]> git.sesse.net Git - bcachefs-tools-debian/blobdiff - libbcachefs/btree_gc.c
Update bcachefs sources to 8fd009dd76 bcachefs: Rip out code for storing backpointers...
[bcachefs-tools-debian] / libbcachefs / btree_gc.c
index 7cab220c74b71494dca1d13d0c9f97ea978bf223..fb4226aa0255b680a467e8e7330500d186dce59e 100644 (file)
@@ -70,23 +70,23 @@ static int bch2_gc_check_topology(struct bch_fs *c,
        struct bpos expected_start = bkey_deleted(&prev->k->k)
                ? node_start
                : bpos_successor(prev->k->k.p);
-       char buf1[200], buf2[200];
+       struct printbuf buf1 = PRINTBUF, buf2 = PRINTBUF;
        int ret = 0;
 
        if (cur.k->k.type == KEY_TYPE_btree_ptr_v2) {
                struct bkey_i_btree_ptr_v2 *bp = bkey_i_to_btree_ptr_v2(cur.k);
 
-               if (bkey_deleted(&prev->k->k)) {
-                       struct printbuf out = PBUF(buf1);
-                       pr_buf(&out, "start of node: ");
-                       bch2_bpos_to_text(&out, node_start);
-               } else {
-                       bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&PBUF(buf1), c, bkey_i_to_s_c(prev->k));
-               }
-
-               if (bpos_cmp(expected_start, bp->v.min_key)) {
+               if (!bpos_eq(expected_start, bp->v.min_key)) {
                        bch2_topology_error(c);
 
+                       if (bkey_deleted(&prev->k->k)) {
+                               prt_printf(&buf1, "start of node: ");
+                               bch2_bpos_to_text(&buf1, node_start);
+                       } else {
+                               bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf1, c, bkey_i_to_s_c(prev->k));
+                       }
+                       bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf2, c, bkey_i_to_s_c(cur.k));
+
                        if (__fsck_err(c,
                                  FSCK_CAN_FIX|
                                  FSCK_CAN_IGNORE|
@@ -95,20 +95,26 @@ static int bch2_gc_check_topology(struct bch_fs *c,
                                  "  prev %s\n"
                                  "  cur %s",
                                  bch2_btree_ids[b->c.btree_id], b->c.level,
-                                 buf1,
-                                 (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&PBUF(buf2), c, bkey_i_to_s_c(cur.k)), buf2)) &&
+                                 buf1.buf, buf2.buf) &&
                            !test_bit(BCH_FS_TOPOLOGY_REPAIR_DONE, &c->flags)) {
                                bch_info(c, "Halting mark and sweep to start topology repair pass");
-                               return FSCK_ERR_START_TOPOLOGY_REPAIR;
+                               ret = -BCH_ERR_need_topology_repair;
+                               goto err;
                        } else {
                                set_bit(BCH_FS_INITIAL_GC_UNFIXED, &c->flags);
                        }
                }
        }
 
-       if (is_last && bpos_cmp(cur.k->k.p, node_end)) {
+       if (is_last && !bpos_eq(cur.k->k.p, node_end)) {
                bch2_topology_error(c);
 
+               printbuf_reset(&buf1);
+               printbuf_reset(&buf2);
+
+               bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf1, c, bkey_i_to_s_c(cur.k));
+               bch2_bpos_to_text(&buf2, node_end);
+
                if (__fsck_err(c,
                          FSCK_CAN_FIX|
                          FSCK_CAN_IGNORE|
@@ -117,18 +123,21 @@ static int bch2_gc_check_topology(struct bch_fs *c,
                          "  %s\n"
                          "  expected %s",
                          bch2_btree_ids[b->c.btree_id], b->c.level,
-                         (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&PBUF(buf1), c, bkey_i_to_s_c(cur.k)), buf1),
-                         (bch2_bpos_to_text(&PBUF(buf2), node_end), buf2)) &&
+                         buf1.buf, buf2.buf) &&
                    !test_bit(BCH_FS_TOPOLOGY_REPAIR_DONE, &c->flags)) {
                        bch_info(c, "Halting mark and sweep to start topology repair pass");
-                       return FSCK_ERR_START_TOPOLOGY_REPAIR;
+                       ret = -BCH_ERR_need_topology_repair;
+                       goto err;
                } else {
                        set_bit(BCH_FS_INITIAL_GC_UNFIXED, &c->flags);
                }
        }
 
        bch2_bkey_buf_copy(prev, c, cur.k);
+err:
 fsck_err:
+       printbuf_exit(&buf2);
+       printbuf_exit(&buf1);
        return ret;
 }
 
@@ -156,10 +165,11 @@ static void btree_ptr_to_v2(struct btree *b, struct bkey_i_btree_ptr_v2 *dst)
        }
 }
 
-static void bch2_btree_node_update_key_early(struct bch_fs *c,
+static void bch2_btree_node_update_key_early(struct btree_trans *trans,
                                             enum btree_id btree, unsigned level,
                                             struct bkey_s_c old, struct bkey_i *new)
 {
+       struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
        struct btree *b;
        struct bkey_buf tmp;
        int ret;
@@ -167,7 +177,7 @@ static void bch2_btree_node_update_key_early(struct bch_fs *c,
        bch2_bkey_buf_init(&tmp);
        bch2_bkey_buf_reassemble(&tmp, c, old);
 
-       b = bch2_btree_node_get_noiter(c, tmp.k, btree, level, true);
+       b = bch2_btree_node_get_noiter(trans, tmp.k, btree, level, true);
        if (!IS_ERR_OR_NULL(b)) {
                mutex_lock(&c->btree_cache.lock);
 
@@ -189,9 +199,9 @@ static int set_node_min(struct bch_fs *c, struct btree *b, struct bpos new_min)
        struct bkey_i_btree_ptr_v2 *new;
        int ret;
 
-       new = kmalloc(BKEY_BTREE_PTR_U64s_MAX * sizeof(u64), GFP_KERNEL);
+       new = kmalloc_array(BKEY_BTREE_PTR_U64s_MAX, sizeof(u64), GFP_KERNEL);
        if (!new)
-               return -ENOMEM;
+               return -BCH_ERR_ENOMEM_gc_repair_key;
 
        btree_ptr_to_v2(b, new);
        b->data->min_key        = new_min;
@@ -205,7 +215,7 @@ static int set_node_min(struct bch_fs *c, struct btree *b, struct bpos new_min)
        }
 
        bch2_btree_node_drop_keys_outside_node(b);
-
+       bkey_copy(&b->key, &new->k_i);
        return 0;
 }
 
@@ -218,9 +228,9 @@ static int set_node_max(struct bch_fs *c, struct btree *b, struct bpos new_max)
        if (ret)
                return ret;
 
-       new = kmalloc(BKEY_BTREE_PTR_U64s_MAX * sizeof(u64), GFP_KERNEL);
+       new = kmalloc_array(BKEY_BTREE_PTR_U64s_MAX, sizeof(u64), GFP_KERNEL);
        if (!new)
-               return -ENOMEM;
+               return -BCH_ERR_ENOMEM_gc_repair_key;
 
        btree_ptr_to_v2(b, new);
        b->data->max_key        = new_max;
@@ -251,95 +261,107 @@ static int btree_repair_node_boundaries(struct bch_fs *c, struct btree *b,
        struct bpos expected_start = !prev
                ? b->data->min_key
                : bpos_successor(prev->key.k.p);
-       char buf1[200], buf2[200];
+       struct printbuf buf1 = PRINTBUF, buf2 = PRINTBUF;
        int ret = 0;
 
        if (!prev) {
-               struct printbuf out = PBUF(buf1);
-               pr_buf(&out, "start of node: ");
-               bch2_bpos_to_text(&out, b->data->min_key);
+               prt_printf(&buf1, "start of node: ");
+               bch2_bpos_to_text(&buf1, b->data->min_key);
        } else {
-               bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&PBUF(buf1), c, bkey_i_to_s_c(&prev->key));
+               bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf1, c, bkey_i_to_s_c(&prev->key));
        }
 
