]> git.sesse.net Git - bcachefs-tools-debian/blobdiff - libbcachefs/btree_gc.c
Update bcachefs sources to 481b5f343248 bcachefs: Better error messages for missing...
[bcachefs-tools-debian] / libbcachefs / btree_gc.c
index 54b3d0d97a3b20d2aa3fbe9c81c301c1c6d02ce3..1102995643b137c3a8a9fe5f12f0cce95edfafeb 100644 (file)
@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@
 #include "alloc_foreground.h"
 #include "bkey_methods.h"
 #include "bkey_buf.h"
+#include "btree_journal_iter.h"
+#include "btree_key_cache.h"
 #include "btree_locking.h"
 #include "btree_update_interior.h"
 #include "btree_io.h"
@@ -26,6 +28,7 @@
 #include "reflink.h"
 #include "replicas.h"
 #include "super-io.h"
+#include "trace.h"
 
 #include <linux/slab.h>
 #include <linux/bitops.h>
 #include <linux/preempt.h>
 #include <linux/rcupdate.h>
 #include <linux/sched/task.h>
-#include <trace/events/bcachefs.h>
 
 #define DROP_THIS_NODE         10
 #define DROP_PREV_NODE         11
 
+static struct bkey_s unsafe_bkey_s_c_to_s(struct bkey_s_c k)
+{
+       return (struct bkey_s) {{{
+               (struct bkey *) k.k,
+               (struct bch_val *) k.v
+       }}};
+}
+
+static bool should_restart_for_topology_repair(struct bch_fs *c)
+{
+       return c->opts.fix_errors != FSCK_FIX_no &&
+               !(c->recovery_passes_complete & BIT_ULL(BCH_RECOVERY_PASS_check_topology));
+}
+
 static inline void __gc_pos_set(struct bch_fs *c, struct gc_pos new_pos)
 {
        preempt_disable();
@@ -69,65 +85,72 @@ static int bch2_gc_check_topology(struct bch_fs *c,
        struct bpos expected_start = bkey_deleted(&prev->k->k)
                ? node_start
                : bpos_successor(prev->k->k.p);
-       char buf1[200], buf2[200];
+       struct printbuf buf1 = PRINTBUF, buf2 = PRINTBUF;
        int ret = 0;
 
        if (cur.k->k.type == KEY_TYPE_btree_ptr_v2) {
                struct bkey_i_btree_ptr_v2 *bp = bkey_i_to_btree_ptr_v2(cur.k);
 
-               if (bkey_deleted(&prev->k->k)) {
-                       struct printbuf out = PBUF(buf1);
-                       pr_buf(&out, "start of node: ");
-                       bch2_bpos_to_text(&out, node_start);
-               } else {
-                       bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&PBUF(buf1), c, bkey_i_to_s_c(prev->k));
-               }
-
-               if (bpos_cmp(expected_start, bp->v.min_key)) {
+               if (!bpos_eq(expected_start, bp->v.min_key)) {
                        bch2_topology_error(c);
 
+                       if (bkey_deleted(&prev->k->k)) {
+                               prt_printf(&buf1, "start of node: ");
+                               bch2_bpos_to_text(&buf1, node_start);
+                       } else {
+                               bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf1, c, bkey_i_to_s_c(prev->k));
+                       }
+                       bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf2, c, bkey_i_to_s_c(cur.k));
+
                        if (__fsck_err(c,
-                                 FSCK_CAN_FIX|
-                                 FSCK_CAN_IGNORE|
-                                 FSCK_NO_RATELIMIT,
-                                 "btree node with incorrect min_key at btree %s level %u:\n"
-                                 "  prev %s\n"
-                                 "  cur %s",
-                                 bch2_btree_ids[b->c.btree_id], b->c.level,
-                                 buf1,
-                                 (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&PBUF(buf2), c, bkey_i_to_s_c(cur.k)), buf2)) &&
-                           !test_bit(BCH_FS_TOPOLOGY_REPAIR_DONE, &c->flags)) {
+                                      FSCK_CAN_FIX|
+                                      FSCK_CAN_IGNORE|
+                                      FSCK_NO_RATELIMIT,
+                                      btree_node_topology_bad_min_key,
+                                      "btree node with incorrect min_key at btree %s level %u:\n"
+                                      "  prev %s\n"
+                                      "  cur %s",
+                                      bch2_btree_id_str(b->c.btree_id), b->c.level,
+                                      buf1.buf, buf2.buf) && should_restart_for_topology_repair(c)) {
                                bch_info(c, "Halting mark and sweep to start topology repair pass");
-                               return FSCK_ERR_START_TOPOLOGY_REPAIR;
+                               ret = bch2_run_explicit_recovery_pass(c, BCH_RECOVERY_PASS_check_topology);
+                               goto err;
                        } else {
-                               set_bit(BCH_FS_INITIAL_GC_UNFIXED, &c->flags);
+                               set_bit(BCH_FS_initial_gc_unfixed, &c->flags);
                        }
                }
        }
 
-       if (is_last && bpos_cmp(cur.k->k.p, node_end)) {
+       if (is_last && !bpos_eq(cur.k->k.p, node_end)) {
                bch2_topology_error(c);
 
-               if (__fsck_err(c,
-                         FSCK_CAN_FIX|
-                         FSCK_CAN_IGNORE|
-                         FSCK_NO_RATELIMIT,
+               printbuf_reset(&buf1);
+               printbuf_reset(&buf2);
+
+               bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf1, c, bkey_i_to_s_c(cur.k));
+               bch2_bpos_to_text(&buf2, node_end);
+
+               if (__fsck_err(c, FSCK_CAN_FIX|FSCK_CAN_IGNORE|FSCK_NO_RATELIMIT,
+                         btree_node_topology_bad_max_key,
                          "btree node with incorrect max_key at btree %s level %u:\n"
                          "  %s\n"
                          "  expected %s",
-                         bch2_btree_ids[b->c.btree_id], b->c.level,
-                         (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&PBUF(buf1), c, bkey_i_to_s_c(cur.k)), buf1),
-                         (bch2_bpos_to_text(&PBUF(buf2), node_end), buf2)) &&
-                   !test_bit(BCH_FS_TOPOLOGY_REPAIR_DONE, &c->flags)) {
+                         bch2_btree_id_str(b->c.btree_id), b->c.level,
+                         buf1.buf, buf2.buf) &&
+                   should_restart_for_topology_repair(c)) {
                        bch_info(c, "Halting mark and sweep to start topology repair pass");
-                       return FSCK_ERR_START_TOPOLOGY_REPAIR;
+                       ret = bch2_run_explicit_recovery_pass(c, BCH_RECOVERY_PASS_check_topology);
+                       goto err;
                } else {
-                       set_bit(BCH_FS_INITIAL_GC_UNFIXED, &c->flags);
+                       set_bit(BCH_FS_initial_gc_unfixed, &c->flags);
                }
        }
 
        bch2_bkey_buf_copy(prev, c, cur.k);
+err:
 fsck_err:
+       printbuf_exit(&buf2);
+       printbuf_exit(&buf1);
        return ret;
 }
 
@@ -155,28 +178,57 @@ static void btree_ptr_to_v2(struct btree *b, struct bkey_i_btree_ptr_v2 *dst)
        }
 }
 
+static void bch2_btree_node_update_key_early(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                            enum btree_id btree, unsigned level,
+                                            struct bkey_s_c old, struct bkey_i *new)
+{
+       struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
+       struct btree *b;
+       struct bkey_buf tmp;
+       int ret;
+
+       bch2_bkey_buf_init(&tmp);
+       bch2_bkey_buf_reassemble(&tmp, c, old);
+
+       b = bch2_btree_node_get_noiter(trans, tmp.k, btree, level, true);
+       if (!IS_ERR_OR_NULL(b)) {
+               mutex_lock(&c->btree_cache.lock);
+
+               bch2_btree_node_hash_remove(&c->btree_cache, b);
+
+               bkey_copy(&b->key, new);
+               ret = __bch2_btree_node_hash_insert(&c->btree_cache, b);
+               BUG_ON(ret);
+
+               mutex_unlock(&c->btree_cache.lock);
+               six_unlock_read(&b->c.lock);
+       }
+
+       bch2_bkey_buf_exit(&tmp, c);
+}
+
 static int set_node_min(struct bch_fs *c, struct btree *b, struct bpos new_min)
 {
        struct bkey_i_btree_ptr_v2 *new;
        int ret;
 
-       new = kmalloc(BKEY_BTREE_PTR_U64s_MAX * sizeof(u64), GFP_KERNEL);
+       new = kmalloc_array(BKEY_BTREE_PTR_U64s_MAX, sizeof(u64), GFP_KERNEL);
        if (!new)
-               return -ENOMEM;
+               return -BCH_ERR_ENOMEM_gc_repair_key;
 
        btree_ptr_to_v2(b, new);
        b->data->min_key        = new_min;
        new->v.min_key          = new_min;
        SET_BTREE_PTR_RANGE_UPDATED(&new->v, true);
 
-       ret = bch2_journal_key_insert(c, b->c.btree_id, b->c.level + 1, &new->k_i);
+       ret = bch2_journal_key_insert_take(c, b->c.btree_id, b->c.level + 1, &new->k_i);
        if (ret) {
                kfree(new);
                return ret;
        }
 
        bch2_btree_node_drop_keys_outside_node(b);
-
+       bkey_copy(&b->key, &new->k_i);
        return 0;
 }
 
@@ -189,16 +241,16 @@ static int set_node_max(struct bch_fs *c, struct btree *b, struct bpos new_max)
        if (ret)
                return ret;
 
-       new = kmalloc(BKEY_BTREE_PTR_U64s_MAX * sizeof(u64), GFP_KERNEL);
+       new = kmalloc_array(BKEY_BTREE_PTR_U64s_MAX, sizeof(u64), GFP_KERNEL);
        if (!new)
-               return -ENOMEM;
+               return -BCH_ERR_ENOMEM_gc_repair_key;
 
        btree_ptr_to_v2(b, new);
        b->data->max_key        = new_max;
        new->k.p                = new_max;
        SET_BTREE_PTR_RANGE_UPDATED(&new->v, true);
 
-       ret = bch2_journal_key_insert(c, b->c.btree_id, b->c.level + 1, &new->k_i);
+       ret = bch2_journal_key_insert_take(c, b->c.btree_id, b->c.level + 1, &new->k_i);
        if (ret) {
                kfree(new);
                return ret;
@@ -222,95 +274,112 @@ static int btree_repair_node_boundaries(struct bch_fs *c, struct btree *b,
        struct bpos expected_start = !prev
                ? b->data->min_key
                : bpos_successor(prev->key.k.p);
-       char buf1[200], buf2[200];
+       struct printbuf buf1 = PRINTBUF, buf2 = PRINTBUF;
        int ret = 0;
 
        if (!prev) {
-               struct printbuf out = PBUF(buf1);
-               pr_buf(&out, "start of node: ");
-               bch2_bpos_to_text(&out, b->data->min_key);
+               prt_printf(&buf1, "start of node: ");
+               bch2_bpos_to_text(&buf1, b->data->min_key);
        } else {
-               bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&PBUF(buf1), c, bkey_i_to_s_c(&prev->key));
+               bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf1, c, bkey_i_to_s_c(&prev->key));
        }
 
-       bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&PBUF(buf2), c, bkey_i_to_s_c(&cur->key));
+       bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf2, c, bkey_i_to_s_c(&cur->key));
 
        if (prev &&
-           bpos_cmp(expected_start, cur->data->min_key) > 0 &&
+           bpos_gt(expected_start, cur->data->min_key) &&
            BTREE_NODE_SEQ(cur->data) > BTREE_NODE_SEQ(prev->data)) {
                /* cur overwrites prev: */
 
-               if (mustfix_fsck_err_on(bpos_cmp(prev->data->min_key,
-                                                cur->data->min_key) >= 0, c,
+               if (mustfix_fsck_err_on(bpos_ge(prev->data->min_key,
+                                               cur->data->min_key), c,
+                               btree_node_topology_overwritten_by_next_node,
                                "btree node overwritten by next node at btree %s level %u:\n"
                                "  node %s\n"
                                "  next %s",
-                               bch2_btree_ids[b->c.btree_id], b->c.level,
-                               buf1, buf2))
-                       return DROP_PREV_NODE;
+                               bch2_btree_id_str(b->c.btree_id), b->c.level,
+                               buf1.buf, buf2.buf)) {
+                       ret = DROP_PREV_NODE;
+                       goto out;
+               }
 
-               if (mustfix_fsck_err_on(bpos_cmp(prev->key.k.p,
+               if (mustfix_fsck_err_on(!bpos_eq(prev->key.k.p,
                                                 bpos_predecessor(cur->data->min_key)), c,
+                               btree_node_topology_bad_max_key,
                                "btree node with incorrect max_key at btree %s level %u:\n"
                                "  node %s\n"
                                "  next %s",
-                               bch2_btree_ids[b->c.btree_id], b->c.level,
-                               buf1, buf2))
+                               bch2_btree_id_str(b->c.btree_id), b->c.level,
+                               buf1.buf, buf2.buf))
                        ret = set_node_max(c, prev,
                                           bpos_predecessor(cur->data->min_key));
        } else {
                /* prev overwrites cur: */
 
