]> git.sesse.net Git - bcachefs-tools-debian/blobdiff - libbcachefs/alloc_background.c
Update bcachefs sources to ed2a5f4260 bcachefs: Add a missing bch2_btree_path_travers...
[bcachefs-tools-debian] / libbcachefs / alloc_background.c
index fc77747c78c49b3507f793dd07fe7f1aa2d79a15..0939200e6d1a723edbeec55d0f6503cb78c00e84 100644 (file)
@@ -210,31 +210,6 @@ static struct bkey_alloc_unpacked bch2_alloc_unpack(struct bkey_s_c k)
        return ret;
 }
 
-struct bkey_i_alloc_v4 *
-bch2_trans_start_alloc_update(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_iter *iter,
-                             struct bpos pos)
-{
-       struct bkey_s_c k;
-       struct bkey_i_alloc_v4 *a;
-       int ret;
-
-       bch2_trans_iter_init(trans, iter, BTREE_ID_alloc, pos,
-                            BTREE_ITER_WITH_UPDATES|
-                            BTREE_ITER_CACHED|
-                            BTREE_ITER_INTENT);
-       k = bch2_btree_iter_peek_slot(iter);
-       ret = bkey_err(k);
-       if (ret) {
-               bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, iter);
-               return ERR_PTR(ret);
-       }
-
-       a = bch2_alloc_to_v4_mut(trans, k);
-       if (IS_ERR(a))
-               bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, iter);
-       return a;
-}
-
 static unsigned bch_alloc_v1_val_u64s(const struct bch_alloc *a)
 {
        unsigned i, bytes = offsetof(struct bch_alloc, data);
@@ -255,7 +230,7 @@ int bch2_alloc_v1_invalid(const struct bch_fs *c, struct bkey_s_c k,
        if (bkey_val_u64s(a.k) < bch_alloc_v1_val_u64s(a.v)) {
                prt_printf(err, "incorrect value size (%zu < %u)",
                       bkey_val_u64s(a.k), bch_alloc_v1_val_u64s(a.v));
-               return -EINVAL;
+               return -BCH_ERR_invalid_bkey;
        }
 
        return 0;
@@ -268,7 +243,7 @@ int bch2_alloc_v2_invalid(const struct bch_fs *c, struct bkey_s_c k,
 
        if (bch2_alloc_unpack_v2(&u, k)) {
                prt_printf(err, "unpack error");
-               return -EINVAL;
+               return -BCH_ERR_invalid_bkey;
        }
 
        return 0;
@@ -281,7 +256,7 @@ int bch2_alloc_v3_invalid(const struct bch_fs *c, struct bkey_s_c k,
 
        if (bch2_alloc_unpack_v3(&u, k)) {
                prt_printf(err, "unpack error");
-               return -EINVAL;
+               return -BCH_ERR_invalid_bkey;
        }
 
        return 0;
@@ -295,20 +270,36 @@ int bch2_alloc_v4_invalid(const struct bch_fs *c, struct bkey_s_c k,
        if (alloc_v4_u64s(a.v) != bkey_val_u64s(k.k)) {
                prt_printf(err, "bad val size (%lu != %u)",
                       bkey_val_u64s(k.k), alloc_v4_u64s(a.v));
-               return -EINVAL;
+               return -BCH_ERR_invalid_bkey;
        }
 
        if (!BCH_ALLOC_V4_BACKPOINTERS_START(a.v) &&
            BCH_ALLOC_V4_NR_BACKPOINTERS(a.v)) {
                prt_printf(err, "invalid backpointers_start");
-               return -EINVAL;
+               return -BCH_ERR_invalid_bkey;
+       }
+
+       /*
+        * XXX this is wrong, we'll be checking updates that happened from
+        * before BCH_FS_CHECK_BACKPOINTERS_DONE
+        */
+       if (rw == WRITE && test_bit(BCH_FS_CHECK_BACKPOINTERS_DONE, &c->flags)) {
+               unsigned i, bp_len = 0;
+
+               for (i = 0; i < BCH_ALLOC_V4_NR_BACKPOINTERS(a.v); i++)
+                       bp_len += alloc_v4_backpointers_c(a.v)[i].bucket_len;
+
+               if (bp_len > a.v->dirty_sectors) {
+                       prt_printf(err, "too many backpointers");
+                       return -BCH_ERR_invalid_bkey;
+               }
        }
 
        if (rw == WRITE) {
                if (alloc_data_type(*a.v, a.v->data_type) != a.v->data_type) {
                        prt_printf(err, "invalid data type (got %u should be %u)",
                               a.v->data_type, alloc_data_type(*a.v, a.v->data_type));
-                       return -EINVAL;
+                       return -BCH_ERR_invalid_bkey;
                }
 
                switch (a.v->data_type) {
@@ -319,7 +310,7 @@ int bch2_alloc_v4_invalid(const struct bch_fs *c, struct bkey_s_c k,
                            a.v->cached_sectors ||
                            a.v->stripe) {
                                prt_printf(err, "empty data type free but have data");
-                               return -EINVAL;
+                               return -BCH_ERR_invalid_bkey;
                        }
                        break;
                case BCH_DATA_sb:
@@ -330,7 +321,7 @@ int bch2_alloc_v4_invalid(const struct bch_fs *c, struct bkey_s_c k,
                        if (!a.v->dirty_sectors) {
                                prt_printf(err, "data_type %s but dirty_sectors==0",
                                       bch2_data_types[a.v->data_type]);
-                               return -EINVAL;
+                               return -BCH_ERR_invalid_bkey;
                        }
                        break;
                case BCH_DATA_cached:
@@ -338,20 +329,20 @@ int bch2_alloc_v4_invalid(const struct bch_fs *c, struct bkey_s_c k,
                            a.v->dirty_sectors ||
                            a.v->stripe) {
                                prt_printf(err, "data type inconsistency");
-                               return -EINVAL;
+                               return -BCH_ERR_invalid_bkey;
                        }
 
                        if (!a.v->io_time[READ] &&
                            test_bit(BCH_FS_CHECK_ALLOC_TO_LRU_REFS_DONE, &c->flags)) {
                                prt_printf(err, "cached bucket with read_time == 0");
-                               return -EINVAL;
+                               return -BCH_ERR_invalid_bkey;
                        }
                        break;
                case BCH_DATA_stripe:
                        if (!a.v->stripe) {
                                prt_printf(err, "data_type %s but stripe==0",
                                       bch2_data_types[a.v->data_type]);
-                               return -EINVAL;
+                               return -BCH_ERR_invalid_bkey;
                        }
                        break;
                }
@@ -394,15 +385,9 @@ void bch2_alloc_v4_swab(struct bkey_s k)
 void bch2_alloc_to_text(struct printbuf *out, struct bch_fs *c, struct bkey_s_c k)
 {
        struct bch_alloc_v4 _a;
-       const struct bch_alloc_v4 *a = &_a;
-       const struct bch_backpointer *bps;
+       const struct bch_alloc_v4 *a = bch2_alloc_to_v4(k, &_a);
        unsigned i;
 
-       if (k.k->type == KEY_TYPE_alloc_v4)
-               a = bkey_s_c_to_alloc_v4(k).v;
-       else
-               bch2_alloc_to_v4(k, &_a);
-
        prt_newline(out);
        printbuf_indent_add(out, 2);
 
@@ -427,33 +412,41 @@ void bch2_alloc_to_text(struct printbuf *out, struct bch_fs *c, struct bkey_s_c
        prt_newline(out);
        prt_printf(out, "io_time[WRITE]    %llu",       a->io_time[WRITE]);
        prt_newline(out);
-       prt_printf(out, "backpointers:     %llu",       BCH_ALLOC_V4_NR_BACKPOINTERS(a));
-       printbuf_indent_add(out, 2);
 
-       bps = alloc_v4_backpointers_c(a);
-       for (i = 0; i < BCH_ALLOC_V4_NR_BACKPOINTERS(a); i++) {
+       if (k.k->type == KEY_TYPE_alloc_v4) {
+               struct bkey_s_c_alloc_v4 a_raw = bkey_s_c_to_alloc_v4(k);
+               const struct bch_backpointer *bps = alloc_v4_backpointers_c(a_raw.v);
+
+               prt_printf(out, "bp_start          %llu", BCH_ALLOC_V4_BACKPOINTERS_START(a_raw.v));
                prt_newline(out);
-               bch2_backpointer_to_text(out, &bps[i]);
+
+               prt_printf(out, "backpointers:     %llu", BCH_ALLOC_V4_NR_BACKPOINTERS(a_raw.v));
+               printbuf_indent_add(out, 2);
+
+               for (i = 0; i < BCH_ALLOC_V4_NR_BACKPOINTERS(a_raw.v); i++) {
+                       prt_newline(out);
+                       bch2_backpointer_to_text(out, &bps[i]);
+               }
+
+               printbuf_indent_sub(out, 2);
        }
 