-       bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&PBUF(buf2), c, bkey_i_to_s_c(&cur->key));
+       bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf2, c, bkey_i_to_s_c(&cur->key));
 
        if (prev &&
-           bpos_cmp(expected_start, cur->data->min_key) > 0 &&
+           bpos_gt(expected_start, cur->data->min_key) &&
            BTREE_NODE_SEQ(cur->data) > BTREE_NODE_SEQ(prev->data)) {
                /* cur overwrites prev: */
 
-               if (mustfix_fsck_err_on(bpos_cmp(prev->data->min_key,
-                                                cur->data->min_key) >= 0, c,
+               if (mustfix_fsck_err_on(bpos_ge(prev->data->min_key,
+                                               cur->data->min_key), c,
                                "btree node overwritten by next node at btree %s level %u:\n"
                                "  node %s\n"
                                "  next %s",
                                bch2_btree_ids[b->c.btree_id], b->c.level,
-                               buf1, buf2))
-                       return DROP_PREV_NODE;
+                               buf1.buf, buf2.buf)) {
+                       ret = DROP_PREV_NODE;
+                       goto out;
+               }
 
-               if (mustfix_fsck_err_on(bpos_cmp(prev->key.k.p,
+               if (mustfix_fsck_err_on(!bpos_eq(prev->key.k.p,
                                                 bpos_predecessor(cur->data->min_key)), c,
                                "btree node with incorrect max_key at btree %s level %u:\n"
                                "  node %s\n"
                                "  next %s",
                                bch2_btree_ids[b->c.btree_id], b->c.level,
-                               buf1, buf2))
+                               buf1.buf, buf2.buf))
                        ret = set_node_max(c, prev,
                                           bpos_predecessor(cur->data->min_key));
        } else {
                /* prev overwrites cur: */
 
-               if (mustfix_fsck_err_on(bpos_cmp(expected_start,
-                                                cur->data->max_key) >= 0, c,
+               if (mustfix_fsck_err_on(bpos_ge(expected_start,
+                                               cur->data->max_key), c,
                                "btree node overwritten by prev node at btree %s level %u:\n"
                                "  prev %s\n"
                                "  node %s",
                                bch2_btree_ids[b->c.btree_id], b->c.level,
-                               buf1, buf2))
-                       return DROP_THIS_NODE;
+                               buf1.buf, buf2.buf)) {
+                       ret = DROP_THIS_NODE;
+                       goto out;
+               }
 
-               if (mustfix_fsck_err_on(bpos_cmp(expected_start, cur->data->min_key), c,
+               if (mustfix_fsck_err_on(!bpos_eq(expected_start, cur->data->min_key), c,
                                "btree node with incorrect min_key at btree %s level %u:\n"
                                "  prev %s\n"
                                "  node %s",
                                bch2_btree_ids[b->c.btree_id], b->c.level,
-                               buf1, buf2))
-                   ret = set_node_min(c, cur, expected_start);
+                               buf1.buf, buf2.buf))
+                       ret = set_node_min(c, cur, expected_start);
        }
+out:
 fsck_err:
+       printbuf_exit(&buf2);
+       printbuf_exit(&buf1);
        return ret;
 }
 
 static int btree_repair_node_end(struct bch_fs *c, struct btree *b,
                                 struct btree *child)
 {
-       char buf1[200], buf2[200];
+       struct printbuf buf1 = PRINTBUF, buf2 = PRINTBUF;
        int ret = 0;
 
-       if (mustfix_fsck_err_on(bpos_cmp(child->key.k.p, b->key.k.p), c,
+       bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf1, c, bkey_i_to_s_c(&child->key));
+       bch2_bpos_to_text(&buf2, b->key.k.p);
+
+       if (mustfix_fsck_err_on(!bpos_eq(child->key.k.p, b->key.k.p), c,
                        "btree node with incorrect max_key at btree %s level %u:\n"
                        "  %s\n"
                        "  expected %s",
                        bch2_btree_ids[b->c.btree_id], b->c.level,
-                       (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&PBUF(buf1), c, bkey_i_to_s_c(&child->key)), buf1),
-                       (bch2_bpos_to_text(&PBUF(buf2), b->key.k.p), buf2))) {
+                       buf1.buf, buf2.buf)) {
                ret = set_node_max(c, child, b->key.k.p);
                if (ret)
-                       return ret;
+                       goto err;
        }
+err:
 fsck_err:
+       printbuf_exit(&buf2);
+       printbuf_exit(&buf1);
        return ret;
 }
 
-static int bch2_btree_repair_topology_recurse(struct bch_fs *c, struct btree *b)
+static int bch2_btree_repair_topology_recurse(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree *b)
 {
+       struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
        struct btree_and_journal_iter iter;
        struct bkey_s_c k;
        struct bkey_buf prev_k, cur_k;
        struct btree *prev = NULL, *cur = NULL;
        bool have_child, dropped_children = false;
-       char buf[200];
+       struct printbuf buf = PRINTBUF;
        int ret = 0;
 
        if (!b->c.level)
@@ -352,34 +374,38 @@ again:
        bch2_btree_and_journal_iter_init_node_iter(&iter, c, b);
 
        while ((k = bch2_btree_and_journal_iter_peek(&iter)).k) {
-               BUG_ON(bpos_cmp(k.k->p, b->data->min_key) < 0);
-               BUG_ON(bpos_cmp(k.k->p, b->data->max_key) > 0);
+               BUG_ON(bpos_lt(k.k->p, b->data->min_key));
+               BUG_ON(bpos_gt(k.k->p, b->data->max_key));
 
                bch2_btree_and_journal_iter_advance(&iter);
                bch2_bkey_buf_reassemble(&cur_k, c, k);
 
-               cur = bch2_btree_node_get_noiter(c, cur_k.k,
+               cur = bch2_btree_node_get_noiter(trans, cur_k.k,
                                        b->c.btree_id, b->c.level - 1,
                                        false);
                ret = PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(cur);
 
+               printbuf_reset(&buf);
+               bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, bkey_i_to_s_c(cur_k.k));
+
                if (mustfix_fsck_err_on(ret == -EIO, c,
-                               "Unreadable btree node at btree %s level %u:\n"
+                               "Topology repair: unreadable btree node at btree %s level %u:\n"
                                "  %s",
                                bch2_btree_ids[b->c.btree_id],
                                b->c.level - 1,
-                               (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&PBUF(buf), c, bkey_i_to_s_c(cur_k.k)), buf))) {
-                       bch2_btree_node_evict(c, cur_k.k);
+                               buf.buf)) {
+                       bch2_btree_node_evict(trans, cur_k.k);
                        ret = bch2_journal_key_delete(c, b->c.btree_id,
                                                      b->c.level, cur_k.k->k.p);
+                       cur = NULL;
                        if (ret)
                                break;
                        continue;
                }
 
                if (ret) {
-                       bch_err(c, "%s: error %i getting btree node",
-                               __func__, ret);
+                       bch_err(c, "%s: error getting btree node: %s",
+                               __func__, bch2_err_str(ret));
                        break;
                }
 