-               if (mustfix_fsck_err_on(bpos_cmp(expected_start,
-                                                cur->data->max_key) >= 0, c,
+               if (mustfix_fsck_err_on(bpos_ge(expected_start,
+                                               cur->data->max_key), c,
+                               btree_node_topology_overwritten_by_prev_node,
                                "btree node overwritten by prev node at btree %s level %u:\n"
                                "  prev %s\n"
                                "  node %s",
-                               bch2_btree_ids[b->c.btree_id], b->c.level,
-                               buf1, buf2))
-                       return DROP_THIS_NODE;
+                               bch2_btree_id_str(b->c.btree_id), b->c.level,
+                               buf1.buf, buf2.buf)) {
+                       ret = DROP_THIS_NODE;
+                       goto out;
+               }
 
-               if (mustfix_fsck_err_on(bpos_cmp(expected_start, cur->data->min_key), c,
+               if (mustfix_fsck_err_on(!bpos_eq(expected_start, cur->data->min_key), c,
+                               btree_node_topology_bad_min_key,
                                "btree node with incorrect min_key at btree %s level %u:\n"
                                "  prev %s\n"
                                "  node %s",
-                               bch2_btree_ids[b->c.btree_id], b->c.level,
-                               buf1, buf2))
-                   ret = set_node_min(c, cur, expected_start);
+                               bch2_btree_id_str(b->c.btree_id), b->c.level,
+                               buf1.buf, buf2.buf))
+                       ret = set_node_min(c, cur, expected_start);
        }
+out:
 fsck_err:
+       printbuf_exit(&buf2);
+       printbuf_exit(&buf1);
        return ret;
 }
 
 static int btree_repair_node_end(struct bch_fs *c, struct btree *b,
                                 struct btree *child)
 {
-       char buf1[200], buf2[200];
+       struct printbuf buf1 = PRINTBUF, buf2 = PRINTBUF;
        int ret = 0;
 
-       if (mustfix_fsck_err_on(bpos_cmp(child->key.k.p, b->key.k.p), c,
+       bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf1, c, bkey_i_to_s_c(&child->key));
+       bch2_bpos_to_text(&buf2, b->key.k.p);
+
+       if (mustfix_fsck_err_on(!bpos_eq(child->key.k.p, b->key.k.p), c,
+                               btree_node_topology_bad_max_key,
                        "btree node with incorrect max_key at btree %s level %u:\n"
                        "  %s\n"
                        "  expected %s",
-                       bch2_btree_ids[b->c.btree_id], b->c.level,
-                       (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&PBUF(buf1), c, bkey_i_to_s_c(&child->key)), buf1),
-                       (bch2_bpos_to_text(&PBUF(buf2), b->key.k.p), buf2))) {
+                       bch2_btree_id_str(b->c.btree_id), b->c.level,
+                       buf1.buf, buf2.buf)) {
                ret = set_node_max(c, child, b->key.k.p);
                if (ret)
-                       return ret;
+                       goto err;
        }
+err:
 fsck_err:
+       printbuf_exit(&buf2);
+       printbuf_exit(&buf1);
        return ret;
 }
 
-static int bch2_btree_repair_topology_recurse(struct bch_fs *c, struct btree *b)
+static int bch2_btree_repair_topology_recurse(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree *b)
 {
+       struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
        struct btree_and_journal_iter iter;
        struct bkey_s_c k;
        struct bkey_buf prev_k, cur_k;
        struct btree *prev = NULL, *cur = NULL;
        bool have_child, dropped_children = false;
-       char buf[200];
+       struct printbuf buf = PRINTBUF;
        int ret = 0;
 
        if (!b->c.level)
@@ -323,44 +392,48 @@ again:
        bch2_btree_and_journal_iter_init_node_iter(&iter, c, b);
 
        while ((k = bch2_btree_and_journal_iter_peek(&iter)).k) {
-               BUG_ON(bpos_cmp(k.k->p, b->data->min_key) < 0);
-               BUG_ON(bpos_cmp(k.k->p, b->data->max_key) > 0);
+               BUG_ON(bpos_lt(k.k->p, b->data->min_key));
+               BUG_ON(bpos_gt(k.k->p, b->data->max_key));
 
                bch2_btree_and_journal_iter_advance(&iter);
                bch2_bkey_buf_reassemble(&cur_k, c, k);
 
-               cur = bch2_btree_node_get_noiter(c, cur_k.k,
+               cur = bch2_btree_node_get_noiter(trans, cur_k.k,
                                        b->c.btree_id, b->c.level - 1,
                                        false);
                ret = PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(cur);
 
+               printbuf_reset(&buf);
+               bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, bkey_i_to_s_c(cur_k.k));
+
                if (mustfix_fsck_err_on(ret == -EIO, c,
-                               "Unreadable btree node at btree %s level %u:\n"
+                               btree_node_unreadable,
+                               "Topology repair: unreadable btree node at btree %s level %u:\n"
                                "  %s",
-                               bch2_btree_ids[b->c.btree_id],
+                               bch2_btree_id_str(b->c.btree_id),
                                b->c.level - 1,
-                               (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&PBUF(buf), c, bkey_i_to_s_c(cur_k.k)), buf))) {
-                       bch2_btree_node_evict(c, cur_k.k);
+                               buf.buf)) {
+                       bch2_btree_node_evict(trans, cur_k.k);
                        ret = bch2_journal_key_delete(c, b->c.btree_id,
                                                      b->c.level, cur_k.k->k.p);
+                       cur = NULL;
                        if (ret)
                                break;
                        continue;
                }
 
-               if (ret) {
-                       bch_err(c, "%s: error %i getting btree node",
-                               __func__, ret);
+               bch_err_msg(c, ret, "getting btree node");
+               if (ret)
                        break;
-               }
 
                ret = btree_repair_node_boundaries(c, b, prev, cur);
 
                if (ret == DROP_THIS_NODE) {
                        six_unlock_read(&cur->c.lock);
-                       bch2_btree_node_evict(c, cur_k.k);
+                       bch2_btree_node_evict(trans, cur_k.k);
                        ret = bch2_journal_key_delete(c, b->c.btree_id,
                                                      b->c.level, cur_k.k->k.p);
+                       cur = NULL;
                        if (ret)
                                break;
                        continue;
@@ -371,7 +444,7 @@ again:
                prev = NULL;
 
                if (ret == DROP_PREV_NODE) {
-                       bch2_btree_node_evict(c, prev_k.k);
+                       bch2_btree_node_evict(trans, prev_k.k);
                        ret = bch2_journal_key_delete(c, b->c.btree_id,
                                                      b->c.level, prev_k.k->k.p);
                        if (ret)
@@ -411,23 +484,21 @@ again:
                bch2_bkey_buf_reassemble(&cur_k, c, k);
                bch2_btree_and_journal_iter_advance(&iter);
 
-               cur = bch2_btree_node_get_noiter(c, cur_k.k,
+               cur = bch2_btree_node_get_noiter(trans, cur_k.k,
                                        b->c.btree_id, b->c.level - 1,
                                        false);
                ret = PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(cur);
 
-               if (ret) {
-                       bch_err(c, "%s: error %i getting btree node",
-                               __func__, ret);
+               bch_err_msg(c, ret, "getting btree node");
+               if (ret)
                        goto err;
-               }
 
-               ret = bch2_btree_repair_topology_recurse(c, cur);
+               ret = bch2_btree_repair_topology_recurse(trans, cur);
                six_unlock_read(&cur->c.lock);
                cur = NULL;
 
                if (ret == DROP_THIS_NODE) {
-                       bch2_btree_node_evict(c, cur_k.k);
+                       bch2_btree_node_evict(trans, cur_k.k);
                        ret = bch2_journal_key_delete(c, b->c.btree_id,
                                                      b->c.level, cur_k.k->k.p);
                        dropped_children = true;
@@ -439,12 +510,15 @@ again:
                have_child = true;
        }
 
+       printbuf_reset(&buf);
+       bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, bkey_i_to_s_c(&b->key));
+
        if (mustfix_fsck_err_on(!have_child, c,
+                       btree_node_topology_interior_node_empty,
                        "empty interior btree node at btree %s level %u\n"
                        "  %s",
-                       bch2_btree_ids[b->c.btree_id],
-                       b->c.level,
-                       (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&PBUF(buf), c, bkey_i_to_s_c(&b->key)), buf)))
+                       bch2_btree_id_str(b->c.btree_id),
+                       b->c.level, buf.buf))
                ret = DROP_THIS_NODE;
 err:
 fsck_err:
@@ -460,144 +534,167 @@ fsck_err:
        if (!ret && dropped_children)
                goto again;
 
+       printbuf_exit(&buf);
        return ret;
 }
 
-static int bch2_repair_topology(struct bch_fs *c)
+int bch2_check_topology(struct bch_fs *c)
 {
+       struct btree_trans *trans = bch2_trans_get(c);
        struct btree *b;
        unsigned i;
        int ret = 0;
 
-       for (i = 0; i < BTREE_ID_NR && !ret; i++) {
-               b = c->btree_roots[i].b;
+       for (i = 0; i < btree_id_nr_alive(c) && !ret; i++) {
+               struct btree_root *r = bch2_btree_id_root(c, i);
+
+               if (!r->alive)
+                       continue;
+
+               b = r->b;
                if (btree_node_fake(b))
                        continue;
 
-               six_lock_read(&b->c.lock, NULL, NULL);
-               ret = bch2_btree_repair_topology_recurse(c, b);
+               btree_node_lock_nopath_nofail(trans, &b->c, SIX_LOCK_read);
+               ret = bch2_btree_repair_topology_recurse(trans, b);
                six_unlock_read(&b->c.lock);
 
                if (ret == DROP_THIS_NODE) {
                        bch_err(c, "empty btree root - repair unimplemented");
-                       ret = FSCK_ERR_EXIT;
+                       ret = -BCH_ERR_fsck_repair_unimplemented;
                }
        }
 
+       bch2_trans_put(trans);
+
        return ret;
 }
 
-static int bch2_check_fix_ptrs(struct bch_fs *c, enum btree_id btree_id,
+static int bch2_check_fix_ptrs(struct btree_trans *trans, enum btree_id btree_id,
                               unsigned level, bool is_root,
                               struct bkey_s_c *k)
 {
-       struct bkey_ptrs_c ptrs = bch2_bkey_ptrs_c(*k);
-       const union bch_extent_entry *entry;
+       struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
+       struct bkey_ptrs_c ptrs_c = bch2_bkey_ptrs_c(*k);
+       const union bch_extent_entry *entry_c;
        struct extent_ptr_decoded p = { 0 };
        bool do_update = false;
-       char buf[200];
+       struct printbuf buf = PRINTBUF;
        int ret = 0;
 
-       bkey_for_each_ptr_decode(k->k, ptrs, p, entry) {
+       /*
+        * XXX
+        * use check_bucket_ref here
+        */
+       bkey_for_each_ptr_decode(k->k, ptrs_c, p, entry_c) {
                struct bch_dev *ca = bch_dev_bkey_exists(c, p.ptr.dev);
-               struct bucket *g = PTR_BUCKET(ca, &p.ptr, true);
-               struct bucket *g2 = PTR_BUCKET(ca, &p.ptr, false);
-               enum bch_data_type data_type = bch2_bkey_ptr_data_type(*k, &entry->ptr);
-
-               if (fsck_err_on(!g->gen_valid, c,
-                               "bucket %u:%zu data type %s ptr gen %u missing in alloc btree\n"
-                               "while marking %s",
-                               p.ptr.dev, PTR_BUCKET_NR(ca, &p.ptr),
-                               bch2_data_types[ptr_data_type(k->k, &p.ptr)],
-                               p.ptr.gen,
-                               (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&PBUF(buf), c, *k), buf))) {
+               struct bucket *g = PTR_GC_BUCKET(ca, &p.ptr);
+               enum bch_data_type data_type = bch2_bkey_ptr_data_type(*k, &entry_c->ptr);
+
+               if (!g->gen_valid &&
+                   (c->opts.reconstruct_alloc ||
+                    fsck_err(c, ptr_to_missing_alloc_key,
+                             "bucket %u:%zu data type %s ptr gen %u missing in alloc btree\n"
+                             "while marking %s",
+                             p.ptr.dev, PTR_BUCKET_NR(ca, &p.ptr),
+                             bch2_data_type_str(ptr_data_type(k->k, &p.ptr)),
+                             p.ptr.gen,
+                             (printbuf_reset(&buf),
+                              bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, *k), buf.buf)))) {
                        if (!p.ptr.cached) {
-                               g2->_mark.gen   = g->_mark.gen          = p.ptr.gen;
-                               g2->gen_valid   = g->gen_valid          = true;
-                               set_bit(BCH_FS_NEED_ALLOC_WRITE, &c->flags);
+                               g->gen_valid            = true;
+                               g->gen                  = p.ptr.gen;
                        } else {
                                do_update = true;
                        }
                }
 