-       printbuf_indent_sub(out, 4);
+       printbuf_indent_sub(out, 2);
 }
 
-void bch2_alloc_to_v4(struct bkey_s_c k, struct bch_alloc_v4 *out)
+void __bch2_alloc_to_v4(struct bkey_s_c k, struct bch_alloc_v4 *out)
 {
        if (k.k->type == KEY_TYPE_alloc_v4) {
-               int d;
+               void *src, *dst;
 
                *out = *bkey_s_c_to_alloc_v4(k).v;
 
-               d = (int) BCH_ALLOC_V4_U64s -
-                       (int) (BCH_ALLOC_V4_BACKPOINTERS_START(out) ?: BCH_ALLOC_V4_U64s_V0);
-               if (unlikely(d > 0)) {
-                       memset((u64 *) out + BCH_ALLOC_V4_BACKPOINTERS_START(out),
-                              0,
-                              d * sizeof(u64));
-                       SET_BCH_ALLOC_V4_BACKPOINTERS_START(out, BCH_ALLOC_V4_U64s);
-               }
+               src = alloc_v4_backpointers(out);
+               SET_BCH_ALLOC_V4_BACKPOINTERS_START(out, BCH_ALLOC_V4_U64s);
+               dst = alloc_v4_backpointers(out);
+
+               if (src < dst)
+                       memset(src, 0, dst - src);
        } else {
                struct bkey_alloc_unpacked u = bch2_alloc_unpack(k);
 
@@ -475,37 +468,42 @@ void bch2_alloc_to_v4(struct bkey_s_c k, struct bch_alloc_v4 *out)
        }
 }
 
-struct bkey_i_alloc_v4 *bch2_alloc_to_v4_mut(struct btree_trans *trans, struct bkey_s_c k)
+static noinline struct bkey_i_alloc_v4 *
+__bch2_alloc_to_v4_mut(struct btree_trans *trans, struct bkey_s_c k)
 {
-       unsigned bytes = k.k->type == KEY_TYPE_alloc_v4
-               ? bkey_bytes(k.k)
-               : sizeof(struct bkey_i_alloc_v4);
        struct bkey_i_alloc_v4 *ret;
+       if (k.k->type == KEY_TYPE_alloc_v4) {
+               struct bkey_s_c_alloc_v4 a = bkey_s_c_to_alloc_v4(k);
+               unsigned bytes = sizeof(struct bkey_i_alloc_v4) +
+                       BCH_ALLOC_V4_NR_BACKPOINTERS(a.v) *
+                       sizeof(struct bch_backpointer);
+               void *src, *dst;
 
-       /*
-        * Reserve space for one more backpointer here:
-        * Not sketchy at doing it this way, nope...
-        */
-       ret = bch2_trans_kmalloc(trans, bytes + sizeof(struct bch_backpointer));
-       if (IS_ERR(ret))
-               return ret;
+               /*
+                * Reserve space for one more backpointer here:
+                * Not sketchy at doing it this way, nope...
+                */
+               ret = bch2_trans_kmalloc(trans, bytes + sizeof(struct bch_backpointer));
+               if (IS_ERR(ret))
+                       return ret;
 
-       if (k.k->type == KEY_TYPE_alloc_v4) {
                bkey_reassemble(&ret->k_i, k);
 
-               if (BCH_ALLOC_V4_BACKPOINTERS_START(&ret->v) < BCH_ALLOC_V4_U64s) {
-                       struct bch_backpointer *src, *dst;
+               src = alloc_v4_backpointers(&ret->v);
+               SET_BCH_ALLOC_V4_BACKPOINTERS_START(&ret->v, BCH_ALLOC_V4_U64s);
+               dst = alloc_v4_backpointers(&ret->v);
 
-                       src = alloc_v4_backpointers(&ret->v);
-                       SET_BCH_ALLOC_V4_BACKPOINTERS_START(&ret->v, BCH_ALLOC_V4_U64s);
-                       dst = alloc_v4_backpointers(&ret->v);
-
-                       memmove(dst, src, BCH_ALLOC_V4_NR_BACKPOINTERS(&ret->v) *
-                               sizeof(struct bch_backpointer));
+               memmove(dst, src, BCH_ALLOC_V4_NR_BACKPOINTERS(&ret->v) *
+                       sizeof(struct bch_backpointer));
+               if (src < dst)
                        memset(src, 0, dst - src);
-                       set_alloc_v4_u64s(ret);
-               }
+               set_alloc_v4_u64s(ret);
        } else {
+               ret = bch2_trans_kmalloc(trans, sizeof(struct bkey_i_alloc_v4) +
+                                        sizeof(struct bch_backpointer));
+               if (IS_ERR(ret))
+                       return ret;
+
                bkey_alloc_v4_init(&ret->k_i);
                ret->k.p = k.k->p;
                bch2_alloc_to_v4(k, &ret->v);
@@ -513,6 +511,56 @@ struct bkey_i_alloc_v4 *bch2_alloc_to_v4_mut(struct btree_trans *trans, struct b
        return ret;
 }
 
+static inline struct bkey_i_alloc_v4 *bch2_alloc_to_v4_mut_inlined(struct btree_trans *trans, struct bkey_s_c k)
+{
+       if (likely(k.k->type == KEY_TYPE_alloc_v4) &&
+           BCH_ALLOC_V4_BACKPOINTERS_START(bkey_s_c_to_alloc_v4(k).v) == BCH_ALLOC_V4_U64s) {
+               /*
+                * Reserve space for one more backpointer here:
+                * Not sketchy at doing it this way, nope...
+                */
+               struct bkey_i_alloc_v4 *ret =
+                       bch2_trans_kmalloc_nomemzero(trans, bkey_bytes(k.k) + sizeof(struct bch_backpointer));
+               if (!IS_ERR(ret))
+                       bkey_reassemble(&ret->k_i, k);
+               return ret;
+       }
+
+       return __bch2_alloc_to_v4_mut(trans, k);
+}
+
+struct bkey_i_alloc_v4 *bch2_alloc_to_v4_mut(struct btree_trans *trans, struct bkey_s_c k)
+{
+       return bch2_alloc_to_v4_mut_inlined(trans, k);
+}
+
+struct bkey_i_alloc_v4 *
+bch2_trans_start_alloc_update(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_iter *iter,
+                             struct bpos pos)
+{
+       struct bkey_s_c k;
+       struct bkey_i_alloc_v4 *a;
+       int ret;
+
+       bch2_trans_iter_init(trans, iter, BTREE_ID_alloc, pos,
+                            BTREE_ITER_WITH_UPDATES|
+                            BTREE_ITER_CACHED|
+                            BTREE_ITER_INTENT);
+       k = bch2_btree_iter_peek_slot(iter);
+       ret = bkey_err(k);
+       if (unlikely(ret))
+               goto err;
+
+       a = bch2_alloc_to_v4_mut_inlined(trans, k);
+       ret = PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(a);
+       if (unlikely(ret))
+               goto err;
+       return a;
+err:
+       bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, iter);
+       return ERR_PTR(ret);
+}
+
 int bch2_alloc_read(struct bch_fs *c)
 {
        struct btree_trans trans;
@@ -534,16 +582,168 @@ int bch2_alloc_read(struct bch_fs *c)
                        continue;
 
                ca = bch_dev_bkey_exists(c, k.k->p.inode);
-               bch2_alloc_to_v4(k, &a);
 
