1444 if (is_ok((ss-1)->currentMove))
1446 Square prevSq = to_sq((ss-1)->currentMove);
1447 thisThread->counterMoves[pos.piece_on(prevSq)][prevSq] = move;
1450 // Decrease all the other played quiet moves
1451 for (int i = 0; i < quietsCnt; ++i)
1453 thisThread->mainHistory.update(us, quiets[i], -bonus);
1454 update_continuation_histories(ss, pos.moved_piece(quiets[i]), to_sq(quiets[i]), -bonus);
1458 // When playing with strength handicap, choose best move among a set of RootMoves
1459 // using a statistical rule dependent on 'level'. Idea by Heinz van Saanen.
1461 Move Skill::pick_best(size_t multiPV) {
1463 const RootMoves& rootMoves = Threads.main()->rootMoves;
1464 static PRNG rng(now()); // PRNG sequence should be non-deterministic
1466 // RootMoves are already sorted by score in descending order
1467 Value topScore = rootMoves[0].score;
1468 int delta = std::min(topScore - rootMoves[multiPV - 1].score, PawnValueMg);
1469 int weakness = 120 - 2 * level;
1470 int maxScore = -VALUE_INFINITE;
1472 // Choose best move. For each move score we add two terms, both dependent on
1473 // weakness. One is deterministic and bigger for weaker levels, and one is
1474 // random. Then we choose the move with the resulting highest score.
1475 for (size_t i = 0; i < multiPV; ++i)
1477 // This is our magic formula
1478 int push = ( weakness * int(topScore - rootMoves[i].score)
1479 + delta * (rng.rand<unsigned>() % weakness)) / 128;
1481 if (rootMoves[i].score + push >= maxScore)
1483 maxScore = rootMoves[i].score + push;
1484 best = rootMoves[i].pv[0];
1493 /// MainThread::check_time() is used to print debug info and, more importantly,
1494 /// to detect when we are out of available time and thus stop the search.
1496 void MainThread::check_time() {
1501 // When using nodes, ensure checking rate is not lower than 0.1% of nodes
1502 callsCnt = Limits.nodes ? std::min(4096, int(Limits.nodes / 1024)) : 4096;
1504 static TimePoint lastInfoTime = now();
1506 int elapsed = Time.elapsed();
1507 TimePoint tick = Limits.startTime + elapsed;
1509 if (tick - lastInfoTime >= 1000)
1511 lastInfoTime = tick;
1515 // We should not stop pondering until told so by the GUI
1519 if ( (Limits.use_time_management() && elapsed > Time.maximum() - 10)
1520 || (Limits.movetime && elapsed >= Limits.movetime)
1521 || (Limits.nodes && Threads.nodes_searched() >= (uint64_t)Limits.nodes))
1522 Threads.stop = true;
1526 /// UCI::pv() formats PV information according to the UCI protocol. UCI requires
1527 /// that all (if any) unsearched PV lines are sent using a previous search score.
1529 string UCI::pv(const Position& pos, Depth depth, Value alpha, Value beta) {
1531 std::stringstream ss;
1532 int elapsed = Time.elapsed() + 1;
1533 const RootMoves& rootMoves = pos.this_thread()->rootMoves;
1534 size_t PVIdx = pos.this_thread()->PVIdx;
1535 size_t multiPV = std::min((size_t)Options["MultiPV"], rootMoves.size());
1536 uint64_t nodesSearched = Threads.nodes_searched();
1537 uint64_t tbHits = Threads.tb_hits() + (TB::RootInTB ? rootMoves.size() : 0);
1539 for (size_t i = 0; i < multiPV; ++i)
1541 bool updated = (i <= PVIdx && rootMoves[i].score != -VALUE_INFINITE);
1543 if (depth == ONE_PLY && !updated)
1546 Depth d = updated ? depth : depth - ONE_PLY;
1547 Value v = updated ? rootMoves[i].score : rootMoves[i].previousScore;
1549 bool tb = TB::RootInTB && abs(v) < VALUE_MATE - MAX_PLY;
1550 v = tb ? TB::Score : v;
1552 if (ss.rdbuf()->in_avail()) // Not at first line
1556 << " depth " << d / ONE_PLY
1557 << " seldepth " << rootMoves[i].selDepth
1558 << " multipv " << i + 1
1559 << " score " << UCI::value(v);
1561 if (!tb && i == PVIdx)
1562 ss << (v >= beta ? " lowerbound" : v <= alpha ? " upperbound" : "");
1564 ss << " nodes " << nodesSearched
1565 << " nps " << nodesSearched * 1000 / elapsed;
1567 if (elapsed > 1000) // Earlier makes little sense
1568 ss << " hashfull " << TT.hashfull();
1570 ss << " tbhits " << tbHits
1571 << " time " << elapsed
1574 for (Move m : rootMoves[i].pv)
1575 ss << " " << UCI::move(m, pos.is_chess960());
1582 /// RootMove::extract_ponder_from_tt() is called in case we have no ponder move
1583 /// before exiting the search, for instance, in case we stop the search during a
1584 /// fail high at root. We try hard to have a ponder move to return to the GUI,
1585 /// otherwise in case of 'ponder on' we have nothing to think on.
1587 bool RootMove::extract_ponder_from_tt(Position& pos) {
1592 assert(pv.size() == 1);
1597 pos.do_move(pv[0], st);
1598 TTEntry* tte = TT.probe(pos.key(), ttHit);
1602 Move m = tte->move(); // Local copy to be SMP safe
1603 if (MoveList<LEGAL>(pos).contains(m))
1607 pos.undo_move(pv[0]);
1608 return pv.size() > 1;
1612 void Tablebases::filter_root_moves(Position& pos, Search::RootMoves& rootMoves) {
1615 UseRule50 = Options["Syzygy50MoveRule"];
1616 ProbeDepth = Options["SyzygyProbeDepth"] * ONE_PLY;
1617 Cardinality = Options["SyzygyProbeLimit"];
1619 // Skip TB probing when no TB found: !TBLargest -> !TB::Cardinality
1620 if (Cardinality > MaxCardinality)
1622 Cardinality = MaxCardinality;
1623 ProbeDepth = DEPTH_ZERO;
1626 if (Cardinality < popcount(pos.pieces()) || pos.can_castle(ANY_CASTLING))
1629 // Don't filter any moves if the user requested analysis on multiple
1630 if (Options["MultiPV"] != 1)
1633 // If the current root position is in the tablebases, then RootMoves
1634 // contains only moves that preserve the draw or the win.
1635 RootInTB = root_probe(pos, rootMoves, TB::Score);
1638 Cardinality = 0; // Do not probe tablebases during the search
1640 else // If DTZ tables are missing, use WDL tables as a fallback
1642 // Filter out moves that do not preserve the draw or the win.
1643 RootInTB = root_probe_wdl(pos, rootMoves, TB::Score);
1645 // Only probe during search if winning
1646 if (RootInTB && TB::Score <= VALUE_DRAW)
1650 if (RootInTB && !UseRule50)
1651 TB::Score = TB::Score > VALUE_DRAW ? VALUE_MATE - MAX_PLY - 1
1652 : TB::Score < VALUE_DRAW ? -VALUE_MATE + MAX_PLY + 1
1655 // Since root_probe() and root_probe_wdl() dirty the root move scores,
1656 // we reset them to -VALUE_INFINITE
1657 for (RootMove& rm : rootMoves)
1658 rm.score = -VALUE_INFINITE;