-               if (fsck_err_on(data_type == BCH_DATA_btree &&
-                               g->mark.gen != p.ptr.gen, c,
-                               "bucket %u:%zu data type %s has metadata but wrong gen: %u != %u\n"
-                               "while marking %s",
-                               p.ptr.dev, PTR_BUCKET_NR(ca, &p.ptr),
-                               bch2_data_types[ptr_data_type(k->k, &p.ptr)],
-                               p.ptr.gen, g->mark.gen,
-                               (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&PBUF(buf), c, *k), buf))) {
-                       g2->_mark.data_type     = g->_mark.data_type    = data_type;
-                       g2->gen_valid           = g->gen_valid          = true;
-                       set_bit(BCH_FS_NEED_ALLOC_WRITE, &c->flags);
-               }
-
-               if (fsck_err_on(gen_cmp(p.ptr.gen, g->mark.gen) > 0, c,
-                               "bucket %u:%zu data type %s ptr gen in the future: %u > %u\n"
-                               "while marking %s",
-                               p.ptr.dev, PTR_BUCKET_NR(ca, &p.ptr),
-                               bch2_data_types[ptr_data_type(k->k, &p.ptr)],
-                               p.ptr.gen, g->mark.gen,
-                               (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&PBUF(buf), c, *k), buf))) {
+               if (gen_cmp(p.ptr.gen, g->gen) > 0 &&
+                   (c->opts.reconstruct_alloc ||
+                    fsck_err(c, ptr_gen_newer_than_bucket_gen,
+                             "bucket %u:%zu data type %s ptr gen in the future: %u > %u\n"
+                             "while marking %s",
+                             p.ptr.dev, PTR_BUCKET_NR(ca, &p.ptr),
+                             bch2_data_type_str(ptr_data_type(k->k, &p.ptr)),
+                             p.ptr.gen, g->gen,
+                             (printbuf_reset(&buf),
+                              bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, *k), buf.buf)))) {
                        if (!p.ptr.cached) {
-                               g2->_mark.gen   = g->_mark.gen  = p.ptr.gen;
-                               g2->gen_valid   = g->gen_valid  = true;
-                               g2->_mark.data_type             = 0;
-                               g2->_mark.dirty_sectors         = 0;
-                               g2->_mark.cached_sectors        = 0;
-                               set_bit(BCH_FS_NEED_ANOTHER_GC, &c->flags);
-                               set_bit(BCH_FS_NEED_ALLOC_WRITE, &c->flags);
+                               g->gen_valid            = true;
+                               g->gen                  = p.ptr.gen;
+                               g->data_type            = 0;
+                               g->dirty_sectors        = 0;
+                               g->cached_sectors       = 0;
+                               set_bit(BCH_FS_need_another_gc, &c->flags);
                        } else {
                                do_update = true;
                        }
                }
 
-               if (fsck_err_on(!p.ptr.cached &&
-                               gen_cmp(p.ptr.gen, g->mark.gen) < 0, c,
-                               "bucket %u:%zu data type %s stale dirty ptr: %u < %u\n"
-                               "while marking %s",
-                               p.ptr.dev, PTR_BUCKET_NR(ca, &p.ptr),
-                               bch2_data_types[ptr_data_type(k->k, &p.ptr)],
-                               p.ptr.gen, g->mark.gen,
-                               (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&PBUF(buf), c, *k), buf)))
+               if (gen_cmp(g->gen, p.ptr.gen) > BUCKET_GC_GEN_MAX &&
+                   (c->opts.reconstruct_alloc ||
+                    fsck_err(c, ptr_gen_newer_than_bucket_gen,
+                             "bucket %u:%zu gen %u data type %s: ptr gen %u too stale\n"
+                             "while marking %s",
+                             p.ptr.dev, PTR_BUCKET_NR(ca, &p.ptr), g->gen,
+                             bch2_data_type_str(ptr_data_type(k->k, &p.ptr)),
+                             p.ptr.gen,
+                             (printbuf_reset(&buf),
+                              bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, *k), buf.buf))))
                        do_update = true;
 
-               if (p.ptr.gen != g->mark.gen)
+               if (!p.ptr.cached && gen_cmp(p.ptr.gen, g->gen) < 0 &&
+                   (c->opts.reconstruct_alloc ||
+                    fsck_err(c, stale_dirty_ptr,
+                             "bucket %u:%zu data type %s stale dirty ptr: %u < %u\n"
+                             "while marking %s",
+                             p.ptr.dev, PTR_BUCKET_NR(ca, &p.ptr),
+                             bch2_data_type_str(ptr_data_type(k->k, &p.ptr)),
+                             p.ptr.gen, g->gen,
+                             (printbuf_reset(&buf),
+                              bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, *k), buf.buf))))
+                       do_update = true;
+
+               if (data_type != BCH_DATA_btree && p.ptr.gen != g->gen)
                        continue;
 
-               if (fsck_err_on(g->mark.data_type &&
-                               g->mark.data_type != data_type, c,
+               if (fsck_err_on(bucket_data_type(g->data_type) &&
+                               bucket_data_type(g->data_type) != data_type, c,
+                               ptr_bucket_data_type_mismatch,
                                "bucket %u:%zu different types of data in same bucket: %s, %s\n"
                                "while marking %s",
                                p.ptr.dev, PTR_BUCKET_NR(ca, &p.ptr),
-                               bch2_data_types[g->mark.data_type],
-                               bch2_data_types[data_type],
-                               (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&PBUF(buf), c, *k), buf))) {
+                               bch2_data_type_str(g->data_type),
+                               bch2_data_type_str(data_type),
+                               (printbuf_reset(&buf),
+                                bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, *k), buf.buf))) {
                        if (data_type == BCH_DATA_btree) {
-                               g2->_mark.data_type     = g->_mark.data_type    = data_type;
-                               g2->gen_valid           = g->gen_valid          = true;
-                               set_bit(BCH_FS_NEED_ALLOC_WRITE, &c->flags);
+                               g->data_type    = data_type;
+                               set_bit(BCH_FS_need_another_gc, &c->flags);
                        } else {
                                do_update = true;
                        }
                }
 
                if (p.has_ec) {
-                       struct stripe *m = genradix_ptr(&c->stripes[true], p.ec.idx);
+                       struct gc_stripe *m = genradix_ptr(&c->gc_stripes, p.ec.idx);
 
                        if (fsck_err_on(!m || !m->alive, c,
+                                       ptr_to_missing_stripe,
                                        "pointer to nonexistent stripe %llu\n"
                                        "while marking %s",
                                        (u64) p.ec.idx,
-                                       (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&PBUF(buf), c, *k), buf)))
+                                       (printbuf_reset(&buf),
+                                        bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, *k), buf.buf)))
                                do_update = true;
 
-                       if (fsck_err_on(!bch2_ptr_matches_stripe_m(m, p), c,
+                       if (fsck_err_on(m && m->alive && !bch2_ptr_matches_stripe_m(m, p), c,
+                                       ptr_to_incorrect_stripe,
                                        "pointer does not match stripe %llu\n"
                                        "while marking %s",
                                        (u64) p.ec.idx,
-                                       (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&PBUF(buf), c, *k), buf)))
+                                       (printbuf_reset(&buf),
+                                        bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, *k), buf.buf)))
                                do_update = true;
                }
        }
@@ -610,13 +707,15 @@ static int bch2_check_fix_ptrs(struct bch_fs *c, enum btree_id btree_id,
 
                if (is_root) {
                        bch_err(c, "cannot update btree roots yet");
-                       return -EINVAL;
+                       ret = -EINVAL;
+                       goto err;
                }
 
                new = kmalloc(bkey_bytes(k->k), GFP_KERNEL);
                if (!new) {
-                       bch_err(c, "%s: error allocating new key", __func__);
-                       return -ENOMEM;
+                       ret = -BCH_ERR_ENOMEM_gc_repair_key;
+                       bch_err_msg(c, ret, "allocating new key");
+                       goto err;
                }
 
                bkey_reassemble(new, *k);
@@ -630,28 +729,29 @@ static int bch2_check_fix_ptrs(struct bch_fs *c, enum btree_id btree_id,
                        ptrs = bch2_bkey_ptrs(bkey_i_to_s(new));
                        bkey_for_each_ptr(ptrs, ptr) {
                                struct bch_dev *ca = bch_dev_bkey_exists(c, ptr->dev);
-                               struct bucket *g = PTR_BUCKET(ca, ptr, true);
+                               struct bucket *g = PTR_GC_BUCKET(ca, ptr);
 
-                               ptr->gen = g->mark.gen;
+                               ptr->gen = g->gen;
                        }
                } else {
                        bch2_bkey_drop_ptrs(bkey_i_to_s(new), ptr, ({
                                struct bch_dev *ca = bch_dev_bkey_exists(c, ptr->dev);
-                               struct bucket *g = PTR_BUCKET(ca, ptr, true);
+                               struct bucket *g = PTR_GC_BUCKET(ca, ptr);
                                enum bch_data_type data_type = bch2_bkey_ptr_data_type(*k, ptr);
 
                                (ptr->cached &&
-                                (!g->gen_valid || gen_cmp(ptr->gen, g->mark.gen) > 0)) ||
+                                (!g->gen_valid || gen_cmp(ptr->gen, g->gen) > 0)) ||
                                (!ptr->cached &&
-                                gen_cmp(ptr->gen, g->mark.gen) < 0) ||
-                               (g->mark.data_type &&
-                                g->mark.data_type != data_type);
+                                gen_cmp(ptr->gen, g->gen) < 0) ||
+                               gen_cmp(g->gen, ptr->gen) > BUCKET_GC_GEN_MAX ||
+                               (g->data_type &&
+                                g->data_type != data_type);
                        }));
 again:
                        ptrs = bch2_bkey_ptrs(bkey_i_to_s(new));
                        bkey_extent_entry_for_each(ptrs, entry) {
                                if (extent_entry_type(entry) == BCH_EXTENT_ENTRY_stripe_ptr) {
-                                       struct stripe *m = genradix_ptr(&c->stripes[true],
+                                       struct gc_stripe *m = genradix_ptr(&c->gc_stripes,
                                                                        entry->stripe_ptr.idx);
                                        union bch_extent_entry *next_ptr;
 
@@ -676,87 +776,80 @@ found:
                        }
                }
 
-               ret = bch2_journal_key_insert(c, btree_id, level, new);
-               if (ret)
+               ret = bch2_journal_key_insert_take(c, btree_id, level, new);
+               if (ret) {
                        kfree(new);
-               else
-                       *k = bkey_i_to_s_c(new);
+                       goto err;
+               }
+
+               if (level)
+                       bch2_btree_node_update_key_early(trans, btree_id, level - 1, *k, new);
+
+               if (0) {
+                       printbuf_reset(&buf);
+                       bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, *k);
+                       bch_info(c, "updated %s", buf.buf);
+
+                       printbuf_reset(&buf);
+                       bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, bkey_i_to_s_c(new));
+                       bch_info(c, "new key %s", buf.buf);
+               }
+
+               *k = bkey_i_to_s_c(new);
        }
+err:
 fsck_err:
+       printbuf_exit(&buf);
        return ret;
 }
 
 /* marking of btree keys/nodes: */
 
-static int bch2_gc_mark_key(struct bch_fs *c, enum btree_id btree_id,
+static int bch2_gc_mark_key(struct btree_trans *trans, enum btree_id btree_id,
                            unsigned level, bool is_root,
                            struct bkey_s_c *k,
-                           u8 *max_stale, bool initial)
+                           bool initial)
 {
-       struct bkey_ptrs_c ptrs;
-       const struct bch_extent_ptr *ptr;
-       unsigned flags =
-               BTREE_TRIGGER_INSERT|
-               BTREE_TRIGGER_GC|
-               (initial ? BTREE_TRIGGER_NOATOMIC : 0);
+       struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
+       struct bkey deleted = KEY(0, 0, 0);
+       struct bkey_s_c old = (struct bkey_s_c) { &deleted, NULL };
        int ret = 0;
 
+       deleted.p = k->k->p;
+
        if (initial) {
                BUG_ON(bch2_journal_seq_verify &&
-                      k->k->version.lo > journal_cur_seq(&c->journal));
+                      k->k->version.lo > atomic64_read(&c->journal.seq));
 
-               ret = bch2_check_fix_ptrs(c, btree_id, level, is_root, k);
+               ret = bch2_check_fix_ptrs(trans, btree_id, level, is_root, k);
                if (ret)
                        goto err;
 
                if (fsck_err_on(k->k->version.lo > atomic64_read(&c->key_version), c,
+                               bkey_version_in_future,
                                "key version number higher than recorded: %llu > %llu",
                                k->k->version.lo,
                                atomic64_read(&c->key_version)))
                        atomic64_set(&c->key_version, k->k->version.lo);
-
-               if (test_bit(BCH_FS_REBUILD_REPLICAS, &c->flags) ||
-                   fsck_err_on(!bch2_bkey_replicas_marked(c, *k), c,
-                               "superblock not marked as containing replicas (type %u)",
-                               k->k->type)) {
-                       ret = bch2_mark_bkey_replicas(c, *k);
-                       if (ret) {
-                               bch_err(c, "error marking bkey replicas: %i", ret);
-                               goto err;
-                       }
-               }
        }
 