-               *bucket_gen(ca, k.k->p.offset) = a.gen;
+               *bucket_gen(ca, k.k->p.offset) = bch2_alloc_to_v4(k, &a)->gen;
+       }
+       bch2_trans_iter_exit(&trans, &iter);
+
+       bch2_trans_exit(&trans);
+
+       if (ret)
+               bch_err(c, "error reading alloc info: %s", bch2_err_str(ret));
+
+       return ret;
+}
+
+static struct bpos alloc_gens_pos(struct bpos pos, unsigned *offset)
+{
+       *offset = pos.offset & KEY_TYPE_BUCKET_GENS_MASK;
+
+       pos.offset >>= KEY_TYPE_BUCKET_GENS_BITS;
+       return pos;
+}
+
+static struct bpos bucket_gens_pos_to_alloc(struct bpos pos, unsigned offset)
+{
+       pos.offset <<= KEY_TYPE_BUCKET_GENS_BITS;
+       pos.offset += offset;
+       return pos;
+}
+
+static unsigned alloc_gen(struct bkey_s_c k, unsigned offset)
+{
+       return k.k->type == KEY_TYPE_bucket_gens
+               ? bkey_s_c_to_bucket_gens(k).v->gens[offset]
+               : 0;
+}
+
+int bch2_bucket_gens_invalid(const struct bch_fs *c, struct bkey_s_c k,
+                            int rw, struct printbuf *err)
+{
+       if (bkey_val_bytes(k.k) != sizeof(struct bch_bucket_gens)) {
+               prt_printf(err, "bad val size (%lu != %zu)",
+                      bkey_val_bytes(k.k), sizeof(struct bch_bucket_gens));
+               return -BCH_ERR_invalid_bkey;
+       }
+
+       return 0;
+}
+
+void bch2_bucket_gens_to_text(struct printbuf *out, struct bch_fs *c, struct bkey_s_c k)
+{
+       struct bkey_s_c_bucket_gens g = bkey_s_c_to_bucket_gens(k);
+       unsigned i;
+
+       for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(g.v->gens); i++) {
+               if (i)
+                       prt_char(out, ' ');
+               prt_printf(out, "%u", g.v->gens[i]);
+       }
+}
+
+int bch2_bucket_gens_init(struct bch_fs *c)
+{
+       struct btree_trans trans;
+       struct btree_iter iter;
+       struct bkey_s_c k;
+       struct bch_alloc_v4 a;
+       struct bkey_i_bucket_gens g;
+       bool have_bucket_gens_key = false;
+       unsigned offset;
+       struct bpos pos;
+       u8 gen;
+       int ret;
+
+       bch2_trans_init(&trans, c, 0, 0);
+
+       for_each_btree_key(&trans, iter, BTREE_ID_alloc, POS_MIN,
+                          BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH, k, ret) {
+               /*
+                * Not a fsck error because this is checked/repaired by
+                * bch2_check_alloc_key() which runs later:
+                */
+               if (!bch2_dev_bucket_exists(c, k.k->p))
+                       continue;
+
+               gen = bch2_alloc_to_v4(k, &a)->gen;
+               pos = alloc_gens_pos(iter.pos, &offset);
+
+               if (have_bucket_gens_key && bkey_cmp(iter.pos, pos)) {
+                       ret = commit_do(&trans, NULL, NULL,
+                                       BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL|
+                                       BTREE_INSERT_LAZY_RW,
+                               __bch2_btree_insert(&trans, BTREE_ID_bucket_gens, &g.k_i));
+                       if (ret)
+                               break;
+                       have_bucket_gens_key = false;
+               }
+
+               if (!have_bucket_gens_key) {
+                       bkey_bucket_gens_init(&g.k_i);
+                       g.k.p = pos;
+                       have_bucket_gens_key = true;
+               }
+
+               g.v.gens[offset] = gen;
+       }
+       bch2_trans_iter_exit(&trans, &iter);
+
+       if (have_bucket_gens_key && !ret)
+               ret = commit_do(&trans, NULL, NULL,
+                               BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL|
+                               BTREE_INSERT_LAZY_RW,
+                       __bch2_btree_insert(&trans, BTREE_ID_bucket_gens, &g.k_i));
+
+       bch2_trans_exit(&trans);
+
+       if (ret)
+               bch_err(c, "%s: error %s", __func__, bch2_err_str(ret));
+
+       return ret;
+}
+
+int bch2_bucket_gens_read(struct bch_fs *c)
+{
+       struct btree_trans trans;
+       struct btree_iter iter;
+       struct bkey_s_c k;
+       const struct bch_bucket_gens *g;
+       struct bch_dev *ca;
+       u64 b;
+       int ret;
+
+       bch2_trans_init(&trans, c, 0, 0);
+
+       for_each_btree_key(&trans, iter, BTREE_ID_bucket_gens, POS_MIN,
+                          BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH, k, ret) {
+               u64 start = bucket_gens_pos_to_alloc(k.k->p, 0).offset;
+               u64 end = bucket_gens_pos_to_alloc(bpos_nosnap_successor(k.k->p), 0).offset;
+
+               if (k.k->type != KEY_TYPE_bucket_gens)
+                       continue;
+
+               g = bkey_s_c_to_bucket_gens(k).v;
+
+               /*
+                * Not a fsck error because this is checked/repaired by
+                * bch2_check_alloc_key() which runs later:
+                */
+               if (!bch2_dev_exists2(c, k.k->p.inode))
+                       continue;
+
+               ca = bch_dev_bkey_exists(c, k.k->p.inode);
+
+               for (b = max_t(u64, ca->mi.first_bucket, start);
+                    b < min_t(u64, ca->mi.nbuckets, end);
+                    b++)
+                       *bucket_gen(ca, b) = g->gens[b & KEY_TYPE_BUCKET_GENS_MASK];
        }
        bch2_trans_iter_exit(&trans, &iter);
 
        bch2_trans_exit(&trans);
 
        if (ret)
-               bch_err(c, "error reading alloc info: %i", ret);
+               bch_err(c, "error reading alloc info: %s", bch2_err_str(ret));
 
        return ret;
 }
@@ -570,7 +770,7 @@ static int bch2_bucket_do_index(struct btree_trans *trans,
            a->data_type != BCH_DATA_need_discard)
                return 0;
 
-       k = bch2_trans_kmalloc(trans, sizeof(*k));
+       k = bch2_trans_kmalloc_nomemzero(trans, sizeof(*k));
        if (IS_ERR(k))
                return PTR_ERR(k);
 
@@ -619,13 +819,52 @@ err:
        return ret;
 }
 
+static noinline int bch2_bucket_gen_update(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                          struct bpos bucket, u8 gen)
+{
+       struct btree_iter iter;
+       unsigned offset;
+       struct bpos pos = alloc_gens_pos(bucket, &offset);
+       struct bkey_i_bucket_gens *g;
+       struct bkey_s_c k;
+       int ret;
+
+       g = bch2_trans_kmalloc(trans, sizeof(*g));
+       ret = PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(g);
+       if (ret)
+               return ret;
+
+       bch2_trans_iter_init(trans, &iter, BTREE_ID_bucket_gens, pos,
+                            BTREE_ITER_INTENT|
+                            BTREE_ITER_WITH_UPDATES);
+       k = bch2_btree_iter_peek_slot(&iter);
+       ret = bkey_err(k);
+       if (ret)
+               goto err;
+
+       if (k.k->type != KEY_TYPE_bucket_gens) {
+               bkey_bucket_gens_init(&g->k_i);
+               g->k.p = iter.pos;
+       } else {
+               bkey_reassemble(&g->k_i, k);
+       }
+
+       g->v.gens[offset] = gen;
+
+       ret = bch2_trans_update(trans, &iter, &g->k_i, 0);
+err:
+       bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, &iter);
+       return ret;
+}
+
 int bch2_trans_mark_alloc(struct btree_trans *trans,
                          enum btree_id btree_id, unsigned level,
                          struct bkey_s_c old, struct bkey_i *new,
                          unsigned flags)
 {
        struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
-       struct bch_alloc_v4 old_a, *new_a;
+       struct bch_alloc_v4 old_a_convert, *new_a;
+       const struct bch_alloc_v4 *old_a;
        u64 old_lru, new_lru;
        int ret = 0;
 
@@ -635,13 +874,13 @@ int bch2_trans_mark_alloc(struct btree_trans *trans,
         */
        BUG_ON(new->k.type != KEY_TYPE_alloc_v4);
 
-       bch2_alloc_to_v4(old, &old_a);
+       old_a = bch2_alloc_to_v4(old, &old_a_convert);
        new_a = &bkey_i_to_alloc_v4(new)->v;
 
        new_a->data_type = alloc_data_type(*new_a, new_a->data_type);
 
-       if (new_a->dirty_sectors > old_a.dirty_sectors ||
-           new_a->cached_sectors > old_a.cached_sectors) {
+       if (new_a->dirty_sectors > old_a->dirty_sectors ||
+           new_a->cached_sectors > old_a->cached_sectors) {
                new_a->io_time[READ] = max_t(u64, 1, atomic64_read(&c->io_clock[READ].now));
                new_a->io_time[WRITE]= max_t(u64, 1, atomic64_read(&c->io_clock[WRITE].now));
                SET_BCH_ALLOC_V4_NEED_INC_GEN(new_a, true);
@@ -655,10 +894,10 @@ int bch2_trans_mark_alloc(struct btree_trans *trans,
                SET_BCH_ALLOC_V4_NEED_INC_GEN(new_a, false);
        }
 
-       if (old_a.data_type != new_a->data_type ||
+       if (old_a->data_type != new_a->data_type ||
            (new_a->data_type == BCH_DATA_free &&
-            alloc_freespace_genbits(old_a) != alloc_freespace_genbits(*new_a))) {
-               ret =   bch2_bucket_do_index(trans, old, &old_a, false) ?:
+            alloc_freespace_genbits(*old_a) != alloc_freespace_genbits(*new_a))) {
+               ret =   bch2_bucket_do_index(trans, old, old_a, false) ?:
                        bch2_bucket_do_index(trans, bkey_i_to_s_c(new), new_a, true);
                if (ret)
                        return ret;
@@ -668,7 +907,7 @@ int bch2_trans_mark_alloc(struct btree_trans *trans,
            !new_a->io_time[READ])
                new_a->io_time[READ] = max_t(u64, 1, atomic64_read(&c->io_clock[READ].now));
 