@@ -387,9 +413,10 @@ again:
 
                if (ret == DROP_THIS_NODE) {
                        six_unlock_read(&cur->c.lock);
-                       bch2_btree_node_evict(c, cur_k.k);
+                       bch2_btree_node_evict(trans, cur_k.k);
                        ret = bch2_journal_key_delete(c, b->c.btree_id,
                                                      b->c.level, cur_k.k->k.p);
+                       cur = NULL;
                        if (ret)
                                break;
                        continue;
@@ -400,7 +427,7 @@ again:
                prev = NULL;
 
                if (ret == DROP_PREV_NODE) {
-                       bch2_btree_node_evict(c, prev_k.k);
+                       bch2_btree_node_evict(trans, prev_k.k);
                        ret = bch2_journal_key_delete(c, b->c.btree_id,
                                                      b->c.level, prev_k.k->k.p);
                        if (ret)
@@ -440,23 +467,23 @@ again:
                bch2_bkey_buf_reassemble(&cur_k, c, k);
                bch2_btree_and_journal_iter_advance(&iter);
 
-               cur = bch2_btree_node_get_noiter(c, cur_k.k,
+               cur = bch2_btree_node_get_noiter(trans, cur_k.k,
                                        b->c.btree_id, b->c.level - 1,
                                        false);
                ret = PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(cur);
 
                if (ret) {
-                       bch_err(c, "%s: error %i getting btree node",
-                               __func__, ret);
+                       bch_err(c, "%s: error getting btree node: %s",
+                               __func__, bch2_err_str(ret));
                        goto err;
                }
 
-               ret = bch2_btree_repair_topology_recurse(c, cur);
+               ret = bch2_btree_repair_topology_recurse(trans, cur);
                six_unlock_read(&cur->c.lock);
                cur = NULL;
 
                if (ret == DROP_THIS_NODE) {
-                       bch2_btree_node_evict(c, cur_k.k);
+                       bch2_btree_node_evict(trans, cur_k.k);
                        ret = bch2_journal_key_delete(c, b->c.btree_id,
                                                      b->c.level, cur_k.k->k.p);
                        dropped_children = true;
@@ -468,12 +495,14 @@ again:
                have_child = true;
        }
 
+       printbuf_reset(&buf);
+       bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, bkey_i_to_s_c(&b->key));
+
        if (mustfix_fsck_err_on(!have_child, c,
                        "empty interior btree node at btree %s level %u\n"
                        "  %s",
                        bch2_btree_ids[b->c.btree_id],
-                       b->c.level,
-                       (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&PBUF(buf), c, bkey_i_to_s_c(&b->key)), buf)))
+                       b->c.level, buf.buf))
                ret = DROP_THIS_NODE;
 err:
 fsck_err:
@@ -489,42 +518,49 @@ fsck_err:
        if (!ret && dropped_children)
                goto again;
 
+       printbuf_exit(&buf);
        return ret;
 }
 
 static int bch2_repair_topology(struct bch_fs *c)
 {
+       struct btree_trans trans;
        struct btree *b;
        unsigned i;
        int ret = 0;
 
+       bch2_trans_init(&trans, c, 0, 0);
+
        for (i = 0; i < BTREE_ID_NR && !ret; i++) {
                b = c->btree_roots[i].b;
                if (btree_node_fake(b))
                        continue;
 
-               six_lock_read(&b->c.lock, NULL, NULL);
-               ret = bch2_btree_repair_topology_recurse(c, b);
+               btree_node_lock_nopath_nofail(&trans, &b->c, SIX_LOCK_read);
+               ret = bch2_btree_repair_topology_recurse(&trans, b);
                six_unlock_read(&b->c.lock);
 
                if (ret == DROP_THIS_NODE) {
                        bch_err(c, "empty btree root - repair unimplemented");
-                       ret = FSCK_ERR_EXIT;
+                       ret = -BCH_ERR_fsck_repair_unimplemented;
                }
        }
 
+       bch2_trans_exit(&trans);
+
        return ret;
 }
 
-static int bch2_check_fix_ptrs(struct bch_fs *c, enum btree_id btree_id,
+static int bch2_check_fix_ptrs(struct btree_trans *trans, enum btree_id btree_id,
                               unsigned level, bool is_root,
                               struct bkey_s_c *k)
 {
+       struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
        struct bkey_ptrs_c ptrs = bch2_bkey_ptrs_c(*k);
        const union bch_extent_entry *entry;
        struct extent_ptr_decoded p = { 0 };
        bool do_update = false;
-       char buf[200];
+       struct printbuf buf = PRINTBUF;
        int ret = 0;
 
        /*
@@ -536,72 +572,80 @@ static int bch2_check_fix_ptrs(struct bch_fs *c, enum btree_id btree_id,
                struct bucket *g = PTR_GC_BUCKET(ca, &p.ptr);
                enum bch_data_type data_type = bch2_bkey_ptr_data_type(*k, &entry->ptr);
 
-               if (fsck_err_on(!g->gen_valid, c,
-                               "bucket %u:%zu data type %s ptr gen %u missing in alloc btree\n"
-                               "while marking %s",
-                               p.ptr.dev, PTR_BUCKET_NR(ca, &p.ptr),
-                               bch2_data_types[ptr_data_type(k->k, &p.ptr)],
-                               p.ptr.gen,
-                               (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&PBUF(buf), c, *k), buf))) {
+               if (!g->gen_valid &&
+                   (c->opts.reconstruct_alloc ||
+                    fsck_err(c, "bucket %u:%zu data type %s ptr gen %u missing in alloc btree\n"
+                             "while marking %s",
+                             p.ptr.dev, PTR_BUCKET_NR(ca, &p.ptr),
+                             bch2_data_types[ptr_data_type(k->k, &p.ptr)],
+                             p.ptr.gen,
+                             (printbuf_reset(&buf),
+                              bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, *k), buf.buf)))) {
                        if (!p.ptr.cached) {
-                               g->_mark.gen            = p.ptr.gen;
                                g->gen_valid            = true;
+                               g->gen                  = p.ptr.gen;
                        } else {
                                do_update = true;
                        }
                }
 
-               if (fsck_err_on(gen_cmp(p.ptr.gen, g->mark.gen) > 0, c,
-                               "bucket %u:%zu data type %s ptr gen in the future: %u > %u\n"
-                               "while marking %s",
-                               p.ptr.dev, PTR_BUCKET_NR(ca, &p.ptr),
-                               bch2_data_types[ptr_data_type(k->k, &p.ptr)],
-                               p.ptr.gen, g->mark.gen,
-                               (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&PBUF(buf), c, *k), buf))) {
+               if (gen_cmp(p.ptr.gen, g->gen) > 0 &&
+                   (c->opts.reconstruct_alloc ||
+                    fsck_err(c, "bucket %u:%zu data type %s ptr gen in the future: %u > %u\n"
+                             "while marking %s",
+                             p.ptr.dev, PTR_BUCKET_NR(ca, &p.ptr),
+                             bch2_data_types[ptr_data_type(k->k, &p.ptr)],
+                             p.ptr.gen, g->gen,
+                             (printbuf_reset(&buf),
+                              bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, *k), buf.buf)))) {
                        if (!p.ptr.cached) {
-                               g->_mark.gen            = p.ptr.gen;
                                g->gen_valid            = true;
-                               g->_mark.data_type      = 0;
-                               g->_mark.dirty_sectors  = 0;
-                               g->_mark.cached_sectors = 0;
+                               g->gen                  = p.ptr.gen;
+                               g->data_type            = 0;
+                               g->dirty_sectors        = 0;
+                               g->cached_sectors       = 0;
                                set_bit(BCH_FS_NEED_ANOTHER_GC, &c->flags);
                        } else {
                                do_update = true;
                        }
                }
 