-       ptrs = bch2_bkey_ptrs_c(*k);
-       bkey_for_each_ptr(ptrs, ptr) {
-               struct bch_dev *ca = bch_dev_bkey_exists(c, ptr->dev);
-               struct bucket *g = PTR_BUCKET(ca, ptr, true);
-
-               if (gen_after(g->oldest_gen, ptr->gen))
-                       g->oldest_gen = ptr->gen;
-
-               *max_stale = max(*max_stale, ptr_stale(ca, ptr));
-       }
-
-       ret = bch2_mark_key(c, *k, flags);
+       ret = commit_do(trans, NULL, NULL, 0,
+                       bch2_key_trigger(trans, btree_id, level, old, unsafe_bkey_s_c_to_s(*k), BTREE_TRIGGER_GC));
 fsck_err:
 err:
-       if (ret)
-               bch_err(c, "%s: ret %i", __func__, ret);
+       bch_err_fn(c, ret);
        return ret;
 }
 
-static int btree_gc_mark_node(struct bch_fs *c, struct btree *b, u8 *max_stale,
-                             bool initial)
+static int btree_gc_mark_node(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree *b, bool initial)
 {
+       struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
        struct btree_node_iter iter;
        struct bkey unpacked;
        struct bkey_s_c k;
        struct bkey_buf prev, cur;
        int ret = 0;
 
-       *max_stale = 0;
-
        if (!btree_node_type_needs_gc(btree_node_type(b)))
                return 0;
 
@@ -766,8 +859,8 @@ static int btree_gc_mark_node(struct bch_fs *c, struct btree *b, u8 *max_stale,
        bkey_init(&prev.k->k);
 
        while ((k = bch2_btree_node_iter_peek_unpack(&iter, b, &unpacked)).k) {
-               ret = bch2_gc_mark_key(c, b->c.btree_id, b->c.level, false,
-                                      &k, max_stale, initial);
+               ret = bch2_gc_mark_key(trans, b->c.btree_id, b->c.level, false,
+                                      &k, initial);
                if (ret)
                        break;
 
@@ -788,58 +881,39 @@ static int btree_gc_mark_node(struct bch_fs *c, struct btree *b, u8 *max_stale,
        return ret;
 }
 
-static int bch2_gc_btree(struct bch_fs *c, enum btree_id btree_id,
+static int bch2_gc_btree(struct btree_trans *trans, enum btree_id btree_id,
                         bool initial, bool metadata_only)
 {
-       struct btree_trans trans;
+       struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
        struct btree_iter iter;
        struct btree *b;
-       unsigned depth = metadata_only                  ? 1
-               : bch2_expensive_debug_checks           ? 0
-               : !btree_node_type_needs_gc(btree_id)   ? 1
-               : 0;
-       u8 max_stale = 0;
+       unsigned depth = metadata_only ? 1 : 0;
        int ret = 0;
 
-       bch2_trans_init(&trans, c, 0, 0);
-
        gc_pos_set(c, gc_pos_btree(btree_id, POS_MIN, 0));
 
-       __for_each_btree_node(&trans, iter, btree_id, POS_MIN,
+       __for_each_btree_node(trans, iter, btree_id, POS_MIN,
                              0, depth, BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH, b, ret) {
                bch2_verify_btree_nr_keys(b);
 
                gc_pos_set(c, gc_pos_btree_node(b));
 
-               ret = btree_gc_mark_node(c, b, &max_stale, initial);
+               ret = btree_gc_mark_node(trans, b, initial);
                if (ret)
                        break;
-
-               if (!initial) {
-                       if (max_stale > 64)
-                               bch2_btree_node_rewrite(&trans, &iter, b,
-                                               BTREE_INSERT_NOWAIT|
-                                               BTREE_INSERT_GC_LOCK_HELD);
-                       else if (!bch2_btree_gc_rewrite_disabled &&
-                                (bch2_btree_gc_always_rewrite || max_stale > 16))
-                               bch2_btree_node_rewrite(&trans, &iter,
-                                               b, BTREE_INSERT_NOWAIT|
-                                               BTREE_INSERT_GC_LOCK_HELD);
-               }
        }
-       bch2_trans_iter_exit(&trans, &iter);
+       bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, &iter);
 
-       bch2_trans_exit(&trans);
        if (ret)
                return ret;
 
        mutex_lock(&c->btree_root_lock);
-       b = c->btree_roots[btree_id].b;
+       b = bch2_btree_id_root(c, btree_id)->b;
        if (!btree_node_fake(b)) {
                struct bkey_s_c k = bkey_i_to_s_c(&b->key);
 
-               ret = bch2_gc_mark_key(c, b->c.btree_id, b->c.level, true,
-                                      &k, &max_stale, initial);
+               ret = bch2_gc_mark_key(trans, b->c.btree_id, b->c.level + 1,
+                                      true, &k, initial);
        }
        gc_pos_set(c, gc_pos_btree_root(b->c.btree_id));
        mutex_unlock(&c->btree_root_lock);
@@ -847,14 +921,14 @@ static int bch2_gc_btree(struct bch_fs *c, enum btree_id btree_id,
        return ret;
 }
 
-static int bch2_gc_btree_init_recurse(struct bch_fs *c, struct btree *b,
+static int bch2_gc_btree_init_recurse(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree *b,
                                      unsigned target_depth)
 {
+       struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
        struct btree_and_journal_iter iter;
        struct bkey_s_c k;
        struct bkey_buf cur, prev;
-       u8 max_stale = 0;
-       char buf[200];
+       struct printbuf buf = PRINTBUF;
        int ret = 0;
 
        bch2_btree_and_journal_iter_init_node_iter(&iter, c, b);
@@ -863,15 +937,13 @@ static int bch2_gc_btree_init_recurse(struct bch_fs *c, struct btree *b,
        bkey_init(&prev.k->k);
 
        while ((k = bch2_btree_and_journal_iter_peek(&iter)).k) {
-               BUG_ON(bpos_cmp(k.k->p, b->data->min_key) < 0);
-               BUG_ON(bpos_cmp(k.k->p, b->data->max_key) > 0);
+               BUG_ON(bpos_lt(k.k->p, b->data->min_key));
+               BUG_ON(bpos_gt(k.k->p, b->data->max_key));
 
-               ret = bch2_gc_mark_key(c, b->c.btree_id, b->c.level, false,
-                                      &k, &max_stale, true);
-               if (ret) {
-                       bch_err(c, "%s: error %i from bch2_gc_mark_key", __func__, ret);
+               ret = bch2_gc_mark_key(trans, b->c.btree_id, b->c.level,
+                                      false, &k, true);
+               if (ret)
                        goto fsck_err;
-               }
 
                if (b->c.level) {
                        bch2_bkey_buf_reassemble(&cur, c, k);
@@ -899,7 +971,7 @@ static int bch2_gc_btree_init_recurse(struct bch_fs *c, struct btree *b,
                        bch2_bkey_buf_reassemble(&cur, c, k);
                        bch2_btree_and_journal_iter_advance(&iter);
 
-                       child = bch2_btree_node_get_noiter(c, cur.k,
+                       child = bch2_btree_node_get_noiter(trans, cur.k,
                                                b->c.btree_id, b->c.level - 1,
                                                false);
                        ret = PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(child);
@@ -911,29 +983,30 @@ static int bch2_gc_btree_init_recurse(struct bch_fs *c, struct btree *b,
                                          FSCK_CAN_FIX|
                                          FSCK_CAN_IGNORE|
                                          FSCK_NO_RATELIMIT,
+                                         btree_node_read_error,
                                          "Unreadable btree node at btree %s level %u:\n"
                                          "  %s",
-                                         bch2_btree_ids[b->c.btree_id],
+                                         bch2_btree_id_str(b->c.btree_id),
                                          b->c.level - 1,
-                                         (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&PBUF(buf), c, bkey_i_to_s_c(cur.k)), buf)) &&
-                                   !test_bit(BCH_FS_TOPOLOGY_REPAIR_DONE, &c->flags)) {
-                                       ret = FSCK_ERR_START_TOPOLOGY_REPAIR;
+                                         (printbuf_reset(&buf),
+                                          bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, bkey_i_to_s_c(cur.k)), buf.buf)) &&
+                                   should_restart_for_topology_repair(c)) {
                                        bch_info(c, "Halting mark and sweep to start topology repair pass");
+                                       ret = bch2_run_explicit_recovery_pass(c, BCH_RECOVERY_PASS_check_topology);
                                        goto fsck_err;
                                } else {
                                        /* Continue marking when opted to not
                                         * fix the error: */
                                        ret = 0;
-                                       set_bit(BCH_FS_INITIAL_GC_UNFIXED, &c->flags);
+                                       set_bit(BCH_FS_initial_gc_unfixed, &c->flags);
                                        continue;
                                }
                        } else if (ret) {
-                               bch_err(c, "%s: error %i getting btree node",
-                                       __func__, ret);
+                               bch_err_msg(c, ret, "getting btree node");
                                break;
                        }
 
-                       ret = bch2_gc_btree_init_recurse(c, child,
+                       ret = bch2_gc_btree_init_recurse(trans, child,
                                                         target_depth);
                        six_unlock_read(&child->c.lock);
 
@@ -945,58 +1018,60 @@ fsck_err:
        bch2_bkey_buf_exit(&cur, c);
        bch2_bkey_buf_exit(&prev, c);
        bch2_btree_and_journal_iter_exit(&iter);
+       printbuf_exit(&buf);
        return ret;
 }
 
-static int bch2_gc_btree_init(struct bch_fs *c,
+static int bch2_gc_btree_init(struct btree_trans *trans,
                              enum btree_id btree_id,
                              bool metadata_only)
 {
+       struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
        struct btree *b;
-       unsigned target_depth = metadata_only           ? 1
-               : bch2_expensive_debug_checks           ? 0
-               : !btree_node_type_needs_gc(btree_id)   ? 1
-               : 0;
-       u8 max_stale = 0;
-       char buf[100];
+       unsigned target_depth = metadata_only ? 1 : 0;
+       struct printbuf buf = PRINTBUF;
        int ret = 0;
 
-       b = c->btree_roots[btree_id].b;
+       b = bch2_btree_id_root(c, btree_id)->b;
 
        if (btree_node_fake(b))
                return 0;
 
        six_lock_read(&b->c.lock, NULL, NULL);
-       if (mustfix_fsck_err_on(bpos_cmp(b->data->min_key, POS_MIN), c,
-                       "btree root with incorrect min_key: %s",
-                       (bch2_bpos_to_text(&PBUF(buf), b->data->min_key), buf))) {
+       printbuf_reset(&buf);
+       bch2_bpos_to_text(&buf, b->data->min_key);
+       if (mustfix_fsck_err_on(!bpos_eq(b->data->min_key, POS_MIN), c,
+                               btree_root_bad_min_key,
+                       "btree root with incorrect min_key: %s", buf.buf)) {
                bch_err(c, "repair unimplemented");
-               ret = FSCK_ERR_EXIT;
+               ret = -BCH_ERR_fsck_repair_unimplemented;
                goto fsck_err;
        }
 
-       if (mustfix_fsck_err_on(bpos_cmp(b->data->max_key, SPOS_MAX), c,
-                       "btree root with incorrect max_key: %s",
-                       (bch2_bpos_to_text(&PBUF(buf), b->data->max_key), buf))) {
+       printbuf_reset(&buf);
+       bch2_bpos_to_text(&buf, b->data->max_key);
+       if (mustfix_fsck_err_on(!bpos_eq(b->data->max_key, SPOS_MAX), c,
+                               btree_root_bad_max_key,
+                       "btree root with incorrect max_key: %s", buf.buf)) {
                bch_err(c, "repair unimplemented");
-               ret = FSCK_ERR_EXIT;
+               ret = -BCH_ERR_fsck_repair_unimplemented;
                goto fsck_err;
        }
 
        if (b->c.level >= target_depth)
-               ret = bch2_gc_btree_init_recurse(c, b, target_depth);
+               ret = bch2_gc_btree_init_recurse(trans, b, target_depth);
 
        if (!ret) {
                struct bkey_s_c k = bkey_i_to_s_c(&b->key);
 
-               ret = bch2_gc_mark_key(c, b->c.btree_id, b->c.level, true,
-                                      &k, &max_stale, true);
+               ret = bch2_gc_mark_key(trans, b->c.btree_id, b->c.level + 1, true,
+                                      &k, true);
        }
 fsck_err:
        six_unlock_read(&b->c.lock);
 
-       if (ret < 0)
-               bch_err(c, "%s: ret %i", __func__, ret);
+       bch_err_fn(c, ret);
+       printbuf_exit(&buf);
        return ret;
 }
 