-       old_lru = alloc_lru_idx(old_a);
+       old_lru = alloc_lru_idx(*old_a);
        new_lru = alloc_lru_idx(*new_a);
 
        if (old_lru != new_lru) {
@@ -681,32 +920,130 @@ int bch2_trans_mark_alloc(struct btree_trans *trans,
                        new_a->io_time[READ] = new_lru;
        }
 
+       if (old_a->gen != new_a->gen) {
+               ret = bch2_bucket_gen_update(trans, new->k.p, new_a->gen);
+               if (ret)
+                       return ret;
+       }
+
        return 0;
 }
 
+/*
+ * This synthesizes deleted extents for holes, similar to BTREE_ITER_SLOTS for
+ * extents style btrees, but works on non-extents btrees:
+ */
+struct bkey_s_c bch2_get_key_or_hole(struct btree_iter *iter, struct bpos end, struct bkey *hole)
+{
+       struct bkey_s_c k = bch2_btree_iter_peek_slot(iter);
+
+       if (bkey_err(k))
+               return k;
+
+       if (k.k->type) {
+               return k;
+       } else {
+               struct btree_iter iter2;
+               struct bpos next;
+
+               bch2_trans_copy_iter(&iter2, iter);
+               k = bch2_btree_iter_peek_upto(&iter2,
+                               bkey_min(bkey_min(end,
+                                                 iter->path->l[0].b->key.k.p),
+                                                 POS(iter->pos.inode, iter->pos.offset + U32_MAX - 1)));
+               next = iter2.pos;
+               bch2_trans_iter_exit(iter->trans, &iter2);
+
+               BUG_ON(next.offset >= iter->pos.offset + U32_MAX);
+
+               if (bkey_err(k))
+                       return k;
+
+               bkey_init(hole);
+               hole->p = iter->pos;
+
+               bch2_key_resize(hole, next.offset - iter->pos.offset);
+               return (struct bkey_s_c) { hole, NULL };
+       }
+}
+
+static bool next_bucket(struct bch_fs *c, struct bpos *bucket)
+{
+       struct bch_dev *ca;
+       unsigned iter;
+
+       if (bch2_dev_bucket_exists(c, *bucket))
+               return true;
+
+       if (bch2_dev_exists2(c, bucket->inode)) {
+               ca = bch_dev_bkey_exists(c, bucket->inode);
+
+               if (bucket->offset < ca->mi.first_bucket) {
+                       bucket->offset = ca->mi.first_bucket;
+                       return true;
+               }
+
+               bucket->inode++;
+               bucket->offset = 0;
+       }
+
+       rcu_read_lock();
+       iter = bucket->inode;
+       ca = __bch2_next_dev(c, &iter, NULL);
+       if (ca)
+               bucket->offset = ca->mi.first_bucket;
+       rcu_read_unlock();
+
+       return ca != NULL;
+}
+
+struct bkey_s_c bch2_get_key_or_real_bucket_hole(struct btree_iter *iter, struct bkey *hole)
+{
+       struct bch_fs *c = iter->trans->c;
+       struct bkey_s_c k;
+again:
+       k = bch2_get_key_or_hole(iter, POS_MAX, hole);
+       if (bkey_err(k))
+               return k;
+
+       if (!k.k->type) {
+               struct bpos bucket = bkey_start_pos(k.k);
+
+               if (!bch2_dev_bucket_exists(c, bucket)) {
+                       if (!next_bucket(c, &bucket))
+                               return bkey_s_c_null;
+
+                       bch2_btree_iter_set_pos(iter, bucket);
+                       goto again;
+               }
+
+               if (!bch2_dev_bucket_exists(c, k.k->p)) {
+                       struct bch_dev *ca = bch_dev_bkey_exists(c, bucket.inode);
+
+                       bch2_key_resize(hole, ca->mi.nbuckets - bucket.offset);
+               }
+       }
+
+       return k;
+}
+
 static int bch2_check_alloc_key(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                               struct bkey_s_c alloc_k,
                                struct btree_iter *alloc_iter,
                                struct btree_iter *discard_iter,
-                               struct btree_iter *freespace_iter)
+                               struct btree_iter *freespace_iter,
+                               struct btree_iter *bucket_gens_iter)
 {
        struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
        struct bch_dev *ca;
-       struct bch_alloc_v4 a;
+       struct bch_alloc_v4 a_convert;
+       const struct bch_alloc_v4 *a;
        unsigned discard_key_type, freespace_key_type;
-       struct bkey_s_c alloc_k, k;
+       unsigned gens_offset;
+       struct bkey_s_c k;
        struct printbuf buf = PRINTBUF;
        int ret;
 
-       alloc_k = bch2_dev_bucket_exists(c, alloc_iter->pos)
-               ? bch2_btree_iter_peek_slot(alloc_iter)
-               : bch2_btree_iter_peek(alloc_iter);
-       if (!alloc_k.k)
-               return 1;
-
-       ret = bkey_err(alloc_k);
-       if (ret)
-               return ret;
-
        if (fsck_err_on(!bch2_dev_bucket_exists(c, alloc_k.k->p), c,
                        "alloc key for invalid device:bucket %llu:%llu",
                        alloc_k.k->p.inode, alloc_k.k->p.offset))
@@ -716,16 +1053,10 @@ static int bch2_check_alloc_key(struct btree_trans *trans,
        if (!ca->mi.freespace_initialized)
                return 0;
 
-       bch2_alloc_to_v4(alloc_k, &a);
-
-       discard_key_type = a.data_type == BCH_DATA_need_discard
-               ? KEY_TYPE_set : 0;
-       freespace_key_type = a.data_type == BCH_DATA_free
-               ? KEY_TYPE_set : 0;
+       a = bch2_alloc_to_v4(alloc_k, &a_convert);
 
+       discard_key_type = a->data_type == BCH_DATA_need_discard ? KEY_TYPE_set : 0;
        bch2_btree_iter_set_pos(discard_iter, alloc_k.k->p);
-       bch2_btree_iter_set_pos(freespace_iter, alloc_freespace_pos(alloc_k.k->p, a));
-
        k = bch2_btree_iter_peek_slot(discard_iter);
        ret = bkey_err(k);
        if (ret)
@@ -754,6 +1085,8 @@ static int bch2_check_alloc_key(struct btree_trans *trans,
                        goto err;
        }
 