-               if (fsck_err_on(gen_cmp(g->mark.gen, p.ptr.gen) > BUCKET_GC_GEN_MAX, c,
-                               "bucket %u:%zu gen %u data type %s: ptr gen %u too stale\n"
-                               "while marking %s",
-                               p.ptr.dev, PTR_BUCKET_NR(ca, &p.ptr), g->mark.gen,
-                               bch2_data_types[ptr_data_type(k->k, &p.ptr)],
-                               p.ptr.gen,
-                               (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&PBUF(buf), c, *k), buf)))
+               if (gen_cmp(g->gen, p.ptr.gen) > BUCKET_GC_GEN_MAX &&
+                   (c->opts.reconstruct_alloc ||
+                    fsck_err(c, "bucket %u:%zu gen %u data type %s: ptr gen %u too stale\n"
+                             "while marking %s",
+                             p.ptr.dev, PTR_BUCKET_NR(ca, &p.ptr), g->gen,
+                             bch2_data_types[ptr_data_type(k->k, &p.ptr)],
+                             p.ptr.gen,
+                             (printbuf_reset(&buf),
+                              bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, *k), buf.buf))))
                        do_update = true;
 
-               if (fsck_err_on(!p.ptr.cached &&
-                               gen_cmp(p.ptr.gen, g->mark.gen) < 0, c,
-                               "bucket %u:%zu data type %s stale dirty ptr: %u < %u\n"
-                               "while marking %s",
-                               p.ptr.dev, PTR_BUCKET_NR(ca, &p.ptr),
-                               bch2_data_types[ptr_data_type(k->k, &p.ptr)],
-                               p.ptr.gen, g->mark.gen,
-                               (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&PBUF(buf), c, *k), buf)))
+               if (!p.ptr.cached && gen_cmp(p.ptr.gen, g->gen) < 0 &&
+                   (c->opts.reconstruct_alloc ||
+                    fsck_err(c, "bucket %u:%zu data type %s stale dirty ptr: %u < %u\n"
+                             "while marking %s",
+                             p.ptr.dev, PTR_BUCKET_NR(ca, &p.ptr),
+                             bch2_data_types[ptr_data_type(k->k, &p.ptr)],
+                             p.ptr.gen, g->gen,
+                             (printbuf_reset(&buf),
+                              bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, *k), buf.buf))))
                        do_update = true;
 
-               if (data_type != BCH_DATA_btree && p.ptr.gen != g->mark.gen)
+               if (data_type != BCH_DATA_btree && p.ptr.gen != g->gen)
                        continue;
 
-               if (fsck_err_on(g->mark.data_type &&
-                               g->mark.data_type != data_type, c,
+               if (fsck_err_on(bucket_data_type(g->data_type) &&
+                               bucket_data_type(g->data_type) != data_type, c,
                                "bucket %u:%zu different types of data in same bucket: %s, %s\n"
                                "while marking %s",
                                p.ptr.dev, PTR_BUCKET_NR(ca, &p.ptr),
-                               bch2_data_types[g->mark.data_type],
+                               bch2_data_types[g->data_type],
                                bch2_data_types[data_type],
-                               (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&PBUF(buf), c, *k), buf))) {
+                               (printbuf_reset(&buf),
+                                bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, *k), buf.buf))) {
                        if (data_type == BCH_DATA_btree) {
-                               g->_mark.data_type      = data_type;
+                               g->data_type    = data_type;
                                set_bit(BCH_FS_NEED_ANOTHER_GC, &c->flags);
                        } else {
                                do_update = true;
@@ -615,14 +659,16 @@ static int bch2_check_fix_ptrs(struct bch_fs *c, enum btree_id btree_id,
                                        "pointer to nonexistent stripe %llu\n"
                                        "while marking %s",
                                        (u64) p.ec.idx,
-                                       (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&PBUF(buf), c, *k), buf)))
+                                       (printbuf_reset(&buf),
+                                        bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, *k), buf.buf)))
                                do_update = true;
 
-                       if (fsck_err_on(!bch2_ptr_matches_stripe_m(m, p), c,
+                       if (fsck_err_on(m && m->alive && !bch2_ptr_matches_stripe_m(m, p), c,
                                        "pointer does not match stripe %llu\n"
                                        "while marking %s",
                                        (u64) p.ec.idx,
-                                       (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&PBUF(buf), c, *k), buf)))
+                                       (printbuf_reset(&buf),
+                                        bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, *k), buf.buf)))
                                do_update = true;
                }
        }
@@ -635,13 +681,15 @@ static int bch2_check_fix_ptrs(struct bch_fs *c, enum btree_id btree_id,
 
                if (is_root) {
                        bch_err(c, "cannot update btree roots yet");
-                       return -EINVAL;
+                       ret = -EINVAL;
+                       goto err;
                }
 
                new = kmalloc(bkey_bytes(k->k), GFP_KERNEL);
                if (!new) {
                        bch_err(c, "%s: error allocating new key", __func__);
-                       return -ENOMEM;
+                       ret = -BCH_ERR_ENOMEM_gc_repair_key;
+                       goto err;
                }
 
                bkey_reassemble(new, *k);
@@ -657,7 +705,7 @@ static int bch2_check_fix_ptrs(struct bch_fs *c, enum btree_id btree_id,
                                struct bch_dev *ca = bch_dev_bkey_exists(c, ptr->dev);
                                struct bucket *g = PTR_GC_BUCKET(ca, ptr);
 
-                               ptr->gen = g->mark.gen;
+                               ptr->gen = g->gen;
                        }
                } else {
                        bch2_bkey_drop_ptrs(bkey_i_to_s(new), ptr, ({
@@ -666,12 +714,12 @@ static int bch2_check_fix_ptrs(struct bch_fs *c, enum btree_id btree_id,
                                enum bch_data_type data_type = bch2_bkey_ptr_data_type(*k, ptr);
 
                                (ptr->cached &&
-                                (!g->gen_valid || gen_cmp(ptr->gen, g->mark.gen) > 0)) ||
+                                (!g->gen_valid || gen_cmp(ptr->gen, g->gen) > 0)) ||
                                (!ptr->cached &&
-                                gen_cmp(ptr->gen, g->mark.gen) < 0) ||
-                               gen_cmp(g->mark.gen, ptr->gen) > BUCKET_GC_GEN_MAX ||
-                               (g->mark.data_type &&
-                                g->mark.data_type != data_type);
+                                gen_cmp(ptr->gen, g->gen) < 0) ||
+                               gen_cmp(g->gen, ptr->gen) > BUCKET_GC_GEN_MAX ||
+                               (g->data_type &&
+                                g->data_type != data_type);
                        }));
 again:
                        ptrs = bch2_bkey_ptrs(bkey_i_to_s(new));
@@ -705,19 +753,27 @@ found:
                ret = bch2_journal_key_insert_take(c, btree_id, level, new);
                if (ret) {
                        kfree(new);
-                       return ret;
+                       goto err;
                }
 
                if (level)
-                       bch2_btree_node_update_key_early(c, btree_id, level - 1, *k, new);
+                       bch2_btree_node_update_key_early(trans, btree_id, level - 1, *k, new);
+
+               if (0) {
+                       printbuf_reset(&buf);
+                       bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, *k);
+                       bch_info(c, "updated %s", buf.buf);
+
+                       printbuf_reset(&buf);
+                       bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, bkey_i_to_s_c(new));
+                       bch_info(c, "new key %s", buf.buf);
+               }
 
-               bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&PBUF(buf), c, *k);
-               bch_info(c, "updated %s", buf);
-               bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&PBUF(buf), c, bkey_i_to_s_c(new));
-               bch_info(c, "new key %s", buf);
                *k = bkey_i_to_s_c(new);
        }
+err:
 fsck_err:
+       printbuf_exit(&buf);
        return ret;
 }
 
@@ -726,11 +782,9 @@ fsck_err:
 static int bch2_gc_mark_key(struct btree_trans *trans, enum btree_id btree_id,
                            unsigned level, bool is_root,
                            struct bkey_s_c *k,
-                           u8 *max_stale, bool initial)
+                           bool initial)
 {
        struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
-       struct bkey_ptrs_c ptrs;
-       const struct bch_extent_ptr *ptr;
        struct bkey deleted = KEY(0, 0, 0);
        struct bkey_s_c old = (struct bkey_s_c) { &deleted, NULL };
        unsigned flags =
@@ -742,9 +796,9 @@ static int bch2_gc_mark_key(struct btree_trans *trans, enum btree_id btree_id,
 
        if (initial) {
                BUG_ON(bch2_journal_seq_verify &&
-                      k->k->version.lo > journal_cur_seq(&c->journal));
+                      k->k->version.lo > atomic64_read(&c->journal.seq));
 
