+ // read_little_endian() is our utility to read an integer (signed or unsigned, any size)
+ // from a stream in little-endian order. We swap the byte order after the read if
+ // necessary to return a result with the byte ordering of the compiling machine.
+ template <typename IntType>
+ inline IntType read_little_endian(std::istream& stream) {
+
+ IntType result;
+ std::uint8_t u[sizeof(IntType)];
+ typename std::make_unsigned<IntType>::type v = 0;
+
+ stream.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(u), sizeof(IntType));
+ for (std::size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(IntType); ++i)
+ v = (v << 8) | u[sizeof(IntType) - i - 1];
+
+ std::memcpy(&result, &v, sizeof(IntType));
+ return result;
+ }
+
+ template <typename IntType>
+ inline void write_little_endian(std::ostream& stream, IntType value) {
+
+ std::uint8_t u[sizeof(IntType)];
+ typename std::make_unsigned<IntType>::type v = value;
+
+ std::size_t i = 0;
+ // if constexpr to silence the warning about shift by 8
+ if constexpr (sizeof(IntType) > 1) {
+ for (; i + 1 < sizeof(IntType); ++i) {
+ u[i] = v;
+ v >>= 8;
+ }
+ }
+ u[i] = v;
+
+ stream.write(reinterpret_cast<char*>(u), sizeof(IntType));
+ }
+} // namespace Stockfish::Eval::NNUE