+       freespace_key_type = a->data_type == BCH_DATA_free ? KEY_TYPE_set : 0;
+       bch2_btree_iter_set_pos(freespace_iter, alloc_freespace_pos(alloc_k.k->p, *a));
        k = bch2_btree_iter_peek_slot(freespace_iter);
        ret = bkey_err(k);
        if (ret)
@@ -783,6 +1116,160 @@ static int bch2_check_alloc_key(struct btree_trans *trans,
                if (ret)
                        goto err;
        }
+
+       bch2_btree_iter_set_pos(bucket_gens_iter, alloc_gens_pos(alloc_k.k->p, &gens_offset));
+       k = bch2_btree_iter_peek_slot(bucket_gens_iter);
+       ret = bkey_err(k);
+       if (ret)
+               goto err;
+
+       if (a->gen != alloc_gen(k, gens_offset) &&
+           (c->opts.reconstruct_alloc ||
+            fsck_err(c, "incorrect gen in bucket_gens btree (got %u should be %u)\n"
+                     "  %s",
+                     alloc_gen(k, gens_offset), a->gen,
+                     (printbuf_reset(&buf),
+                      bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, alloc_k), buf.buf)))) {
+               struct bkey_i_bucket_gens *g =
+                       bch2_trans_kmalloc(trans, sizeof(*g));
+
+               ret = PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(g);
+               if (ret)
+                       goto err;
+
+               if (k.k->type == KEY_TYPE_bucket_gens) {
+                       bkey_reassemble(&g->k_i, k);
+               } else {
+                       bkey_bucket_gens_init(&g->k_i);
+                       g->k.p = alloc_gens_pos(alloc_k.k->p, &gens_offset);
+               }
+
+               g->v.gens[gens_offset] = a->gen;
+
+               ret = bch2_trans_update(trans, bucket_gens_iter, &g->k_i, 0);
+               if (ret)
+                       goto err;
+       }
+err:
+fsck_err:
+       printbuf_exit(&buf);
+       return ret;
+}
+
+static int bch2_check_alloc_hole_freespace(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                struct bpos start,
+                                struct bpos *end,
+                                struct btree_iter *freespace_iter)
+{
+       struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
+       struct bch_dev *ca;
+       struct bkey_s_c k;
+       struct printbuf buf = PRINTBUF;
+       int ret;
+
+       ca = bch_dev_bkey_exists(c, start.inode);
+       if (!ca->mi.freespace_initialized)
+               return 0;
+
+       bch2_btree_iter_set_pos(freespace_iter, start);
+
+       k = bch2_btree_iter_peek_slot(freespace_iter);
+       ret = bkey_err(k);
+       if (ret)
+               goto err;
+
+       *end = bkey_min(k.k->p, *end);
+
+       if (k.k->type != KEY_TYPE_set &&
+           (c->opts.reconstruct_alloc ||
+            fsck_err(c, "hole in alloc btree missing in freespace btree\n"
+                     "  device %llu buckets %llu-%llu",
+                     freespace_iter->pos.inode,
+                     freespace_iter->pos.offset,
+                     end->offset))) {
+               struct bkey_i *update =
+                       bch2_trans_kmalloc(trans, sizeof(*update));
+
+               ret = PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(update);
+               if (ret)
+                       goto err;
+
+               bkey_init(&update->k);
+               update->k.type  = KEY_TYPE_set;
+               update->k.p     = freespace_iter->pos;
+               bch2_key_resize(&update->k,
+                               min_t(u64, U32_MAX, end->offset -
+                                     freespace_iter->pos.offset));
+
+               ret = bch2_trans_update(trans, freespace_iter, update, 0);
+               if (ret)
+                       goto err;
+       }
+err:
+fsck_err:
+       printbuf_exit(&buf);
+       return ret;
+}
+
+static int bch2_check_alloc_hole_bucket_gens(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                struct bpos start,
+                                struct bpos *end,
+                                struct btree_iter *bucket_gens_iter)
+{
+       struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
+       struct bkey_s_c k;
+       struct printbuf buf = PRINTBUF;
+       unsigned i, gens_offset, gens_end_offset;
+       int ret;
+
+       if (c->sb.version < bcachefs_metadata_version_bucket_gens &&
+           !c->opts.version_upgrade)
+               return 0;
+
+       bch2_btree_iter_set_pos(bucket_gens_iter, alloc_gens_pos(start, &gens_offset));
+
+       k = bch2_btree_iter_peek_slot(bucket_gens_iter);
+       ret = bkey_err(k);
+       if (ret)
+               goto err;
+
+       if (bkey_cmp(alloc_gens_pos(start, &gens_offset),
+                    alloc_gens_pos(*end,  &gens_end_offset)))
+               gens_end_offset = KEY_TYPE_BUCKET_GENS_NR;
+
+       if (k.k->type == KEY_TYPE_bucket_gens) {
+               struct bkey_i_bucket_gens g;
+               bool need_update = false;
+
+               bkey_reassemble(&g.k_i, k);
+
+               for (i = gens_offset; i < gens_end_offset; i++) {
+                       if (fsck_err_on(g.v.gens[i], c,
+                                       "hole in alloc btree at %llu:%llu with nonzero gen in bucket_gens btree (%u)",
+                                       bucket_gens_pos_to_alloc(k.k->p, i).inode,
+                                       bucket_gens_pos_to_alloc(k.k->p, i).offset,
+                                       g.v.gens[i])) {
+                               g.v.gens[i] = 0;
+                               need_update = true;
+                       }
+               }
+
+               if (need_update) {
+                       struct bkey_i *k = bch2_trans_kmalloc(trans, sizeof(g));
+
+                       ret = PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(k);
+                       if (ret)
+                               goto err;
+
+                       memcpy(k, &g, sizeof(g));
+
+                       ret = bch2_trans_update(trans, bucket_gens_iter, k, 0);
+                       if (ret)
+                               goto err;
+               }
+       }
+
+       *end = bkey_min(*end, bucket_gens_pos_to_alloc(bpos_nosnap_successor(k.k->p), 0));
 err:
 fsck_err:
        printbuf_exit(&buf);
@@ -794,8 +1281,9 @@ static int bch2_check_discard_freespace_key(struct btree_trans *trans,
 {
        struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
        struct btree_iter alloc_iter;
-       struct bkey_s_c k, freespace_k;
-       struct bch_alloc_v4 a;
+       struct bkey_s_c alloc_k;
+       struct bch_alloc_v4 a_convert;
+       const struct bch_alloc_v4 *a;
        u64 genbits;
        struct bpos pos;
        enum bch_data_type state = iter->btree_id == BTREE_ID_need_discard
@@ -804,14 +1292,6 @@ static int bch2_check_discard_freespace_key(struct btree_trans *trans,
        struct printbuf buf = PRINTBUF;
        int ret;
 
-       freespace_k = bch2_btree_iter_peek(iter);
-       if (!freespace_k.k)
-               return 1;
-
-       ret = bkey_err(freespace_k);
-       if (ret)
-               return ret;
-
        pos = iter->pos;
        pos.offset &= ~(~0ULL << 56);
        genbits = iter->pos.offset & (~0ULL << 56);
@@ -823,21 +1303,21 @@ static int bch2_check_discard_freespace_key(struct btree_trans *trans,
                        bch2_btree_ids[iter->btree_id], pos.inode, pos.offset))
                goto delete;
 
-       k = bch2_btree_iter_peek_slot(&alloc_iter);
-       ret = bkey_err(k);
+       alloc_k = bch2_btree_iter_peek_slot(&alloc_iter);
+       ret = bkey_err(alloc_k);
        if (ret)
                goto err;
 
-       bch2_alloc_to_v4(k, &a);
+       a = bch2_alloc_to_v4(alloc_k, &a_convert);
 
-       if (fsck_err_on(a.data_type != state ||
+       if (fsck_err_on(a->data_type != state ||
                        (state == BCH_DATA_free &&
-                        genbits != alloc_freespace_genbits(a)), c,
+                        genbits != alloc_freespace_genbits(*a)), c,
                        "%s\n  incorrectly set in %s index (free %u, genbits %llu should be %llu)",
-                       (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, k), buf.buf),
+                       (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, alloc_k), buf.buf),
                        bch2_btree_ids[iter->btree_id],
-                       a.data_type == state,
-                       genbits >> 56, alloc_freespace_genbits(a) >> 56))
+                       a->data_type == state,
+                       genbits >> 56, alloc_freespace_genbits(*a) >> 56))
                goto delete;
 out:
 err:
@@ -851,10 +1331,81 @@ delete:
        goto out;
 }
 
+/*
+ * We've already checked that generation numbers in the bucket_gens btree are
+ * valid for buckets that exist; this just checks for keys for nonexistent
+ * buckets.
+ */
+static int bch2_check_bucket_gens_key(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                     struct btree_iter *iter,
+                                     struct bkey_s_c k)
+{
+       struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
+       struct bkey_i_bucket_gens g;
+       struct bch_dev *ca;
+       u64 start = bucket_gens_pos_to_alloc(k.k->p, 0).offset;
+       u64 end = bucket_gens_pos_to_alloc(bpos_nosnap_successor(k.k->p), 0).offset;
+       u64 b;
+       bool need_update = false;
+       struct printbuf buf = PRINTBUF;
+       int ret = 0;
+
+       BUG_ON(k.k->type != KEY_TYPE_bucket_gens);
+       bkey_reassemble(&g.k_i, k);
+
+       if (fsck_err_on(!bch2_dev_exists2(c, k.k->p.inode), c,
+                       "bucket_gens key for invalid device:\n  %s",
+                       (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, k), buf.buf))) {
+               ret = bch2_btree_delete_at(trans, iter, 0);
+               goto out;
+       }
+
+       ca = bch_dev_bkey_exists(c, k.k->p.inode);
+       if (fsck_err_on(end <= ca->mi.first_bucket ||
+                       start >= ca->mi.nbuckets, c,
+                       "bucket_gens key for invalid buckets:\n  %s",
+                       (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, k), buf.buf))) {
+               ret = bch2_btree_delete_at(trans, iter, 0);
+               goto out;
+       }
+
+       for (b = start; b < ca->mi.first_bucket; b++)
+               if (fsck_err_on(g.v.gens[b & KEY_TYPE_BUCKET_GENS_MASK], c,
+                               "bucket_gens key has nonzero gen for invalid bucket")) {
+                       g.v.gens[b & KEY_TYPE_BUCKET_GENS_MASK] = 0;
+                       need_update = true;
+               }
+
+       for (b = ca->mi.nbuckets; b < end; b++)
+               if (fsck_err_on(g.v.gens[b & KEY_TYPE_BUCKET_GENS_MASK], c,
+                               "bucket_gens key has nonzero gen for invalid bucket")) {
+                       g.v.gens[b & KEY_TYPE_BUCKET_GENS_MASK] = 0;
+                       need_update = true;
+               }
+
+       if (need_update) {
+               struct bkey_i *k;
+
+               k = bch2_trans_kmalloc(trans, sizeof(g));
+               ret = PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(k);
+               if (ret)
+                       goto out;
+
+               memcpy(k, &g, sizeof(g));
+               ret = bch2_trans_update(trans, iter, k, 0);
+       }
+out:
+fsck_err:
+       printbuf_exit(&buf);
+       return ret;
+}
+
 int bch2_check_alloc_info(struct bch_fs *c)
 {
        struct btree_trans trans;
-       struct btree_iter iter, discard_iter, freespace_iter;
+       struct btree_iter iter, discard_iter, freespace_iter, bucket_gens_iter;
+       struct bkey hole;
+       struct bkey_s_c k;
        int ret = 0;
 
        bch2_trans_init(&trans, c, 0, 0);
@@ -865,55 +1416,83 @@ int bch2_check_alloc_info(struct bch_fs *c)
                             BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH);
        bch2_trans_iter_init(&trans, &freespace_iter, BTREE_ID_freespace, POS_MIN,
                             BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH);
+       bch2_trans_iter_init(&trans, &bucket_gens_iter, BTREE_ID_bucket_gens, POS_MIN,
+                            BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH);
+
        while (1) {
-               ret = commit_do(&trans, NULL, NULL,
-                                     BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL|
-                                     BTREE_INSERT_LAZY_RW,
-                       bch2_check_alloc_key(&trans, &iter,
-                                            &discard_iter,
-                                            &freespace_iter));
+               struct bpos next;
+
+               bch2_trans_begin(&trans);
+
+               k = bch2_get_key_or_real_bucket_hole(&iter, &hole);
+               ret = bkey_err(k);
                if (ret)
+                       goto bkey_err;
+
+               if (!k.k)
                        break;
 