-               ret = bch2_check_fix_ptrs(c, btree_id, level, is_root, k);
+               ret = bch2_check_fix_ptrs(trans, btree_id, level, is_root, k);
                if (ret)
                        goto err;
 
@@ -755,27 +809,16 @@ static int bch2_gc_mark_key(struct btree_trans *trans, enum btree_id btree_id,
                        atomic64_set(&c->key_version, k->k->version.lo);
        }
 
-       ptrs = bch2_bkey_ptrs_c(*k);
-       bkey_for_each_ptr(ptrs, ptr) {
-               struct bch_dev *ca = bch_dev_bkey_exists(c, ptr->dev);
-               struct bucket *g = PTR_GC_BUCKET(ca, ptr);
-
-               if (gen_after(g->oldest_gen, ptr->gen))
-                       g->oldest_gen = ptr->gen;
-
-               *max_stale = max(*max_stale, ptr_stale(ca, ptr));
-       }
-
-       ret = bch2_mark_key(trans, old, *k, flags);
+       ret = commit_do(trans, NULL, NULL, 0,
+                       bch2_mark_key(trans, btree_id, level, old, *k, flags));
 fsck_err:
 err:
        if (ret)
-               bch_err(c, "%s: ret %i", __func__, ret);
+               bch_err(c, "error from %s(): %s", __func__, bch2_err_str(ret));
        return ret;
 }
 
-static int btree_gc_mark_node(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree *b, u8 *max_stale,
-                             bool initial)
+static int btree_gc_mark_node(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree *b, bool initial)
 {
        struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
        struct btree_node_iter iter;
@@ -784,8 +827,6 @@ static int btree_gc_mark_node(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree *b, u8 *ma
        struct bkey_buf prev, cur;
        int ret = 0;
 
-       *max_stale = 0;
-
        if (!btree_node_type_needs_gc(btree_node_type(b)))
                return 0;
 
@@ -796,7 +837,7 @@ static int btree_gc_mark_node(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree *b, u8 *ma
 
        while ((k = bch2_btree_node_iter_peek_unpack(&iter, b, &unpacked)).k) {
                ret = bch2_gc_mark_key(trans, b->c.btree_id, b->c.level, false,
-                                      &k, max_stale, initial);
+                                      &k, initial);
                if (ret)
                        break;
 
@@ -823,11 +864,7 @@ static int bch2_gc_btree(struct btree_trans *trans, enum btree_id btree_id,
        struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
        struct btree_iter iter;
        struct btree *b;
-       unsigned depth = metadata_only                  ? 1
-               : bch2_expensive_debug_checks           ? 0
-               : !btree_node_type_needs_gc(btree_id)   ? 1
-               : 0;
-       u8 max_stale = 0;
+       unsigned depth = metadata_only ? 1 : 0;
        int ret = 0;
 
        gc_pos_set(c, gc_pos_btree(btree_id, POS_MIN, 0));
@@ -838,21 +875,9 @@ static int bch2_gc_btree(struct btree_trans *trans, enum btree_id btree_id,
 
                gc_pos_set(c, gc_pos_btree_node(b));
 
-               ret = btree_gc_mark_node(trans, b, &max_stale, initial);
+               ret = btree_gc_mark_node(trans, b, initial);
                if (ret)
                        break;
-
-               if (!initial) {
-                       if (max_stale > 64)
-                               bch2_btree_node_rewrite(trans, &iter, b,
-                                               BTREE_INSERT_NOWAIT|
-                                               BTREE_INSERT_GC_LOCK_HELD);
-                       else if (!bch2_btree_gc_rewrite_disabled &&
-                                (bch2_btree_gc_always_rewrite || max_stale > 16))
-                               bch2_btree_node_rewrite(trans, &iter,
-                                               b, BTREE_INSERT_NOWAIT|
-                                               BTREE_INSERT_GC_LOCK_HELD);
-               }
        }
        bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, &iter);
 
@@ -864,8 +889,8 @@ static int bch2_gc_btree(struct btree_trans *trans, enum btree_id btree_id,
        if (!btree_node_fake(b)) {
                struct bkey_s_c k = bkey_i_to_s_c(&b->key);
 
-               ret = bch2_gc_mark_key(trans, b->c.btree_id, b->c.level, true,
-                                      &k, &max_stale, initial);
+               ret = bch2_gc_mark_key(trans, b->c.btree_id, b->c.level + 1,
+                                      true, &k, initial);
        }
        gc_pos_set(c, gc_pos_btree_root(b->c.btree_id));
        mutex_unlock(&c->btree_root_lock);
@@ -880,8 +905,7 @@ static int bch2_gc_btree_init_recurse(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree *b
        struct btree_and_journal_iter iter;
        struct bkey_s_c k;
        struct bkey_buf cur, prev;
-       u8 max_stale = 0;
-       char buf[200];
+       struct printbuf buf = PRINTBUF;
        int ret = 0;
 
        bch2_btree_and_journal_iter_init_node_iter(&iter, c, b);
@@ -890,13 +914,14 @@ static int bch2_gc_btree_init_recurse(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree *b
        bkey_init(&prev.k->k);
 
        while ((k = bch2_btree_and_journal_iter_peek(&iter)).k) {
-               BUG_ON(bpos_cmp(k.k->p, b->data->min_key) < 0);
-               BUG_ON(bpos_cmp(k.k->p, b->data->max_key) > 0);
+               BUG_ON(bpos_lt(k.k->p, b->data->min_key));
+               BUG_ON(bpos_gt(k.k->p, b->data->max_key));
 
-               ret = bch2_gc_mark_key(trans, b->c.btree_id, b->c.level, false,
-                                      &k, &max_stale, true);
+               ret = bch2_gc_mark_key(trans, b->c.btree_id, b->c.level,
+                                      false, &k, true);
                if (ret) {
-                       bch_err(c, "%s: error %i from bch2_gc_mark_key", __func__, ret);
+                       bch_err(c, "%s: error from bch2_gc_mark_key: %s",
+                               __func__, bch2_err_str(ret));
                        goto fsck_err;
                }
 
@@ -926,7 +951,7 @@ static int bch2_gc_btree_init_recurse(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree *b
                        bch2_bkey_buf_reassemble(&cur, c, k);
                        bch2_btree_and_journal_iter_advance(&iter);
 
-                       child = bch2_btree_node_get_noiter(c, cur.k,
+                       child = bch2_btree_node_get_noiter(trans, cur.k,
                                                b->c.btree_id, b->c.level - 1,
                                                false);
                        ret = PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(child);
@@ -942,9 +967,10 @@ static int bch2_gc_btree_init_recurse(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree *b
                                          "  %s",
                                          bch2_btree_ids[b->c.btree_id],
                                          b->c.level - 1,
-                                         (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&PBUF(buf), c, bkey_i_to_s_c(cur.k)), buf)) &&
+                                         (printbuf_reset(&buf),
+                                          bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, bkey_i_to_s_c(cur.k)), buf.buf)) &&
                                    !test_bit(BCH_FS_TOPOLOGY_REPAIR_DONE, &c->flags)) {
-                                       ret = FSCK_ERR_START_TOPOLOGY_REPAIR;
+                                       ret = -BCH_ERR_need_topology_repair;
                                        bch_info(c, "Halting mark and sweep to start topology repair pass");
                                        goto fsck_err;
                                } else {
@@ -955,8 +981,8 @@ static int bch2_gc_btree_init_recurse(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree *b
                                        continue;
                                }
                        } else if (ret) {
-                               bch_err(c, "%s: error %i getting btree node",
-                                       __func__, ret);
+                               bch_err(c, "%s: error getting btree node: %s",
+                                       __func__, bch2_err_str(ret));
                                break;
                        }
 