@@ -1008,6 +1083,7 @@ static inline int btree_id_gc_phase_cmp(enum btree_id l, enum btree_id r)
 
 static int bch2_gc_btrees(struct bch_fs *c, bool initial, bool metadata_only)
 {
+       struct btree_trans *trans = bch2_trans_get(c);
        enum btree_id ids[BTREE_ID_NR];
        unsigned i;
        int ret = 0;
@@ -1018,11 +1094,20 @@ static int bch2_gc_btrees(struct bch_fs *c, bool initial, bool metadata_only)
 
        for (i = 0; i < BTREE_ID_NR && !ret; i++)
                ret = initial
-                       ? bch2_gc_btree_init(c, ids[i], metadata_only)
-                       : bch2_gc_btree(c, ids[i], initial, metadata_only);
+                       ? bch2_gc_btree_init(trans, ids[i], metadata_only)
+                       : bch2_gc_btree(trans, ids[i], initial, metadata_only);
+
+       for (i = BTREE_ID_NR; i < btree_id_nr_alive(c) && !ret; i++) {
+               if (!bch2_btree_id_root(c, i)->alive)
+                       continue;
+
+               ret = initial
+                       ? bch2_gc_btree_init(trans, i, metadata_only)
+                       : bch2_gc_btree(trans, i, initial, metadata_only);
+       }
 
-       if (ret < 0)
-               bch_err(c, "%s: ret %i", __func__, ret);
+       bch2_trans_put(trans);
+       bch_err_fn(c, ret);
        return ret;
 }
 
@@ -1044,23 +1129,13 @@ static void mark_metadata_sectors(struct bch_fs *c, struct bch_dev *ca,
        } while (start < end);
 }
 
-void bch2_mark_dev_superblock(struct bch_fs *c, struct bch_dev *ca,
-                             unsigned flags)
+static void bch2_mark_dev_superblock(struct bch_fs *c, struct bch_dev *ca,
+                                    unsigned flags)
 {
        struct bch_sb_layout *layout = &ca->disk_sb.sb->layout;
        unsigned i;
        u64 b;
 
-       /*
-        * This conditional is kind of gross, but we may be called from the
-        * device add path, before the new device has actually been added to the
-        * running filesystem:
-        */
-       if (c) {
-               lockdep_assert_held(&c->sb_lock);
-               percpu_down_read(&c->mark_lock);
-       }
-
        for (i = 0; i < layout->nr_superblocks; i++) {
                u64 offset = le64_to_cpu(layout->sb_offset[i]);
 
@@ -1079,20 +1154,14 @@ void bch2_mark_dev_superblock(struct bch_fs *c, struct bch_dev *ca,
                                          ca->mi.bucket_size,
                                          gc_phase(GC_PHASE_SB), flags);
        }
-
-       if (c)
-               percpu_up_read(&c->mark_lock);
 }
 
 static void bch2_mark_superblocks(struct bch_fs *c)
 {
-       struct bch_dev *ca;
-       unsigned i;
-
        mutex_lock(&c->sb_lock);
        gc_pos_set(c, gc_phase(GC_PHASE_SB));
 
-       for_each_online_member(ca, c, i)
+       for_each_online_member(c, ca)
                bch2_mark_dev_superblock(c, ca, BTREE_TRIGGER_GC);
        mutex_unlock(&c->sb_lock);
 }
@@ -1109,8 +1178,7 @@ static void bch2_mark_pending_btree_node_frees(struct bch_fs *c)
 
        for_each_pending_btree_node_free(c, as, d)
                if (d->index_update_done)
-                       bch2_mark_key(c, bkey_i_to_s_c(&d->key),
-                                     BTREE_TRIGGER_INSERT|BTREE_TRIGGER_GC);
+                       bch2_mark_key(c, bkey_i_to_s_c(&d->key), BTREE_TRIGGER_GC);
 
        mutex_unlock(&c->btree_interior_update_lock);
 }
@@ -1118,16 +1186,14 @@ static void bch2_mark_pending_btree_node_frees(struct bch_fs *c)
 
 static void bch2_gc_free(struct bch_fs *c)
 {
-       struct bch_dev *ca;
-       unsigned i;
-
-       genradix_free(&c->stripes[1]);
+       genradix_free(&c->reflink_gc_table);
+       genradix_free(&c->gc_stripes);
 
-       for_each_member_device(ca, c, i) {
-               kvpfree(rcu_dereference_protected(ca->buckets[1], 1),
+       for_each_member_device(c, ca) {
+               kvpfree(rcu_dereference_protected(ca->buckets_gc, 1),
                        sizeof(struct bucket_array) +
                        ca->mi.nbuckets * sizeof(struct bucket));
-               ca->buckets[1] = NULL;
+               ca->buckets_gc = NULL;
 
                free_percpu(ca->usage_gc);
                ca->usage_gc = NULL;
@@ -1141,249 +1207,369 @@ static int bch2_gc_done(struct bch_fs *c,
                        bool initial, bool metadata_only)
 {
        struct bch_dev *ca = NULL;
-       bool verify = !metadata_only && (!initial ||
-                      (c->sb.compat & (1ULL << BCH_COMPAT_alloc_info)));
-       unsigned i, dev;
+       struct printbuf buf = PRINTBUF;
+       bool verify = !metadata_only &&
+               !c->opts.reconstruct_alloc &&
+               (!initial || (c->sb.compat & (1ULL << BCH_COMPAT_alloc_info)));
+       unsigned i;
        int ret = 0;
 
-#define copy_field(_f, _msg, ...)                                      \
-       if (dst->_f != src->_f) {                                       \
-               if (verify)                                             \
-                       fsck_err(c, _msg ": got %llu, should be %llu"   \
-                               , ##__VA_ARGS__, dst->_f, src->_f);     \
-               dst->_f = src->_f;                                      \
-               set_bit(BCH_FS_NEED_ALLOC_WRITE, &c->flags);            \
-       }
-#define copy_stripe_field(_f, _msg, ...)                               \
-       if (dst->_f != src->_f) {                                       \
-               if (verify)                                             \
-                       fsck_err(c, "stripe %zu has wrong "_msg         \
-                               ": got %u, should be %u",               \
-                               iter.pos, ##__VA_ARGS__,                \
-                               dst->_f, src->_f);                      \
-               dst->_f = src->_f;                                      \
-               set_bit(BCH_FS_NEED_ALLOC_WRITE, &c->flags);            \
-       }
-#define copy_bucket_field(_f)                                          \
-       if (dst->b[b].mark._f != src->b[b].mark._f) {                   \
-               if (verify)                                             \
-                       fsck_err(c, "bucket %u:%zu gen %u data type %s has wrong " #_f  \
-                               ": got %u, should be %u", dev, b,       \
-                               dst->b[b].mark.gen,                     \
-                               bch2_data_types[dst->b[b].mark.data_type],\
-                               dst->b[b].mark._f, src->b[b].mark._f);  \
-               dst->b[b]._mark._f = src->b[b].mark._f;                 \
-               set_bit(BCH_FS_NEED_ALLOC_WRITE, &c->flags);            \
-       }
-#define copy_dev_field(_f, _msg, ...)                                  \
-       copy_field(_f, "dev %u has wrong " _msg, dev, ##__VA_ARGS__)
-#define copy_fs_field(_f, _msg, ...)                                   \
-       copy_field(_f, "fs has wrong " _msg, ##__VA_ARGS__)
-
-       if (!metadata_only) {
-               struct genradix_iter iter = genradix_iter_init(&c->stripes[1], 0);
-               struct stripe *dst, *src;
-
-               while ((src = genradix_iter_peek(&iter, &c->stripes[1]))) {
-                       dst = genradix_ptr_alloc(&c->stripes[0], iter.pos, GFP_KERNEL);
-
-                       if (dst->alive          != src->alive ||
-                           dst->sectors        != src->sectors ||
-                           dst->algorithm      != src->algorithm ||
-                           dst->nr_blocks      != src->nr_blocks ||
-                           dst->nr_redundant   != src->nr_redundant) {
-                               bch_err(c, "unexpected stripe inconsistency at bch2_gc_done, confused");
-                               ret = -EINVAL;
-                               goto fsck_err;
-                       }
-
-                       for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(dst->block_sectors); i++)
-                               copy_stripe_field(block_sectors[i],
-                                                 "block_sectors[%u]", i);
-
-                       dst->blocks_nonempty = 0;
-                       for (i = 0; i < dst->nr_blocks; i++)
-                               dst->blocks_nonempty += dst->block_sectors[i] != 0;
+       percpu_down_write(&c->mark_lock);
 
-                       genradix_iter_advance(&iter, &c->stripes[1]);
-               }
-       }
+#define copy_field(_err, _f, _msg, ...)                                        \
+       if (dst->_f != src->_f &&                                       \
+           (!verify ||                                                 \
+            fsck_err(c, _err, _msg ": got %llu, should be %llu"        \
+                     , ##__VA_ARGS__, dst->_f, src->_f)))              \
+               dst->_f = src->_f
+#define copy_dev_field(_err, _f, _msg, ...)                            \
+       copy_field(_err, _f, "dev %u has wrong " _msg, ca->dev_idx, ##__VA_ARGS__)
+#define copy_fs_field(_err, _f, _msg, ...)                             \
+       copy_field(_err, _f, "fs has wrong " _msg, ##__VA_ARGS__)
 
        for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(c->usage); i++)
                bch2_fs_usage_acc_to_base(c, i);
 
-       for_each_member_device(ca, c, dev) {
-               struct bucket_array *dst = __bucket_array(ca, 0);
-               struct bucket_array *src = __bucket_array(ca, 1);
-               size_t b;
-
-               for (b = 0; b < src->nbuckets; b++) {
-                       copy_bucket_field(gen);
-                       copy_bucket_field(data_type);
-                       copy_bucket_field(stripe);
-                       copy_bucket_field(dirty_sectors);
-                       copy_bucket_field(cached_sectors);
-
-                       dst->b[b].oldest_gen = src->b[b].oldest_gen;
-               }
-
-               {
-                       struct bch_dev_usage *dst = ca->usage_base;
-                       struct bch_dev_usage *src = (void *)
-                               bch2_acc_percpu_u64s((void *) ca->usage_gc,
-                                                    dev_usage_u64s());
-
-                       copy_dev_field(buckets_ec,              "buckets_ec");
-                       copy_dev_field(buckets_unavailable,     "buckets_unavailable");
-
-                       for (i = 0; i < BCH_DATA_NR; i++) {
-                               copy_dev_field(d[i].buckets,    "%s buckets", bch2_data_types[i]);
-                               copy_dev_field(d[i].sectors,    "%s sectors", bch2_data_types[i]);
-                               copy_dev_field(d[i].fragmented, "%s fragmented", bch2_data_types[i]);
-                       }
+       __for_each_member_device(c, ca) {
+               struct bch_dev_usage *dst = ca->usage_base;
+               struct bch_dev_usage *src = (void *)
+                       bch2_acc_percpu_u64s((u64 __percpu *) ca->usage_gc,
+                                            dev_usage_u64s());
+
+               for (i = 0; i < BCH_DATA_NR; i++) {
+                       copy_dev_field(dev_usage_buckets_wrong,
+                                      d[i].buckets,    "%s buckets", bch2_data_type_str(i));
+                       copy_dev_field(dev_usage_sectors_wrong,
+                                      d[i].sectors,    "%s sectors", bch2_data_type_str(i));
+                       copy_dev_field(dev_usage_fragmented_wrong,
+                                      d[i].fragmented, "%s fragmented", bch2_data_type_str(i));
                }
-       };
+       }
 
        {
                unsigned nr = fs_usage_u64s(c);
                struct bch_fs_usage *dst = c->usage_base;
                struct bch_fs_usage *src = (void *)
-                       bch2_acc_percpu_u64s((void *) c->usage_gc, nr);
+                       bch2_acc_percpu_u64s((u64 __percpu *) c->usage_gc, nr);
 
-               copy_fs_field(hidden,           "hidden");
-               copy_fs_field(btree,            "btree");
+               copy_fs_field(fs_usage_hidden_wrong,
+                             b.hidden,         "hidden");
+               copy_fs_field(fs_usage_btree_wrong,
+                             b.btree,          "btree");
 
                if (!metadata_only) {
-                       copy_fs_field(data,     "data");
-                       copy_fs_field(cached,   "cached");
-                       copy_fs_field(reserved, "reserved");
-                       copy_fs_field(nr_inodes,"nr_inodes");
+                       copy_fs_field(fs_usage_data_wrong,
+                                     b.data,   "data");
+                       copy_fs_field(fs_usage_cached_wrong,
+                                     b.cached, "cached");
+                       copy_fs_field(fs_usage_reserved_wrong,
+                                     b.reserved,       "reserved");
+                       copy_fs_field(fs_usage_nr_inodes_wrong,
+                                     b.nr_inodes,"nr_inodes");
 