-               bch2_btree_iter_advance(&iter);
-       }
-       bch2_trans_iter_exit(&trans, &freespace_iter);
-       bch2_trans_iter_exit(&trans, &discard_iter);
-       bch2_trans_iter_exit(&trans, &iter);
+               if (k.k->type) {
+                       next = bpos_nosnap_successor(k.k->p);
 
-       if (ret < 0)
-               goto err;
+                       ret = bch2_check_alloc_key(&trans,
+                                                  k, &iter,
+                                                  &discard_iter,
+                                                  &freespace_iter,
+                                                  &bucket_gens_iter);
+                       if (ret)
+                               goto bkey_err;
+               } else {
+                       next = k.k->p;
+
+                       ret = bch2_check_alloc_hole_freespace(&trans,
+                                                   bkey_start_pos(k.k),
+                                                   &next,
+                                                   &freespace_iter) ?:
+                               bch2_check_alloc_hole_bucket_gens(&trans,
+                                                   bkey_start_pos(k.k),
+                                                   &next,
+                                                   &bucket_gens_iter);
+                       if (ret)
+                               goto bkey_err;
+               }
 
-       bch2_trans_iter_init(&trans, &iter, BTREE_ID_need_discard, POS_MIN,
-                            BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH);
-       while (1) {
-               ret = commit_do(&trans, NULL, NULL,
-                                     BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL|
-                                     BTREE_INSERT_LAZY_RW,
-                       bch2_check_discard_freespace_key(&trans, &iter));
+               ret = bch2_trans_commit(&trans, NULL, NULL,
+                                       BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL|
+                                       BTREE_INSERT_LAZY_RW);
                if (ret)
-                       break;
+                       goto bkey_err;
 
-               bch2_btree_iter_advance(&iter);
+               bch2_btree_iter_set_pos(&iter, next);
+bkey_err:
+               if (bch2_err_matches(ret, BCH_ERR_transaction_restart))
+                       continue;
+               if (ret)
+                       break;
        }
+       bch2_trans_iter_exit(&trans, &bucket_gens_iter);
+       bch2_trans_iter_exit(&trans, &freespace_iter);
+       bch2_trans_iter_exit(&trans, &discard_iter);
        bch2_trans_iter_exit(&trans, &iter);
 
        if (ret < 0)
                goto err;
 
-       bch2_trans_iter_init(&trans, &iter, BTREE_ID_freespace, POS_MIN,
-                            BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH);
-       while (1) {
-               ret = commit_do(&trans, NULL, NULL,
-                                     BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL|
-                                     BTREE_INSERT_LAZY_RW,
-                       bch2_check_discard_freespace_key(&trans, &iter));
-               if (ret)
-                       break;
-
-               bch2_btree_iter_advance(&iter);
-       }
-       bch2_trans_iter_exit(&trans, &iter);
+       ret = for_each_btree_key_commit(&trans, iter,
+                       BTREE_ID_need_discard, POS_MIN,
+                       BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH, k,
+                       NULL, NULL, BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL|BTREE_INSERT_LAZY_RW,
+               bch2_check_discard_freespace_key(&trans, &iter)) ?:
+             for_each_btree_key_commit(&trans, iter,
+                       BTREE_ID_freespace, POS_MIN,
+                       BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH, k,
+                       NULL, NULL, BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL|BTREE_INSERT_LAZY_RW,
+               bch2_check_discard_freespace_key(&trans, &iter)) ?:
+             for_each_btree_key_commit(&trans, iter,
+                       BTREE_ID_bucket_gens, POS_MIN,
+                       BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH, k,
+                       NULL, NULL, BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL|BTREE_INSERT_LAZY_RW,
+               bch2_check_bucket_gens_key(&trans, &iter, k));
 err:
        bch2_trans_exit(&trans);
        return ret < 0 ? ret : 0;
@@ -924,7 +1503,8 @@ static int bch2_check_alloc_to_lru_ref(struct btree_trans *trans,
 {
        struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
        struct btree_iter lru_iter;
-       struct bch_alloc_v4 a;
+       struct bch_alloc_v4 a_convert;
+       const struct bch_alloc_v4 *a;
        struct bkey_s_c alloc_k, k;
        struct printbuf buf = PRINTBUF;
        struct printbuf buf2 = PRINTBUF;
@@ -938,20 +1518,20 @@ static int bch2_check_alloc_to_lru_ref(struct btree_trans *trans,
        if (ret)
                return ret;
 
-       bch2_alloc_to_v4(alloc_k, &a);
+       a = bch2_alloc_to_v4(alloc_k, &a_convert);
 
-       if (a.data_type != BCH_DATA_cached)
+       if (a->data_type != BCH_DATA_cached)
                return 0;
 
        bch2_trans_iter_init(trans, &lru_iter, BTREE_ID_lru,
-                            POS(alloc_k.k->p.inode, a.io_time[READ]), 0);
+                            POS(alloc_k.k->p.inode, a->io_time[READ]), 0);
 
        k = bch2_btree_iter_peek_slot(&lru_iter);
        ret = bkey_err(k);
        if (ret)
                goto err;
 
-       if (fsck_err_on(!a.io_time[READ], c,
+       if (fsck_err_on(!a->io_time[READ], c,
                        "cached bucket with read_time 0\n"
                        "  %s",
                (printbuf_reset(&buf),
@@ -964,26 +1544,24 @@ static int bch2_check_alloc_to_lru_ref(struct btree_trans *trans,
                        (printbuf_reset(&buf),
                         bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, alloc_k), buf.buf),
                        (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf2, c, k), buf2.buf))) {
-               u64 read_time = a.io_time[READ];
-
-               if (!a.io_time[READ])
-                       a.io_time[READ] = atomic64_read(&c->io_clock[READ].now);
+               u64 read_time = a->io_time[READ] ?:
+                       atomic64_read(&c->io_clock[READ].now);
 
                ret = bch2_lru_set(trans,
                                   alloc_k.k->p.inode,
                                   alloc_k.k->p.offset,
-                                  &a.io_time[READ]);
+                                  &read_time);
                if (ret)
                        goto err;
 
-               if (a.io_time[READ] != read_time) {
+               if (a->io_time[READ] != read_time) {
                        struct bkey_i_alloc_v4 *a_mut =
                                bch2_alloc_to_v4_mut(trans, alloc_k);
                        ret = PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(a_mut);
                        if (ret)
                                goto err;
 
-                       a_mut->v.io_time[READ] = a.io_time[READ];
+                       a_mut->v.io_time[READ] = read_time;
                        ret = bch2_trans_update(trans, alloc_iter,
                                                &a_mut->k_i, BTREE_TRIGGER_NORUN);
                        if (ret)
@@ -1007,32 +1585,53 @@ int bch2_check_alloc_to_lru_refs(struct bch_fs *c)
 
        bch2_trans_init(&trans, c, 0, 0);
 
-       for_each_btree_key(&trans, iter, BTREE_ID_alloc, POS_MIN,
-                          BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH, k, ret) {
-               ret = commit_do(&trans, NULL, NULL,
-                                     BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL|
-                                     BTREE_INSERT_LAZY_RW,
-                       bch2_check_alloc_to_lru_ref(&trans, &iter));
-               if (ret)
-                       break;
-       }
-       bch2_trans_iter_exit(&trans, &iter);
+       for_each_btree_key_commit(&trans, iter, BTREE_ID_alloc,
+                       POS_MIN, BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH, k,
+                       NULL, NULL, BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL|BTREE_INSERT_LAZY_RW,
+               bch2_check_alloc_to_lru_ref(&trans, &iter));
 
        bch2_trans_exit(&trans);
        return ret < 0 ? ret : 0;
 }
 
-static int bch2_clear_need_discard(struct btree_trans *trans, struct bpos pos,
-                                  struct bch_dev *ca, bool *discard_done)
+static int bch2_discard_one_bucket(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                  struct btree_iter *need_discard_iter,
+                                  struct bpos *discard_pos_done,
+                                  u64 *seen,
+                                  u64 *open,
+                                  u64 *need_journal_commit,
+                                  u64 *discarded)
 {
        struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
-       struct btree_iter iter;
+       struct bpos pos = need_discard_iter->pos;
+       struct btree_iter iter = { NULL };
        struct bkey_s_c k;
+       struct bch_dev *ca;
        struct bkey_i_alloc_v4 *a;
        struct printbuf buf = PRINTBUF;
-       int ret;
+       bool did_discard = false;
+       int ret = 0;
 