@@ -972,6 +998,7 @@ fsck_err:
        bch2_bkey_buf_exit(&cur, c);
        bch2_bkey_buf_exit(&prev, c);
        bch2_btree_and_journal_iter_exit(&iter);
+       printbuf_exit(&buf);
        return ret;
 }
 
@@ -981,12 +1008,8 @@ static int bch2_gc_btree_init(struct btree_trans *trans,
 {
        struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
        struct btree *b;
-       unsigned target_depth = metadata_only           ? 1
-               : bch2_expensive_debug_checks           ? 0
-               : !btree_node_type_needs_gc(btree_id)   ? 1
-               : 0;
-       u8 max_stale = 0;
-       char buf[100];
+       unsigned target_depth = metadata_only ? 1 : 0;
+       struct printbuf buf = PRINTBUF;
        int ret = 0;
 
        b = c->btree_roots[btree_id].b;
@@ -995,19 +1018,21 @@ static int bch2_gc_btree_init(struct btree_trans *trans,
                return 0;
 
        six_lock_read(&b->c.lock, NULL, NULL);
-       if (mustfix_fsck_err_on(bpos_cmp(b->data->min_key, POS_MIN), c,
-                       "btree root with incorrect min_key: %s",
-                       (bch2_bpos_to_text(&PBUF(buf), b->data->min_key), buf))) {
+       printbuf_reset(&buf);
+       bch2_bpos_to_text(&buf, b->data->min_key);
+       if (mustfix_fsck_err_on(!bpos_eq(b->data->min_key, POS_MIN), c,
+                       "btree root with incorrect min_key: %s", buf.buf)) {
                bch_err(c, "repair unimplemented");
-               ret = FSCK_ERR_EXIT;
+               ret = -BCH_ERR_fsck_repair_unimplemented;
                goto fsck_err;
        }
 
-       if (mustfix_fsck_err_on(bpos_cmp(b->data->max_key, SPOS_MAX), c,
-                       "btree root with incorrect max_key: %s",
-                       (bch2_bpos_to_text(&PBUF(buf), b->data->max_key), buf))) {
+       printbuf_reset(&buf);
+       bch2_bpos_to_text(&buf, b->data->max_key);
+       if (mustfix_fsck_err_on(!bpos_eq(b->data->max_key, SPOS_MAX), c,
+                       "btree root with incorrect max_key: %s", buf.buf)) {
                bch_err(c, "repair unimplemented");
-               ret = FSCK_ERR_EXIT;
+               ret = -BCH_ERR_fsck_repair_unimplemented;
                goto fsck_err;
        }
 
@@ -1017,14 +1042,15 @@ static int bch2_gc_btree_init(struct btree_trans *trans,
        if (!ret) {
                struct bkey_s_c k = bkey_i_to_s_c(&b->key);
 
-               ret = bch2_gc_mark_key(trans, b->c.btree_id, b->c.level, true,
-                                      &k, &max_stale, true);
+               ret = bch2_gc_mark_key(trans, b->c.btree_id, b->c.level + 1, true,
+                                      &k, true);
        }
 fsck_err:
        six_unlock_read(&b->c.lock);
 
        if (ret < 0)
-               bch_err(c, "%s: ret %i", __func__, ret);
+               bch_err(c, "error from %s(): %s", __func__, bch2_err_str(ret));
+       printbuf_exit(&buf);
        return ret;
 }
 
@@ -1043,6 +1069,9 @@ static int bch2_gc_btrees(struct bch_fs *c, bool initial, bool metadata_only)
 
        bch2_trans_init(&trans, c, 0, 0);
 
+       if (initial)
+               trans.is_initial_gc = true;
+
        for (i = 0; i < BTREE_ID_NR; i++)
                ids[i] = i;
        bubble_sort(ids, BTREE_ID_NR, btree_id_gc_phase_cmp);
@@ -1053,7 +1082,7 @@ static int bch2_gc_btrees(struct bch_fs *c, bool initial, bool metadata_only)
                        : bch2_gc_btree(&trans, ids[i], initial, metadata_only);
 
        if (ret < 0)
-               bch_err(c, "%s: ret %i", __func__, ret);
+               bch_err(c, "error from %s(): %s", __func__, bch2_err_str(ret));
 
        bch2_trans_exit(&trans);
        return ret;
@@ -1144,10 +1173,10 @@ static void bch2_gc_free(struct bch_fs *c)
        genradix_free(&c->gc_stripes);
 
        for_each_member_device(ca, c, i) {
-               kvpfree(rcu_dereference_protected(ca->buckets[1], 1),
+               kvpfree(rcu_dereference_protected(ca->buckets_gc, 1),
                        sizeof(struct bucket_array) +
                        ca->mi.nbuckets * sizeof(struct bucket));
-               ca->buckets[1] = NULL;
+               ca->buckets_gc = NULL;
 
                free_percpu(ca->usage_gc);
                ca->usage_gc = NULL;
@@ -1161,29 +1190,29 @@ static int bch2_gc_done(struct bch_fs *c,
                        bool initial, bool metadata_only)
 {
        struct bch_dev *ca = NULL;
-       bool verify = !metadata_only && (!initial ||
-                      (c->sb.compat & (1ULL << BCH_COMPAT_alloc_info)));
+       struct printbuf buf = PRINTBUF;
+       bool verify = !metadata_only &&
+               !c->opts.reconstruct_alloc &&
+               (!initial || (c->sb.compat & (1ULL << BCH_COMPAT_alloc_info)));
        unsigned i, dev;
        int ret = 0;
 
        percpu_down_write(&c->mark_lock);
 
 #define copy_field(_f, _msg, ...)                                      \
-       if (dst->_f != src->_f) {                                       \
-               if (verify)                                             \
-                       fsck_err(c, _msg ": got %llu, should be %llu"   \
-                               , ##__VA_ARGS__, dst->_f, src->_f);     \
-               dst->_f = src->_f;                                      \
-       }
+       if (dst->_f != src->_f &&                                       \
+           (!verify ||                                                 \
+            fsck_err(c, _msg ": got %llu, should be %llu"              \
+                     , ##__VA_ARGS__, dst->_f, src->_f)))              \
+               dst->_f = src->_f
 #define copy_stripe_field(_f, _msg, ...)                               \
-       if (dst->_f != src->_f) {                                       \
-               if (verify)                                             \
-                       fsck_err(c, "stripe %zu has wrong "_msg         \
-                               ": got %u, should be %u",               \
-                               iter.pos, ##__VA_ARGS__,                \
-                               dst->_f, src->_f);                      \
-               dst->_f = src->_f;                                      \
-       }
+       if (dst->_f != src->_f &&                                       \
+           (!verify ||                                                 \
+            fsck_err(c, "stripe %zu has wrong "_msg                    \
+                     ": got %u, should be %u",                         \
+                     iter.pos, ##__VA_ARGS__,                          \
+                     dst->_f, src->_f)))                               \
+               dst->_f = src->_f
 #define copy_dev_field(_f, _msg, ...)                                  \
        copy_field(_f, "dev %u has wrong " _msg, dev, ##__VA_ARGS__)
 #define copy_fs_field(_f, _msg, ...)                                   \
@@ -1199,7 +1228,6 @@ static int bch2_gc_done(struct bch_fs *c,
                                             dev_usage_u64s());
 
                copy_dev_field(buckets_ec,              "buckets_ec");
-               copy_dev_field(buckets_unavailable,     "buckets_unavailable");
 
                for (i = 0; i < BCH_DATA_NR; i++) {
                        copy_dev_field(d[i].buckets,    "%s buckets", bch2_data_types[i]);
@@ -1231,16 +1259,16 @@ static int bch2_gc_done(struct bch_fs *c,
                for (i = 0; i < c->replicas.nr; i++) {
                        struct bch_replicas_entry *e =
                                cpu_replicas_entry(&c->replicas, i);
-                       char buf[80];
 