                        for (i = 0; i < BCH_REPLICAS_MAX; i++)
-                               copy_fs_field(persistent_reserved[i],
+                               copy_fs_field(fs_usage_persistent_reserved_wrong,
+                                             persistent_reserved[i],
                                              "persistent_reserved[%i]", i);
                }
 
                for (i = 0; i < c->replicas.nr; i++) {
-                       struct bch_replicas_entry *e =
+                       struct bch_replicas_entry_v1 *e =
                                cpu_replicas_entry(&c->replicas, i);
-                       char buf[80];
 
                        if (metadata_only &&
                            (e->data_type == BCH_DATA_user ||
                             e->data_type == BCH_DATA_cached))
                                continue;
 
-                       bch2_replicas_entry_to_text(&PBUF(buf), e);
+                       printbuf_reset(&buf);
+                       bch2_replicas_entry_to_text(&buf, e);
 
-                       copy_fs_field(replicas[i], "%s", buf);
+                       copy_fs_field(fs_usage_replicas_wrong,
+                                     replicas[i], "%s", buf.buf);
                }
        }
 
 #undef copy_fs_field
 #undef copy_dev_field
-#undef copy_bucket_field
 #undef copy_stripe_field
 #undef copy_field
 fsck_err:
        if (ca)
                percpu_ref_put(&ca->ref);
-       if (ret)
-               bch_err(c, "%s: ret %i", __func__, ret);
+       bch_err_fn(c, ret);
+
+       percpu_up_write(&c->mark_lock);
+       printbuf_exit(&buf);
        return ret;
 }
 
-static int bch2_gc_start(struct bch_fs *c,
-                        bool metadata_only)
+static int bch2_gc_start(struct bch_fs *c)
 {
-       struct bch_dev *ca = NULL;
-       unsigned i;
-       int ret;
-
        BUG_ON(c->usage_gc);
 
        c->usage_gc = __alloc_percpu_gfp(fs_usage_u64s(c) * sizeof(u64),
                                         sizeof(u64), GFP_KERNEL);
        if (!c->usage_gc) {
                bch_err(c, "error allocating c->usage_gc");
-               return -ENOMEM;
+               return -BCH_ERR_ENOMEM_gc_start;
        }
 
-       for_each_member_device(ca, c, i) {
-               BUG_ON(ca->buckets[1]);
+       for_each_member_device(c, ca) {
                BUG_ON(ca->usage_gc);
 
-               ca->buckets[1] = kvpmalloc(sizeof(struct bucket_array) +
-                               ca->mi.nbuckets * sizeof(struct bucket),
-                               GFP_KERNEL|__GFP_ZERO);
-               if (!ca->buckets[1]) {
-                       percpu_ref_put(&ca->ref);
-                       bch_err(c, "error allocating ca->buckets[gc]");
-                       return -ENOMEM;
-               }
-
                ca->usage_gc = alloc_percpu(struct bch_dev_usage);
                if (!ca->usage_gc) {
                        bch_err(c, "error allocating ca->usage_gc");
                        percpu_ref_put(&ca->ref);
-                       return -ENOMEM;
+                       return -BCH_ERR_ENOMEM_gc_start;
                }
+
+               this_cpu_write(ca->usage_gc->d[BCH_DATA_free].buckets,
+                              ca->mi.nbuckets - ca->mi.first_bucket);
        }
 
-       ret = bch2_ec_mem_alloc(c, true);
-       if (ret) {
-               bch_err(c, "error allocating ec gc mem");
-               return ret;
+       return 0;
+}
+
+static int bch2_gc_reset(struct bch_fs *c)
+{
+       for_each_member_device(c, ca) {
+               free_percpu(ca->usage_gc);
+               ca->usage_gc = NULL;
        }
 
-       percpu_down_write(&c->mark_lock);
+       free_percpu(c->usage_gc);
+       c->usage_gc = NULL;
+
+       return bch2_gc_start(c);
+}
+
+/* returns true if not equal */
+static inline bool bch2_alloc_v4_cmp(struct bch_alloc_v4 l,
+                                    struct bch_alloc_v4 r)
+{
+       return  l.gen != r.gen                          ||
+               l.oldest_gen != r.oldest_gen            ||
+               l.data_type != r.data_type              ||
+               l.dirty_sectors != r.dirty_sectors      ||
+               l.cached_sectors != r.cached_sectors     ||
+               l.stripe_redundancy != r.stripe_redundancy ||
+               l.stripe != r.stripe;
+}
+
+static int bch2_alloc_write_key(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                               struct btree_iter *iter,
+                               struct bkey_s_c k,
+                               bool metadata_only)
+{
+       struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
+       struct bch_dev *ca = bch_dev_bkey_exists(c, iter->pos.inode);
+       struct bucket gc, *b;
+       struct bkey_i_alloc_v4 *a;
+       struct bch_alloc_v4 old_convert, new;
+       const struct bch_alloc_v4 *old;
+       enum bch_data_type type;
+       int ret;
+
+       old = bch2_alloc_to_v4(k, &old_convert);
+       new = *old;
+
+       percpu_down_read(&c->mark_lock);
+       b = gc_bucket(ca, iter->pos.offset);
 
        /*
-        * indicate to stripe code that we need to allocate for the gc stripes
-        * radix tree, too
+        * b->data_type doesn't yet include need_discard & need_gc_gen states -
+        * fix that here:
         */
-       gc_pos_set(c, gc_phase(GC_PHASE_START));
+       type = __alloc_data_type(b->dirty_sectors,
+                                b->cached_sectors,
+                                b->stripe,
+                                *old,
+                                b->data_type);
+       if (b->data_type != type) {
+               struct bch_dev_usage *u;
+
+               preempt_disable();
+               u = this_cpu_ptr(ca->usage_gc);
+               u->d[b->data_type].buckets--;
+               b->data_type = type;
+               u->d[b->data_type].buckets++;
+               preempt_enable();
+       }
+
+       gc = *b;
+       percpu_up_read(&c->mark_lock);
+
+       if (metadata_only &&
+           gc.data_type != BCH_DATA_sb &&
+           gc.data_type != BCH_DATA_journal &&
+           gc.data_type != BCH_DATA_btree)
+               return 0;
 
-       for_each_member_device(ca, c, i) {
-               struct bucket_array *dst = __bucket_array(ca, 1);
-               struct bucket_array *src = __bucket_array(ca, 0);
-               size_t b;
+       if (gen_after(old->gen, gc.gen))
+               return 0;
 
-               dst->first_bucket       = src->first_bucket;
-               dst->nbuckets           = src->nbuckets;
+       if (c->opts.reconstruct_alloc ||
+           fsck_err_on(new.data_type != gc.data_type, c,
+                       alloc_key_data_type_wrong,
+                       "bucket %llu:%llu gen %u has wrong data_type"
+                       ": got %s, should be %s",
+                       iter->pos.inode, iter->pos.offset,
+                       gc.gen,
+                       bch2_data_type_str(new.data_type),
+                       bch2_data_type_str(gc.data_type)))
+               new.data_type = gc.data_type;
+
+#define copy_bucket_field(_errtype, _f)                                        \
+       if (c->opts.reconstruct_alloc ||                                \
+           fsck_err_on(new._f != gc._f, c, _errtype,                   \
+                       "bucket %llu:%llu gen %u data type %s has wrong " #_f   \
+                       ": got %u, should be %u",                       \
+                       iter->pos.inode, iter->pos.offset,              \
+                       gc.gen,                                         \
+                       bch2_data_type_str(gc.data_type),               \
+                       new._f, gc._f))                                 \
+               new._f = gc._f;                                         \
+
+       copy_bucket_field(alloc_key_gen_wrong,
+                         gen);
+       copy_bucket_field(alloc_key_dirty_sectors_wrong,
+                         dirty_sectors);
+       copy_bucket_field(alloc_key_cached_sectors_wrong,
+                         cached_sectors);
+       copy_bucket_field(alloc_key_stripe_wrong,
+                         stripe);
+       copy_bucket_field(alloc_key_stripe_redundancy_wrong,
+                         stripe_redundancy);
+#undef copy_bucket_field
 
-               for (b = 0; b < src->nbuckets; b++) {
-                       struct bucket *d = &dst->b[b];
-                       struct bucket *s = &src->b[b];
+       if (!bch2_alloc_v4_cmp(*old, new))
+               return 0;
 
-                       d->_mark.gen = dst->b[b].oldest_gen = s->mark.gen;
-                       d->gen_valid = s->gen_valid;
+       a = bch2_alloc_to_v4_mut(trans, k);
+       ret = PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(a);
+       if (ret)
+               return ret;
 
-                       if (metadata_only &&
-                           (s->mark.data_type == BCH_DATA_user ||
-                            s->mark.data_type == BCH_DATA_cached))
-                               d->_mark = s->mark;
+       a->v = new;
+
+       /*
+        * The trigger normally makes sure this is set, but we're not running
+        * triggers:
+        */
+       if (a->v.data_type == BCH_DATA_cached && !a->v.io_time[READ])
+               a->v.io_time[READ] = max_t(u64, 1, atomic64_read(&c->io_clock[READ].now));
+
+       ret = bch2_trans_update(trans, iter, &a->k_i, BTREE_TRIGGER_NORUN);
+fsck_err:
+       return ret;
+}
+
+static int bch2_gc_alloc_done(struct bch_fs *c, bool metadata_only)
+{
+       int ret = 0;
+
+       for_each_member_device(c, ca) {
+               ret = bch2_trans_run(c,
+                       for_each_btree_key_upto_commit(trans, iter, BTREE_ID_alloc,
+                                       POS(ca->dev_idx, ca->mi.first_bucket),
+                                       POS(ca->dev_idx, ca->mi.nbuckets - 1),
+                                       BTREE_ITER_SLOTS|BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH, k,
+                                       NULL, NULL, BCH_TRANS_COMMIT_lazy_rw,
+                               bch2_alloc_write_key(trans, &iter, k, metadata_only)));
+               if (ret) {
+                       percpu_ref_put(&ca->ref);
+                       break;
                }
-       };
+       }
 
-       percpu_up_write(&c->mark_lock);
+       bch_err_fn(c, ret);
+       return ret;
+}
 
-       return 0;
+static int bch2_gc_alloc_start(struct bch_fs *c, bool metadata_only)
+{
+       for_each_member_device(c, ca) {
+               struct bucket_array *buckets = kvpmalloc(sizeof(struct bucket_array) +
+                               ca->mi.nbuckets * sizeof(struct bucket),
+                               GFP_KERNEL|__GFP_ZERO);
+               if (!buckets) {
+                       percpu_ref_put(&ca->ref);
+                       bch_err(c, "error allocating ca->buckets[gc]");
+                       return -BCH_ERR_ENOMEM_gc_alloc_start;
+               }
+
+               buckets->first_bucket   = ca->mi.first_bucket;
+               buckets->nbuckets       = ca->mi.nbuckets;
+               rcu_assign_pointer(ca->buckets_gc, buckets);
+       }
+
+       int ret = bch2_trans_run(c,
+               for_each_btree_key(trans, iter, BTREE_ID_alloc, POS_MIN,
+                                        BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH, k, ({
+                       struct bch_dev *ca = bch_dev_bkey_exists(c, k.k->p.inode);
+                       struct bucket *g = gc_bucket(ca, k.k->p.offset);
+
+                       struct bch_alloc_v4 a_convert;
+                       const struct bch_alloc_v4 *a = bch2_alloc_to_v4(k, &a_convert);
+
+                       g->gen_valid    = 1;
+                       g->gen          = a->gen;
+
+                       if (metadata_only &&
+                           (a->data_type == BCH_DATA_user ||
+                            a->data_type == BCH_DATA_cached ||
+                            a->data_type == BCH_DATA_parity)) {
+                               g->data_type            = a->data_type;
+                               g->dirty_sectors        = a->dirty_sectors;
+                               g->cached_sectors       = a->cached_sectors;
+                               g->stripe               = a->stripe;
+                               g->stripe_redundancy    = a->stripe_redundancy;
+                       }
+
+                       0;
+               })));
+       bch_err_fn(c, ret);
+       return ret;
 }
 
-static int bch2_gc_reflink_done_initial_fn(struct bch_fs *c, struct bkey_s_c k)
+static void bch2_gc_alloc_reset(struct bch_fs *c, bool metadata_only)
 {
-       struct reflink_gc *r;
+       for_each_member_device(c, ca) {
+               struct bucket_array *buckets = gc_bucket_array(ca);
+               struct bucket *g;
+
+               for_each_bucket(g, buckets) {
+                       if (metadata_only &&
+                           (g->data_type == BCH_DATA_user ||
+                            g->data_type == BCH_DATA_cached ||
+                            g->data_type == BCH_DATA_parity))
+                               continue;
+                       g->data_type = 0;
+                       g->dirty_sectors = 0;
+                       g->cached_sectors = 0;
+               }
+       }
+}
+
+static int bch2_gc_write_reflink_key(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                    struct btree_iter *iter,
+                                    struct bkey_s_c k,
+                                    size_t *idx)
+{
+       struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
        const __le64 *refcount = bkey_refcount_c(k);
-       char buf[200];
+       struct printbuf buf = PRINTBUF;
+       struct reflink_gc *r;
        int ret = 0;
 
        if (!refcount)
                return 0;
 