-       bch2_trans_iter_init(trans, &iter, BTREE_ID_alloc, pos,
+       ca = bch_dev_bkey_exists(c, pos.inode);
+       if (!percpu_ref_tryget(&ca->io_ref)) {
+               bch2_btree_iter_set_pos(need_discard_iter, POS(pos.inode + 1, 0));
+               return 0;
+       }
+
+       if (bch2_bucket_is_open_safe(c, pos.inode, pos.offset)) {
+               (*open)++;
+               goto out;
+       }
+
+       if (bch2_bucket_needs_journal_commit(&c->buckets_waiting_for_journal,
+                       c->journal.flushed_seq_ondisk,
+                       pos.inode, pos.offset)) {
+               (*need_journal_commit)++;
+               goto out;
+       }
+
+       bch2_trans_iter_init(trans, &iter, BTREE_ID_alloc,
+                            need_discard_iter->pos,
                             BTREE_ITER_CACHED);
        k = bch2_btree_iter_peek_slot(&iter);
        ret = bkey_err(k);
@@ -1068,7 +1667,8 @@ static int bch2_clear_need_discard(struct btree_trans *trans, struct bpos pos,
                goto out;
        }
 
-       if (!*discard_done && ca->mi.discard && !c->opts.nochanges) {
+       if (!bkey_eq(*discard_pos_done, iter.pos) &&
+           ca->mi.discard && !c->opts.nochanges) {
                /*
                 * This works without any other locks because this is the only
                 * thread that removes items from the need_discard tree
@@ -1077,20 +1677,32 @@ static int bch2_clear_need_discard(struct btree_trans *trans, struct bpos pos,
                blkdev_issue_discard(ca->disk_sb.bdev,
                                     k.k->p.offset * ca->mi.bucket_size,
                                     ca->mi.bucket_size,
-                                    GFP_KERNEL, 0);
-               *discard_done = true;
+                                    GFP_KERNEL);
 
-               ret = bch2_trans_relock(trans) ? 0 : -EINTR;
+               ret = bch2_trans_relock(trans);
                if (ret)
                        goto out;
        }
 
+       *discard_pos_done = iter.pos;
+       did_discard = true;
+
        SET_BCH_ALLOC_V4_NEED_DISCARD(&a->v, false);
        a->v.data_type = alloc_data_type(a->v, a->v.data_type);
 write:
-       ret = bch2_trans_update(trans, &iter, &a->k_i, 0);
+       ret =   bch2_trans_update(trans, &iter, &a->k_i, 0) ?:
+               bch2_trans_commit(trans, NULL, NULL,
+                                 BTREE_INSERT_USE_RESERVE|BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL);
+       if (ret)
+               goto out;
+
+       if (did_discard) {
+               this_cpu_inc(c->counters[BCH_COUNTER_bucket_discard]);
+               (*discarded)++;
+       }
 out:
        bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, &iter);
+       percpu_ref_put(&ca->io_ref);
        printbuf_exit(&buf);
        return ret;
 }
@@ -1098,61 +1710,27 @@ out:
 static void bch2_do_discards_work(struct work_struct *work)
 {
        struct bch_fs *c = container_of(work, struct bch_fs, discard_work);
-       struct bch_dev *ca = NULL;
        struct btree_trans trans;
        struct btree_iter iter;
        struct bkey_s_c k;
        u64 seen = 0, open = 0, need_journal_commit = 0, discarded = 0;
+       struct bpos discard_pos_done = POS_MAX;
        int ret;
 
        bch2_trans_init(&trans, c, 0, 0);
 
-       for_each_btree_key(&trans, iter, BTREE_ID_need_discard,
-                          POS_MIN, 0, k, ret) {
-               bool discard_done = false;
-
-               if (ca && k.k->p.inode != ca->dev_idx) {
-                       percpu_ref_put(&ca->io_ref);
-                       ca = NULL;
-               }
-
-               if (!ca) {
-                       ca = bch_dev_bkey_exists(c, k.k->p.inode);
-                       if (!percpu_ref_tryget(&ca->io_ref)) {
-                               ca = NULL;
-                               bch2_btree_iter_set_pos(&iter, POS(k.k->p.inode + 1, 0));
-                               continue;
-                       }
-               }
-
-               seen++;
-
-               if (bch2_bucket_is_open_safe(c, k.k->p.inode, k.k->p.offset)) {
-                       open++;
-                       continue;
-               }
-
-               if (bch2_bucket_needs_journal_commit(&c->buckets_waiting_for_journal,
-                               c->journal.flushed_seq_ondisk,
-                               k.k->p.inode, k.k->p.offset)) {
-                       need_journal_commit++;
-                       continue;
-               }
-
-               ret = commit_do(&trans, NULL, NULL,
-                                     BTREE_INSERT_USE_RESERVE|
-                                     BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL,
-                               bch2_clear_need_discard(&trans, k.k->p, ca, &discard_done));
-               if (ret)
-                       break;
-
-               this_cpu_inc(c->counters[BCH_COUNTER_bucket_discard]);
-               discarded++;
-       }
-       bch2_trans_iter_exit(&trans, &iter);
-
-       if (ca)
-               percpu_ref_put(&ca->io_ref);
+       /*
+        * We're doing the commit in bch2_discard_one_bucket instead of using
+        * for_each_btree_key_commit() so that we can increment counters after
+        * successful commit:
+        */
+       ret = for_each_btree_key2(&trans, iter,
+                       BTREE_ID_need_discard, POS_MIN, 0, k,
+               bch2_discard_one_bucket(&trans, &iter, &discard_pos_done,
+                                       &seen,
+                                       &open,
+                                       &need_journal_commit,
+                                       &discarded));
 
        bch2_trans_exit(&trans);
 
@@ -1161,7 +1739,8 @@ static void bch2_do_discards_work(struct work_struct *work)
 
        percpu_ref_put(&c->writes);
 
-       trace_discard_buckets(c, seen, open, need_journal_commit, discarded, ret);
+       trace_discard_buckets(c, seen, open, need_journal_commit, discarded,
+                             bch2_err_str(ret));
 }
 
 void bch2_do_discards(struct bch_fs *c)
@@ -1171,29 +1750,20 @@ void bch2_do_discards(struct bch_fs *c)
                percpu_ref_put(&c->writes);
 }
 
-static int invalidate_one_bucket(struct btree_trans *trans, struct bch_dev *ca,
-                                struct bpos *bucket_pos, unsigned *cached_sectors)
+static int invalidate_one_bucket(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                struct btree_iter *lru_iter, struct bkey_s_c k,
+                                unsigned dev_idx, s64 *nr_to_invalidate)
 {
        struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
-       struct btree_iter lru_iter, alloc_iter = { NULL };
-       struct bkey_s_c k;
+       struct btree_iter alloc_iter = { NULL };
        struct bkey_i_alloc_v4 *a;
-       u64 bucket, idx;
+       struct bpos bucket;
        struct printbuf buf = PRINTBUF;
-       int ret;
-
-       bch2_trans_iter_init(trans, &lru_iter, BTREE_ID_lru,
-                            POS(ca->dev_idx, 0), 0);
-next_lru:
-       k = bch2_btree_iter_peek(&lru_iter);
-       ret = bkey_err(k);
-       if (ret)
-               goto out;
+       unsigned cached_sectors;
+       int ret = 0;
 
-       if (!k.k || k.k->p.inode != ca->dev_idx) {
-               ret = 1;
-               goto out;
-       }
+       if (*nr_to_invalidate <= 0 || k.k->p.inode != dev_idx)
+               return 1;
 
        if (k.k->type != KEY_TYPE_lru) {
                prt_printf(&buf, "non lru key in lru btree:\n  ");
@@ -1201,26 +1771,22 @@ next_lru:
 
                if (!test_bit(BCH_FS_CHECK_LRUS_DONE, &c->flags)) {
                        bch_err(c, "%s", buf.buf);
-                       bch2_btree_iter_advance(&lru_iter);
-                       goto next_lru;
                } else {
                        bch2_trans_inconsistent(trans, "%s", buf.buf);
                        ret = -EINVAL;
-                       goto out;
                }
-       }
 