                        if (metadata_only &&
                            (e->data_type == BCH_DATA_user ||
                             e->data_type == BCH_DATA_cached))
                                continue;
 
-                       bch2_replicas_entry_to_text(&PBUF(buf), e);
+                       printbuf_reset(&buf);
+                       bch2_replicas_entry_to_text(&buf, e);
 
-                       copy_fs_field(replicas[i], "%s", buf);
+                       copy_fs_field(replicas[i], "%s", buf.buf);
                }
        }
 
@@ -1252,14 +1280,14 @@ fsck_err:
        if (ca)
                percpu_ref_put(&ca->ref);
        if (ret)
-               bch_err(c, "%s: ret %i", __func__, ret);
+               bch_err(c, "error from %s(): %s", __func__, bch2_err_str(ret));
 
        percpu_up_write(&c->mark_lock);
+       printbuf_exit(&buf);
        return ret;
 }
 
-static int bch2_gc_start(struct bch_fs *c,
-                        bool metadata_only)
+static int bch2_gc_start(struct bch_fs *c)
 {
        struct bch_dev *ca = NULL;
        unsigned i;
@@ -1270,106 +1298,161 @@ static int bch2_gc_start(struct bch_fs *c,
                                         sizeof(u64), GFP_KERNEL);
        if (!c->usage_gc) {
                bch_err(c, "error allocating c->usage_gc");
-               return -ENOMEM;
+               return -BCH_ERR_ENOMEM_gc_start;
        }
 
        for_each_member_device(ca, c, i) {
-               BUG_ON(ca->buckets[1]);
                BUG_ON(ca->usage_gc);
 
                ca->usage_gc = alloc_percpu(struct bch_dev_usage);
                if (!ca->usage_gc) {
                        bch_err(c, "error allocating ca->usage_gc");
                        percpu_ref_put(&ca->ref);
-                       return -ENOMEM;
+                       return -BCH_ERR_ENOMEM_gc_start;
                }
+
+               this_cpu_write(ca->usage_gc->d[BCH_DATA_free].buckets,
+                              ca->mi.nbuckets - ca->mi.first_bucket);
        }
 
        return 0;
 }
 
+static int bch2_gc_reset(struct bch_fs *c)
+{
+       struct bch_dev *ca;
+       unsigned i;
+
+       for_each_member_device(ca, c, i) {
+               free_percpu(ca->usage_gc);
+               ca->usage_gc = NULL;
+       }
+
+       free_percpu(c->usage_gc);
+       c->usage_gc = NULL;
+
+       return bch2_gc_start(c);
+}
+
+/* returns true if not equal */
+static inline bool bch2_alloc_v4_cmp(struct bch_alloc_v4 l,
+                                    struct bch_alloc_v4 r)
+{
+       return  l.gen != r.gen                          ||
+               l.oldest_gen != r.oldest_gen            ||
+               l.data_type != r.data_type              ||
+               l.dirty_sectors != r.dirty_sectors      ||
+               l.cached_sectors != r.cached_sectors     ||
+               l.stripe_redundancy != r.stripe_redundancy ||
+               l.stripe != r.stripe;
+}
+
 static int bch2_alloc_write_key(struct btree_trans *trans,
                                struct btree_iter *iter,
-                               bool initial, bool metadata_only)
+                               struct bkey_s_c k,
+                               bool metadata_only)
 {
        struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
        struct bch_dev *ca = bch_dev_bkey_exists(c, iter->pos.inode);
-       struct bucket *g;
-       struct bkey_s_c k;
-       struct bkey_alloc_unpacked old_u, new_u, gc_u;
-       struct bkey_alloc_buf *a;
+       struct bucket gc, *b;
+       struct bkey_i_alloc_v4 *a;
+       struct bch_alloc_v4 old_convert, new;
+       const struct bch_alloc_v4 *old;
+       enum bch_data_type type;
        int ret;
 
-       k = bch2_btree_iter_peek_slot(iter);
-       ret = bkey_err(k);
-       if (ret)
-               return ret;
+       if (bkey_ge(iter->pos, POS(ca->dev_idx, ca->mi.nbuckets)))
+               return 1;
 
-       old_u = new_u = bch2_alloc_unpack(k);
+       old = bch2_alloc_to_v4(k, &old_convert);
+       new = *old;
 
        percpu_down_read(&c->mark_lock);
-       g       = gc_bucket(ca, iter->pos.offset);
-       gc_u = (struct bkey_alloc_unpacked) {
-               .dev            = iter->pos.inode,
-               .bucket         = iter->pos.offset,
-               .gen            = g->mark.gen,
-               .oldest_gen     = g->oldest_gen,
-               .data_type      = g->mark.data_type,
-               .dirty_sectors  = g->mark.dirty_sectors,
-               .cached_sectors = g->mark.cached_sectors,
-               .read_time      = g->io_time[READ],
-               .write_time     = g->io_time[WRITE],
-               .stripe         = g->stripe,
-               .stripe_redundancy = g->stripe_redundancy,
-       };
+       b = gc_bucket(ca, iter->pos.offset);
+
+       /*
+        * b->data_type doesn't yet include need_discard & need_gc_gen states -
+        * fix that here:
+        */
+       type = __alloc_data_type(b->dirty_sectors,
+                                b->cached_sectors,
+                                b->stripe,
+                                *old,
+                                b->data_type);
+       if (b->data_type != type) {
+               struct bch_dev_usage *u;
+
+               preempt_disable();
+               u = this_cpu_ptr(ca->usage_gc);
+               u->d[b->data_type].buckets--;
+               b->data_type = type;
+               u->d[b->data_type].buckets++;
+               preempt_enable();
+       }
+
+       gc = *b;
        percpu_up_read(&c->mark_lock);
 
        if (metadata_only &&
-           gc_u.data_type != BCH_DATA_sb &&
-           gc_u.data_type != BCH_DATA_journal &&
-           gc_u.data_type != BCH_DATA_btree)
+           gc.data_type != BCH_DATA_sb &&
+           gc.data_type != BCH_DATA_journal &&
+           gc.data_type != BCH_DATA_btree)
                return 0;
 
-       if (!bkey_alloc_unpacked_cmp(old_u, gc_u) ||
-           gen_after(old_u.gen, gc_u.gen))
+       if (gen_after(old->gen, gc.gen))
                return 0;
 
+       if (c->opts.reconstruct_alloc ||
+           fsck_err_on(new.data_type != gc.data_type, c,
+                       "bucket %llu:%llu gen %u has wrong data_type"
+                       ": got %s, should be %s",
+                       iter->pos.inode, iter->pos.offset,
+                       gc.gen,
+                       bch2_data_types[new.data_type],
+                       bch2_data_types[gc.data_type]))
+               new.data_type = gc.data_type;
+
 #define copy_bucket_field(_f)                                          \
-       if (fsck_err_on(new_u._f != gc_u._f, c,                         \
+       if (c->opts.reconstruct_alloc ||                                \
+           fsck_err_on(new._f != gc._f, c,                             \
                        "bucket %llu:%llu gen %u data type %s has wrong " #_f   \
                        ": got %u, should be %u",                       \
                        iter->pos.inode, iter->pos.offset,              \
-                       new_u.gen,                                      \
-                       bch2_data_types[new_u.data_type],               \
-                       new_u._f, gc_u._f))                             \
-               new_u._f = gc_u._f;                                     \
+                       gc.gen,                                         \
+                       bch2_data_types[gc.data_type],                  \
+                       new._f, gc._f))                                 \
+               new._f = gc._f;                                         \
 
        copy_bucket_field(gen);
-       copy_bucket_field(data_type);
-       copy_bucket_field(stripe);
        copy_bucket_field(dirty_sectors);
        copy_bucket_field(cached_sectors);
        copy_bucket_field(stripe_redundancy);
        copy_bucket_field(stripe);
 #undef copy_bucket_field
 