-       r = genradix_ptr(&c->reflink_gc_table, c->reflink_gc_idx++);
-       if (!r)
-               return -ENOMEM;
+       while ((r = genradix_ptr(&c->reflink_gc_table, *idx)) &&
+              r->offset < k.k->p.offset)
+               ++*idx;
 
        if (!r ||
            r->offset != k.k->p.offset ||
@@ -1393,182 +1579,168 @@ static int bch2_gc_reflink_done_initial_fn(struct bch_fs *c, struct bkey_s_c k)
        }
 
        if (fsck_err_on(r->refcount != le64_to_cpu(*refcount), c,
+                       reflink_v_refcount_wrong,
                        "reflink key has wrong refcount:\n"
                        "  %s\n"
                        "  should be %u",
-                       (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&PBUF(buf), c, k), buf),
+                       (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, k), buf.buf),
                        r->refcount)) {
-               struct bkey_i *new;
-
-               new = kmalloc(bkey_bytes(k.k), GFP_KERNEL);
-               if (!new) {
-                       ret = -ENOMEM;
-                       goto fsck_err;
-               }
+               struct bkey_i *new = bch2_bkey_make_mut(trans, iter, &k, 0);
 
-               bkey_reassemble(new, k);
+               ret = PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(new);
+               if (ret)
+                       return ret;
 
-               if (!r->refcount) {
+               if (!r->refcount)
                        new->k.type = KEY_TYPE_deleted;
-                       new->k.size = 0;
-               } else {
-                       *bkey_refcount(new) = cpu_to_le64(r->refcount);
-               }
-
-               ret = bch2_journal_key_insert(c, BTREE_ID_reflink, 0, new);
-               if (ret)
-                       kfree(new);
+               else
+                       *bkey_refcount(bkey_i_to_s(new)) = cpu_to_le64(r->refcount);
        }
 fsck_err:
+       printbuf_exit(&buf);
        return ret;
 }
 
-static int bch2_gc_reflink_done(struct bch_fs *c, bool initial,
-                               bool metadata_only)
+static int bch2_gc_reflink_done(struct bch_fs *c, bool metadata_only)
 {
-       struct btree_trans trans;
-       struct btree_iter iter;
-       struct bkey_s_c k;
-       struct reflink_gc *r;
        size_t idx = 0;
-       char buf[200];
-       int ret = 0;
 
        if (metadata_only)
                return 0;
 
-       if (initial) {
-               c->reflink_gc_idx = 0;
+       int ret = bch2_trans_run(c,
+               for_each_btree_key_commit(trans, iter,
+                               BTREE_ID_reflink, POS_MIN,
+                               BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH, k,
+                               NULL, NULL, BCH_TRANS_COMMIT_no_enospc,
+                       bch2_gc_write_reflink_key(trans, &iter, k, &idx)));
+       c->reflink_gc_nr = 0;
+       return ret;
+}
 
-               ret = bch2_btree_and_journal_walk(c, BTREE_ID_reflink,
-                               bch2_gc_reflink_done_initial_fn);
-               goto out;
-       }
+static int bch2_gc_reflink_start(struct bch_fs *c,
+                                bool metadata_only)
+{
 
-       bch2_trans_init(&trans, c, 0, 0);
+       if (metadata_only)
+               return 0;
 
-       for_each_btree_key(&trans, iter, BTREE_ID_reflink, POS_MIN,
-                          BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH, k, ret) {
-               const __le64 *refcount = bkey_refcount_c(k);
+       c->reflink_gc_nr = 0;
 
-               if (!refcount)
-                       continue;
+       int ret = bch2_trans_run(c,
+               for_each_btree_key(trans, iter, BTREE_ID_reflink, POS_MIN,
+                                  BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH, k, ({
+                       const __le64 *refcount = bkey_refcount_c(k);
 
-               r = genradix_ptr(&c->reflink_gc_table, idx);
-               if (!r ||
-                   r->offset != k.k->p.offset ||
-                   r->size != k.k->size) {
-                       bch_err(c, "unexpected inconsistency walking reflink table at gc finish");
-                       ret = -EINVAL;
-                       break;
-               }
+                       if (!refcount)
+                               continue;
 
-               if (fsck_err_on(r->refcount != le64_to_cpu(*refcount), c,
-                               "reflink key has wrong refcount:\n"
-                               "  %s\n"
-                               "  should be %u",
-                               (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&PBUF(buf), c, k), buf),
-                               r->refcount)) {
-                       struct bkey_i *new;
-
-                       new = kmalloc(bkey_bytes(k.k), GFP_KERNEL);
-                       if (!new) {
-                               ret = -ENOMEM;
+                       struct reflink_gc *r = genradix_ptr_alloc(&c->reflink_gc_table,
+                                                       c->reflink_gc_nr++, GFP_KERNEL);
+                       if (!r) {
+                               ret = -BCH_ERR_ENOMEM_gc_reflink_start;
                                break;
                        }
 
-                       bkey_reassemble(new, k);
-
-                       if (!r->refcount)
-                               new->k.type = KEY_TYPE_deleted;
-                       else
-                               *bkey_refcount(new) = cpu_to_le64(r->refcount);
+                       r->offset       = k.k->p.offset;
+                       r->size         = k.k->size;
+                       r->refcount     = 0;
+                       0;
+               })));
 
-                       ret = __bch2_trans_do(&trans, NULL, NULL, 0,
-                                       __bch2_btree_insert(&trans, BTREE_ID_reflink, new));
-                       kfree(new);
-
-                       if (ret)
-                               break;
-               }
-       }
-fsck_err:
-       bch2_trans_iter_exit(&trans, &iter);
-       bch2_trans_exit(&trans);
-out:
-       genradix_free(&c->reflink_gc_table);
-       c->reflink_gc_nr = 0;
+       bch_err_fn(c, ret);
        return ret;
 }
 
-static int bch2_gc_reflink_start_initial_fn(struct bch_fs *c, struct bkey_s_c k)
+static void bch2_gc_reflink_reset(struct bch_fs *c, bool metadata_only)
 {
-
+       struct genradix_iter iter;
        struct reflink_gc *r;
-       const __le64 *refcount = bkey_refcount_c(k);
 
-       if (!refcount)
-               return 0;
-
-       r = genradix_ptr_alloc(&c->reflink_gc_table, c->reflink_gc_nr++,
-                              GFP_KERNEL);
-       if (!r)
-               return -ENOMEM;
-
-       r->offset       = k.k->p.offset;
-       r->size         = k.k->size;
-       r->refcount     = 0;
-       return 0;
+       genradix_for_each(&c->reflink_gc_table, iter, r)
+               r->refcount = 0;
 }
 
-static int bch2_gc_reflink_start(struct bch_fs *c, bool initial,
-                                bool metadata_only)
+static int bch2_gc_write_stripes_key(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                    struct btree_iter *iter,
+                                    struct bkey_s_c k)
 {
-       struct btree_trans trans;
-       struct btree_iter iter;
-       struct bkey_s_c k;
-       struct reflink_gc *r;
-       int ret;
+       struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
+       struct printbuf buf = PRINTBUF;
+       const struct bch_stripe *s;
+       struct gc_stripe *m;
+       bool bad = false;
+       unsigned i;
+       int ret = 0;
 
-       if (metadata_only)
+       if (k.k->type != KEY_TYPE_stripe)
                return 0;
 
-       genradix_free(&c->reflink_gc_table);
-       c->reflink_gc_nr = 0;
+       s = bkey_s_c_to_stripe(k).v;
+       m = genradix_ptr(&c->gc_stripes, k.k->p.offset);
 
-       if (initial)
-               return bch2_btree_and_journal_walk(c, BTREE_ID_reflink,
-                               bch2_gc_reflink_start_initial_fn);
+       for (i = 0; i < s->nr_blocks; i++) {
+               u32 old = stripe_blockcount_get(s, i);
+               u32 new = (m ? m->block_sectors[i] : 0);
 
-       bch2_trans_init(&trans, c, 0, 0);
+               if (old != new) {
+                       prt_printf(&buf, "stripe block %u has wrong sector count: got %u, should be %u\n",
+                                  i, old, new);
+                       bad = true;
+               }
+       }
 
-       for_each_btree_key(&trans, iter, BTREE_ID_reflink, POS_MIN,
-                          BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH, k, ret) {
-               const __le64 *refcount = bkey_refcount_c(k);
+       if (bad)
+               bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, k);
 
-               if (!refcount)
-                       continue;
+       if (fsck_err_on(bad, c, stripe_sector_count_wrong,
+                       "%s", buf.buf)) {
+               struct bkey_i_stripe *new;
 
-               r = genradix_ptr_alloc(&c->reflink_gc_table, c->reflink_gc_nr++,
-                                      GFP_KERNEL);
-               if (!r) {
-                       ret = -ENOMEM;
-                       break;
-               }
+               new = bch2_trans_kmalloc(trans, bkey_bytes(k.k));
+               ret = PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(new);
+               if (ret)
+                       return ret;
 
-               r->offset       = k.k->p.offset;
-               r->size         = k.k->size;
-               r->refcount     = 0;
+               bkey_reassemble(&new->k_i, k);
+
+               for (i = 0; i < new->v.nr_blocks; i++)
+                       stripe_blockcount_set(&new->v, i, m ? m->block_sectors[i] : 0);
+
+               ret = bch2_trans_update(trans, iter, &new->k_i, 0);
        }
-       bch2_trans_iter_exit(&trans, &iter);
+fsck_err:
+       printbuf_exit(&buf);
+       return ret;
+}
 
-       bch2_trans_exit(&trans);
-       return 0;
+static int bch2_gc_stripes_done(struct bch_fs *c, bool metadata_only)
+{
+       if (metadata_only)
+               return 0;
+
+       return bch2_trans_run(c,
+               for_each_btree_key_commit(trans, iter,
+                               BTREE_ID_stripes, POS_MIN,
+                               BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH, k,
+                               NULL, NULL, BCH_TRANS_COMMIT_no_enospc,
+                       bch2_gc_write_stripes_key(trans, &iter, k)));
+}
+
+static void bch2_gc_stripes_reset(struct bch_fs *c, bool metadata_only)
+{
+       genradix_free(&c->gc_stripes);
 }
 
 /**
  * bch2_gc - walk _all_ references to buckets, and recompute them:
  *
+ * @c:                 filesystem object
+ * @initial:           are we in recovery?
+ * @metadata_only:     are we just checking metadata references, or everything?
+ *
+ * Returns: 0 on success, or standard errcode on failure
+ *
  * Order matters here:
  *  - Concurrent GC relies on the fact that we have a total ordering for
  *    everything that GC walks - see  gc_will_visit_node(),
@@ -1586,51 +1758,27 @@ static int bch2_gc_reflink_start(struct bch_fs *c, bool initial,
  */
 int bch2_gc(struct bch_fs *c, bool initial, bool metadata_only)
 {
-       struct bch_dev *ca;
-       u64 start_time = local_clock();
-       unsigned i, iter = 0;
+       unsigned iter = 0;
        int ret;
 
        lockdep_assert_held(&c->state_lock);
-       trace_gc_start(c);
 
        down_write(&c->gc_lock);
 
-       /* flush interior btree updates: */
-       closure_wait_event(&c->btree_interior_update_wait,
-                          !bch2_btree_interior_updates_nr_pending(c));
-again:
-       ret   = bch2_gc_start(c, metadata_only) ?:
-               bch2_gc_reflink_start(c, initial, metadata_only);
+       bch2_btree_interior_updates_flush(c);
+
+       ret   = bch2_gc_start(c) ?:
+               bch2_gc_alloc_start(c, metadata_only) ?:
+               bch2_gc_reflink_start(c, metadata_only);
        if (ret)
                goto out;
+again:
+       gc_pos_set(c, gc_phase(GC_PHASE_START));
 
        bch2_mark_superblocks(c);
 
-       if (test_bit(BCH_FS_TOPOLOGY_ERROR, &c->flags) &&
-           !test_bit(BCH_FS_INITIAL_GC_DONE, &c->flags) &&
-           c->opts.fix_errors != FSCK_OPT_NO) {
-               bch_info(c, "starting topology repair pass");
-               ret = bch2_repair_topology(c);
-               if (ret)
-                       goto out;
-               bch_info(c, "topology repair pass done");
-
-               set_bit(BCH_FS_TOPOLOGY_REPAIR_DONE, &c->flags);
-       }
-
        ret = bch2_gc_btrees(c, initial, metadata_only);
 
-       if (ret == FSCK_ERR_START_TOPOLOGY_REPAIR &&
-           !test_bit(BCH_FS_TOPOLOGY_REPAIR_DONE, &c->flags) &&
-           !test_bit(BCH_FS_INITIAL_GC_DONE, &c->flags)) {
-               set_bit(BCH_FS_NEED_ANOTHER_GC, &c->flags);
-               ret = 0;
-       }
-
-       if (ret == FSCK_ERR_START_TOPOLOGY_REPAIR)
-               ret = FSCK_ERR_EXIT;
-
        if (ret)
                goto out;
 