-       idx     = k.k->p.offset;
-       bucket  = le64_to_cpu(bkey_s_c_to_lru(k).v->idx);
+               goto out;
+       }
 
-       *bucket_pos = POS(ca->dev_idx, bucket);
+       bucket = POS(dev_idx, le64_to_cpu(bkey_s_c_to_lru(k).v->idx));
 
-       a = bch2_trans_start_alloc_update(trans, &alloc_iter, *bucket_pos);
+       a = bch2_trans_start_alloc_update(trans, &alloc_iter, bucket);
        ret = PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(a);
        if (ret)
                goto out;
 
-       if (idx != alloc_lru_idx(a->v)) {
+       if (k.k->p.offset != alloc_lru_idx(a->v)) {
                prt_printf(&buf, "alloc key does not point back to lru entry when invalidating bucket:\n  ");
                bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, bkey_i_to_s_c(&a->k_i));
                prt_printf(&buf, "\n  ");
@@ -1228,19 +1794,18 @@ next_lru:
 
                if (!test_bit(BCH_FS_CHECK_LRUS_DONE, &c->flags)) {
                        bch_err(c, "%s", buf.buf);
-                       bch2_btree_iter_advance(&lru_iter);
-                       goto next_lru;
                } else {
                        bch2_trans_inconsistent(trans, "%s", buf.buf);
                        ret = -EINVAL;
-                       goto out;
                }
+
+               goto out;
        }
 
        if (!a->v.cached_sectors)
                bch_err(c, "invalidating empty bucket, confused");
 
-       *cached_sectors = a->v.cached_sectors;
+       cached_sectors = a->v.cached_sectors;
 
        SET_BCH_ALLOC_V4_NEED_INC_GEN(&a->v, false);
        a->v.gen++;
@@ -1250,13 +1815,17 @@ next_lru:
        a->v.io_time[READ]      = atomic64_read(&c->io_clock[READ].now);
        a->v.io_time[WRITE]     = atomic64_read(&c->io_clock[WRITE].now);
 
-       ret = bch2_trans_update(trans, &alloc_iter, &a->k_i,
-                               BTREE_TRIGGER_BUCKET_INVALIDATE);
+       ret =   bch2_trans_update(trans, &alloc_iter, &a->k_i,
+                               BTREE_TRIGGER_BUCKET_INVALIDATE) ?:
+               bch2_trans_commit(trans, NULL, NULL,
+                                 BTREE_INSERT_USE_RESERVE|BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL);
        if (ret)
                goto out;
+
+       trace_and_count(c, bucket_invalidate, c, bucket.inode, bucket.offset, cached_sectors);
+       --*nr_to_invalidate;
 out:
        bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, &alloc_iter);
-       bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, &lru_iter);
        printbuf_exit(&buf);
        return ret;
 }
@@ -1266,8 +1835,9 @@ static void bch2_do_invalidates_work(struct work_struct *work)
        struct bch_fs *c = container_of(work, struct bch_fs, invalidate_work);
        struct bch_dev *ca;
        struct btree_trans trans;
-       struct bpos bucket;
-       unsigned i, sectors;
+       struct btree_iter iter;
+       struct bkey_s_c k;
+       unsigned i;
        int ret = 0;
 
        bch2_trans_init(&trans, c, 0, 0);
@@ -1276,17 +1846,13 @@ static void bch2_do_invalidates_work(struct work_struct *work)
                s64 nr_to_invalidate =
                        should_invalidate_buckets(ca, bch2_dev_usage_read(ca));
 
-               while (nr_to_invalidate-- >= 0) {
-                       ret = commit_do(&trans, NULL, NULL,
-                                             BTREE_INSERT_USE_RESERVE|
-                                             BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL,
-                                       invalidate_one_bucket(&trans, ca, &bucket,
-                                                             &sectors));
-                       if (ret)
-                               break;
+               ret = for_each_btree_key2(&trans, iter, BTREE_ID_lru,
+                               POS(ca->dev_idx, 0), BTREE_ITER_INTENT, k,
+                       invalidate_one_bucket(&trans, &iter, k, ca->dev_idx, &nr_to_invalidate));
 
-                       trace_invalidate_bucket(c, bucket.inode, bucket.offset, sectors);
-                       this_cpu_inc(c->counters[BCH_COUNTER_bucket_invalidate]);
+               if (ret < 0) {
+                       percpu_ref_put(&ca->ref);
+                       break;
                }
        }
 
@@ -1301,50 +1867,88 @@ void bch2_do_invalidates(struct bch_fs *c)
                percpu_ref_put(&c->writes);
 }
 
-static int bucket_freespace_init(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_iter *iter)
-{
-       struct bch_alloc_v4 a;
-       struct bkey_s_c k;
-       int ret;
-
-       k = bch2_btree_iter_peek_slot(iter);
-       ret = bkey_err(k);
-       if (ret)
-               return ret;
-
-       bch2_alloc_to_v4(k, &a);
-       return bch2_bucket_do_index(trans, k, &a, true);
-}
-
 static int bch2_dev_freespace_init(struct bch_fs *c, struct bch_dev *ca)
 {
        struct btree_trans trans;
        struct btree_iter iter;
        struct bkey_s_c k;
+       struct bkey hole;
+       struct bpos end = POS(ca->dev_idx, ca->mi.nbuckets);
        struct bch_member *m;
        int ret;
 
        bch2_trans_init(&trans, c, 0, 0);
 
-       for_each_btree_key(&trans, iter, BTREE_ID_alloc,
-                          POS(ca->dev_idx, ca->mi.first_bucket),
-                          BTREE_ITER_SLOTS|
-                          BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH, k, ret) {
-               if (iter.pos.offset >= ca->mi.nbuckets)
+       bch2_trans_iter_init(&trans, &iter, BTREE_ID_alloc,
+                            POS(ca->dev_idx, ca->mi.first_bucket),
+                            BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH);
+       /*
+        * Scan the alloc btree for every bucket on @ca, and add buckets to the
+        * freespace/need_discard/need_gc_gens btrees as needed:
+        */
+       while (1) {
+               bch2_trans_begin(&trans);
+
+               if (bkey_ge(iter.pos, end)) {
+                       ret = 0;
                        break;
+               }
 
-               ret = commit_do(&trans, NULL, NULL,
-                                     BTREE_INSERT_LAZY_RW,
-                                bucket_freespace_init(&trans, &iter));
+               k = bch2_get_key_or_hole(&iter, end, &hole);
+               ret = bkey_err(k);
+               if (ret)
+                       goto bkey_err;
+
+               if (k.k->type) {
+                       /*
+                        * We process live keys in the alloc btree one at a
+                        * time:
+                        */
+                       struct bch_alloc_v4 a_convert;
+                       const struct bch_alloc_v4 *a = bch2_alloc_to_v4(k, &a_convert);
+
+                       ret =   bch2_bucket_do_index(&trans, k, a, true) ?:
+                               bch2_trans_commit(&trans, NULL, NULL,
+                                                 BTREE_INSERT_LAZY_RW|
+                                                 BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL);
+                       if (ret)
+                               goto bkey_err;
+
+                       bch2_btree_iter_advance(&iter);
+               } else {
+                       struct bkey_i *freespace;
+
+                       freespace = bch2_trans_kmalloc(&trans, sizeof(*freespace));
+                       ret = PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(freespace);
+                       if (ret)
+                               goto bkey_err;
+
+                       bkey_init(&freespace->k);
+                       freespace->k.type       = KEY_TYPE_set;
+                       freespace->k.p          = k.k->p;
+                       freespace->k.size       = k.k->size;
+
+                       ret = __bch2_btree_insert(&trans, BTREE_ID_freespace, freespace) ?:
+                               bch2_trans_commit(&trans, NULL, NULL,
+                                                 BTREE_INSERT_LAZY_RW|
+                                                 BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL);
+                       if (ret)
+                               goto bkey_err;
+
+                       bch2_btree_iter_set_pos(&iter, k.k->p);
+               }
+bkey_err:
+               if (bch2_err_matches(ret, BCH_ERR_transaction_restart))
+                       continue;
                if (ret)
                        break;
        }
-       bch2_trans_iter_exit(&trans, &iter);
 
+       bch2_trans_iter_exit(&trans, &iter);
        bch2_trans_exit(&trans);
 
-       if (ret) {
-               bch_err(ca, "error initializing free space: %i", ret);
+       if (ret < 0) {
+               bch_err(ca, "error initializing free space: %s", bch2_err_str(ret));
                return ret;
        }
 
@@ -1353,7 +1957,7 @@ static int bch2_dev_freespace_init(struct bch_fs *c, struct bch_dev *ca)
        SET_BCH_MEMBER_FREESPACE_INITIALIZED(m, true);
        mutex_unlock(&c->sb_lock);
 
-       return ret;
+       return 0;
 }
 
 int bch2_fs_freespace_init(struct bch_fs *c)