@@ -1639,41 +1787,45 @@ again:
 #endif
        c->gc_count++;
 
-       if (test_bit(BCH_FS_NEED_ANOTHER_GC, &c->flags) ||
+       if (test_bit(BCH_FS_need_another_gc, &c->flags) ||
            (!iter && bch2_test_restart_gc)) {
+               if (iter++ > 2) {
+                       bch_info(c, "Unable to fix bucket gens, looping");
+                       ret = -EINVAL;
+                       goto out;
+               }
+
                /*
                 * XXX: make sure gens we fixed got saved
                 */
-               if (iter++ <= 2) {
-                       bch_info(c, "Second GC pass needed, restarting:");
-                       clear_bit(BCH_FS_NEED_ANOTHER_GC, &c->flags);
-                       __gc_pos_set(c, gc_phase(GC_PHASE_NOT_RUNNING));
-
-                       percpu_down_write(&c->mark_lock);
-                       bch2_gc_free(c);
-                       percpu_up_write(&c->mark_lock);
-                       /* flush fsck errors, reset counters */
-                       bch2_flush_fsck_errs(c);
-
-                       goto again;
-               }
+               bch_info(c, "Second GC pass needed, restarting:");
+               clear_bit(BCH_FS_need_another_gc, &c->flags);
+               __gc_pos_set(c, gc_phase(GC_PHASE_NOT_RUNNING));
+
+               bch2_gc_stripes_reset(c, metadata_only);
+               bch2_gc_alloc_reset(c, metadata_only);
+               bch2_gc_reflink_reset(c, metadata_only);
+               ret = bch2_gc_reset(c);
+               if (ret)
+                       goto out;
 
-               bch_info(c, "Unable to fix bucket gens, looping");
-               ret = -EINVAL;
+               /* flush fsck errors, reset counters */
+               bch2_flush_fsck_errs(c);
+               goto again;
        }
 out:
        if (!ret) {
                bch2_journal_block(&c->journal);
 
-               percpu_down_write(&c->mark_lock);
-               ret   = bch2_gc_reflink_done(c, initial, metadata_only) ?:
+               ret   = bch2_gc_stripes_done(c, metadata_only) ?:
+                       bch2_gc_reflink_done(c, metadata_only) ?:
+                       bch2_gc_alloc_done(c, metadata_only) ?:
                        bch2_gc_done(c, initial, metadata_only);
 
                bch2_journal_unblock(&c->journal);
-       } else {
-               percpu_down_write(&c->mark_lock);
        }
 
+       percpu_down_write(&c->mark_lock);
        /* Indicates that gc is no longer in progress: */
        __gc_pos_set(c, gc_phase(GC_PHASE_NOT_RUNNING));
 
@@ -1682,114 +1834,79 @@ out:
 
        up_write(&c->gc_lock);
 
-       trace_gc_end(c);
-       bch2_time_stats_update(&c->times[BCH_TIME_btree_gc], start_time);
-
-       /*
-        * Wake up allocator in case it was waiting for buckets
-        * because of not being able to inc gens
-        */
-       for_each_member_device(ca, c, i)
-               bch2_wake_allocator(ca);
-
        /*
         * At startup, allocations can happen directly instead of via the
         * allocator thread - issue wakeup in case they blocked on gc_lock:
         */
        closure_wake_up(&c->freelist_wait);
+       bch_err_fn(c, ret);
        return ret;
 }
 
-static bool gc_btree_gens_key(struct bch_fs *c, struct bkey_s_c k)
+static int gc_btree_gens_key(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                            struct btree_iter *iter,
+                            struct bkey_s_c k)
 {
+       struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
        struct bkey_ptrs_c ptrs = bch2_bkey_ptrs_c(k);
-       const struct bch_extent_ptr *ptr;
+       struct bkey_i *u;
+       int ret;
 
        percpu_down_read(&c->mark_lock);
        bkey_for_each_ptr(ptrs, ptr) {
                struct bch_dev *ca = bch_dev_bkey_exists(c, ptr->dev);
-               struct bucket *g = PTR_BUCKET(ca, ptr, false);
 
-               if (gen_after(g->mark.gen, ptr->gen) > 16) {
+               if (ptr_stale(ca, ptr) > 16) {
                        percpu_up_read(&c->mark_lock);
-                       return true;
+                       goto update;
                }
        }
 
        bkey_for_each_ptr(ptrs, ptr) {
                struct bch_dev *ca = bch_dev_bkey_exists(c, ptr->dev);
-               struct bucket *g = PTR_BUCKET(ca, ptr, false);
+               u8 *gen = &ca->oldest_gen[PTR_BUCKET_NR(ca, ptr)];
 
-               if (gen_after(g->gc_gen, ptr->gen))
-                       g->gc_gen = ptr->gen;
+               if (gen_after(*gen, ptr->gen))
+                       *gen = ptr->gen;
        }
        percpu_up_read(&c->mark_lock);
+       return 0;
+update:
+       u = bch2_bkey_make_mut(trans, iter, &k, 0);
+       ret = PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(u);
+       if (ret)
+               return ret;
 
-       return false;
+       bch2_extent_normalize(c, bkey_i_to_s(u));
+       return 0;
 }
 
-/*
- * For recalculating oldest gen, we only need to walk keys in leaf nodes; btree
- * node pointers currently never have cached pointers that can become stale:
- */
-static int bch2_gc_btree_gens(struct bch_fs *c, enum btree_id btree_id)
+static int bch2_alloc_write_oldest_gen(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_iter *iter,
+                                      struct bkey_s_c k)
 {
-       struct btree_trans trans;
-       struct btree_iter iter;
-       struct bkey_s_c k;
-       struct bkey_buf sk;
-       int ret = 0, commit_err = 0;
-
-       bch2_bkey_buf_init(&sk);
-       bch2_trans_init(&trans, c, 0, 0);
-
-       bch2_trans_iter_init(&trans, &iter, btree_id, POS_MIN,
-                            BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH|
-                            BTREE_ITER_NOT_EXTENTS|
-                            BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS);
-
-       while ((bch2_trans_begin(&trans),
-               k = bch2_btree_iter_peek(&iter)).k) {
-               ret = bkey_err(k);
-
-               if (ret == -EINTR)
-                       continue;
-               if (ret)
-                       break;
-
-               c->gc_gens_pos = iter.pos;
-
-               if (gc_btree_gens_key(c, k) && !commit_err) {
-                       bch2_bkey_buf_reassemble(&sk, c, k);
-                       bch2_extent_normalize(c, bkey_i_to_s(sk.k));
+       struct bch_dev *ca = bch_dev_bkey_exists(trans->c, iter->pos.inode);
+       struct bch_alloc_v4 a_convert;
+       const struct bch_alloc_v4 *a = bch2_alloc_to_v4(k, &a_convert);
+       struct bkey_i_alloc_v4 *a_mut;
+       int ret;
 
-                       commit_err =
-                               bch2_trans_update(&trans, &iter, sk.k, 0) ?:
-                               bch2_trans_commit(&trans, NULL, NULL,
-                                                      BTREE_INSERT_NOWAIT|
-                                                      BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL);
-                       if (commit_err == -EINTR) {
-                               commit_err = 0;
-                               continue;
-                       }
-               }
+       if (a->oldest_gen == ca->oldest_gen[iter->pos.offset])
+               return 0;
 
-               bch2_btree_iter_advance(&iter);
-       }
-       bch2_trans_iter_exit(&trans, &iter);
+       a_mut = bch2_alloc_to_v4_mut(trans, k);
+       ret = PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(a_mut);
+       if (ret)
+               return ret;
 
-       bch2_trans_exit(&trans);
-       bch2_bkey_buf_exit(&sk, c);
+       a_mut->v.oldest_gen = ca->oldest_gen[iter->pos.offset];
+       a_mut->v.data_type = alloc_data_type(a_mut->v, a_mut->v.data_type);
 
-       return ret;
+       return bch2_trans_update(trans, iter, &a_mut->k_i, 0);
 }
 
 int bch2_gc_gens(struct bch_fs *c)
 {
-       struct bch_dev *ca;
-       struct bucket_array *buckets;
-       struct bucket *g;
-       unsigned i;
+       u64 b, start_time = local_clock();
        int ret;
 
        /*
@@ -1797,43 +1914,74 @@ int bch2_gc_gens(struct bch_fs *c)
         * introduces a deadlock in the RO path - we currently take the state
         * lock at the start of going RO, thus the gc thread may get stuck:
         */
+       if (!mutex_trylock(&c->gc_gens_lock))
+               return 0;
+
+       trace_and_count(c, gc_gens_start, c);
        down_read(&c->gc_lock);
 
-       for_each_member_device(ca, c, i) {
-               down_read(&ca->bucket_lock);
-               buckets = bucket_array(ca);
+       for_each_member_device(c, ca) {
+               struct bucket_gens *gens = bucket_gens(ca);
+
+               BUG_ON(ca->oldest_gen);
 
-               for_each_bucket(g, buckets)
-                       g->gc_gen = g->mark.gen;
-               up_read(&ca->bucket_lock);
+               ca->oldest_gen = kvmalloc(gens->nbuckets, GFP_KERNEL);
+               if (!ca->oldest_gen) {
+                       percpu_ref_put(&ca->ref);
+                       ret = -BCH_ERR_ENOMEM_gc_gens;
+                       goto err;
+               }
+
+               for (b = gens->first_bucket;
+                    b < gens->nbuckets; b++)
+                       ca->oldest_gen[b] = gens->b[b];
        }
 
-       for (i = 0; i < BTREE_ID_NR; i++)
-               if ((1 << i) & BTREE_ID_HAS_PTRS) {
+       for (unsigned i = 0; i < BTREE_ID_NR; i++)
+               if (btree_type_has_ptrs(i)) {
                        c->gc_gens_btree = i;
                        c->gc_gens_pos = POS_MIN;
-                       ret = bch2_gc_btree_gens(c, i);
-                       if (ret) {
-                               bch_err(c, "error recalculating oldest_gen: %i", ret);
+
+                       ret = bch2_trans_run(c,
+                               for_each_btree_key_commit(trans, iter, i,
+                                               POS_MIN,
+                                               BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH|BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS,
+                                               k,
+                                               NULL, NULL,
+                                               BCH_TRANS_COMMIT_no_enospc,
+                                       gc_btree_gens_key(trans, &iter, k)));
+                       if (ret)
                                goto err;
-                       }
                }
 
-       for_each_member_device(ca, c, i) {
-               down_read(&ca->bucket_lock);
-               buckets = bucket_array(ca);
-
-               for_each_bucket(g, buckets)
-                       g->oldest_gen = g->gc_gen;
-               up_read(&ca->bucket_lock);
-       }
+       ret = bch2_trans_run(c,
+               for_each_btree_key_commit(trans, iter, BTREE_ID_alloc,
+                               POS_MIN,
+                               BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH,
+                               k,
+                               NULL, NULL,
+                               BCH_TRANS_COMMIT_no_enospc,
+                       bch2_alloc_write_oldest_gen(trans, &iter, k)));
+       if (ret)
+               goto err;
 
        c->gc_gens_btree        = 0;
        c->gc_gens_pos          = POS_MIN;
 
        c->gc_count++;
+
+       bch2_time_stats_update(&c->times[BCH_TIME_btree_gc], start_time);
+       trace_and_count(c, gc_gens_end, c);
 err:
+       for_each_member_device(c, ca) {
+               kvfree(ca->oldest_gen);
+               ca->oldest_gen = NULL;
+       }
+
        up_read(&c->gc_lock);
+       mutex_unlock(&c->gc_gens_lock);
+       if (!bch2_err_matches(ret, EROFS))
+               bch_err_fn(c, ret);
        return ret;
 }
 
@@ -1843,7 +1991,6 @@ static int bch2_gc_thread(void *arg)
        struct io_clock *clock = &c->io_clock[WRITE];
        unsigned long last = atomic64_read(&clock->now);
        unsigned last_kick = atomic_read(&c->kick_gc);
-       int ret;
 
        set_freezable();
 
@@ -1883,11 +2030,8 @@ static int bch2_gc_thread(void *arg)
 #if 0
                ret = bch2_gc(c, false, false);
 #else
-               ret = bch2_gc_gens(c);
+               bch2_gc_gens(c);
 #endif
-               if (ret < 0)
-                       bch_err(c, "btree gc failed: %i", ret);
-
                debug_check_no_locks_held();
        }
 
@@ -1916,7 +2060,7 @@ int bch2_gc_thread_start(struct bch_fs *c)
 
        p = kthread_create(bch2_gc_thread, c, "bch-gc/%s", c->name);
        if (IS_ERR(p)) {
-               bch_err(c, "error creating gc thread: %li", PTR_ERR(p));
+               bch_err_fn(c, PTR_ERR(p));
                return PTR_ERR(p);
        }