-       new_u.oldest_gen = gc_u.oldest_gen;
-
-       if (!bkey_alloc_unpacked_cmp(old_u, new_u))
+       if (!bch2_alloc_v4_cmp(*old, new))
                return 0;
 
-       a = bch2_alloc_pack(trans, new_u);
-       if (IS_ERR(a))
-               return PTR_ERR(a);
+       a = bch2_alloc_to_v4_mut(trans, k);
+       ret = PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(a);
+       if (ret)
+               return ret;
 
-       ret = initial
-               ? bch2_journal_key_insert(c, BTREE_ID_alloc, 0, &a->k)
-               : bch2_trans_update(trans, iter, &a->k, BTREE_TRIGGER_NORUN);
+       a->v = new;
+
+       /*
+        * The trigger normally makes sure this is set, but we're not running
+        * triggers:
+        */
+       if (a->v.data_type == BCH_DATA_cached && !a->v.io_time[READ])
+               a->v.io_time[READ] = max_t(u64, 1, atomic64_read(&c->io_clock[READ].now));
+
+       ret = bch2_trans_update(trans, iter, &a->k_i, BTREE_TRIGGER_NORUN);
 fsck_err:
        return ret;
 }
 
-static int bch2_gc_alloc_done(struct bch_fs *c, bool initial, bool metadata_only)
+static int bch2_gc_alloc_done(struct bch_fs *c, bool metadata_only)
 {
        struct btree_trans trans;
        struct btree_iter iter;
@@ -1381,37 +1464,34 @@ static int bch2_gc_alloc_done(struct bch_fs *c, bool initial, bool metadata_only
        bch2_trans_init(&trans, c, 0, 0);
 
        for_each_member_device(ca, c, i) {
-               for_each_btree_key(&trans, iter, BTREE_ID_alloc,
-                                  POS(ca->dev_idx, ca->mi.first_bucket),
-                                  BTREE_ITER_SLOTS|
-                                  BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH, k, ret) {
-                       if (bkey_cmp(iter.pos, POS(ca->dev_idx, ca->mi.nbuckets)) >= 0)
-                               break;
-
-                       ret = __bch2_trans_do(&trans, NULL, NULL,
-                                             BTREE_INSERT_LAZY_RW,
-                                       bch2_alloc_write_key(&trans, &iter,
-                                                            initial, metadata_only));
-                       if (ret)
-                               break;
-               }
-               bch2_trans_iter_exit(&trans, &iter);
-
-               if (ret) {
-                       bch_err(c, "error writing alloc info: %i", ret);
+               ret = for_each_btree_key_commit(&trans, iter, BTREE_ID_alloc,
+                               POS(ca->dev_idx, ca->mi.first_bucket),
+                               BTREE_ITER_SLOTS|BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH, k,
+                               NULL, NULL, BTREE_INSERT_LAZY_RW,
+                       bch2_alloc_write_key(&trans, &iter, k, metadata_only));
+
+               if (ret < 0) {
+                       bch_err(c, "error writing alloc info: %s", bch2_err_str(ret));
                        percpu_ref_put(&ca->ref);
                        break;
                }
        }
 
        bch2_trans_exit(&trans);
-       return ret;
+       return ret < 0 ? ret : 0;
 }
 
-static int bch2_gc_alloc_start(struct bch_fs *c, bool initial, bool metadata_only)
+static int bch2_gc_alloc_start(struct bch_fs *c, bool metadata_only)
 {
        struct bch_dev *ca;
+       struct btree_trans trans;
+       struct btree_iter iter;
+       struct bkey_s_c k;
+       struct bucket *g;
+       struct bch_alloc_v4 a_convert;
+       const struct bch_alloc_v4 *a;
        unsigned i;
+       int ret;
 
        for_each_member_device(ca, c, i) {
                struct bucket_array *buckets = kvpmalloc(sizeof(struct bucket_array) +
@@ -1419,119 +1499,144 @@ static int bch2_gc_alloc_start(struct bch_fs *c, bool initial, bool metadata_onl
                                GFP_KERNEL|__GFP_ZERO);
                if (!buckets) {
                        percpu_ref_put(&ca->ref);
-                       percpu_up_write(&c->mark_lock);
                        bch_err(c, "error allocating ca->buckets[gc]");
-                       return -ENOMEM;
+                       return -BCH_ERR_ENOMEM_gc_alloc_start;
                }
 
                buckets->first_bucket   = ca->mi.first_bucket;
                buckets->nbuckets       = ca->mi.nbuckets;
-               rcu_assign_pointer(ca->buckets[1], buckets);
+               rcu_assign_pointer(ca->buckets_gc, buckets);
        };
 
-       return bch2_alloc_read(c, true, metadata_only);
+       bch2_trans_init(&trans, c, 0, 0);
+
+       for_each_btree_key(&trans, iter, BTREE_ID_alloc, POS_MIN,
+                          BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH, k, ret) {
+               ca = bch_dev_bkey_exists(c, k.k->p.inode);
+               g = gc_bucket(ca, k.k->p.offset);
+
+               a = bch2_alloc_to_v4(k, &a_convert);
+
+               g->gen_valid    = 1;
+               g->gen          = a->gen;
+
+               if (metadata_only &&
+                   (a->data_type == BCH_DATA_user ||
+                    a->data_type == BCH_DATA_cached ||
+                    a->data_type == BCH_DATA_parity)) {
+                       g->data_type            = a->data_type;
+                       g->dirty_sectors        = a->dirty_sectors;
+                       g->cached_sectors       = a->cached_sectors;
+                       g->stripe               = a->stripe;
+                       g->stripe_redundancy    = a->stripe_redundancy;
+               }
+       }
+       bch2_trans_iter_exit(&trans, &iter);
+
+       bch2_trans_exit(&trans);
+
+       if (ret)
+               bch_err(c, "error reading alloc info at gc start: %s", bch2_err_str(ret));
+
+       return ret;
 }
 
-static void bch2_gc_alloc_reset(struct bch_fs *c, bool initial, bool metadata_only)
+static void bch2_gc_alloc_reset(struct bch_fs *c, bool metadata_only)
 {
        struct bch_dev *ca;
        unsigned i;
 
        for_each_member_device(ca, c, i) {
-               struct bucket_array *buckets = __bucket_array(ca, true);
+               struct bucket_array *buckets = gc_bucket_array(ca);
                struct bucket *g;
 
                for_each_bucket(g, buckets) {
                        if (metadata_only &&
-                           (g->mark.data_type == BCH_DATA_user ||
-                            g->mark.data_type == BCH_DATA_cached ||
-                            g->mark.data_type == BCH_DATA_parity))
+                           (g->data_type == BCH_DATA_user ||
+                            g->data_type == BCH_DATA_cached ||
+                            g->data_type == BCH_DATA_parity))
                                continue;
-                       g->_mark.dirty_sectors = 0;
-                       g->_mark.cached_sectors = 0;
+                       g->data_type = 0;
+                       g->dirty_sectors = 0;
+                       g->cached_sectors = 0;
                }
        };
 }
 
-static int bch2_gc_reflink_done(struct bch_fs *c, bool initial,
-                               bool metadata_only)
+static int bch2_gc_write_reflink_key(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                    struct btree_iter *iter,
+                                    struct bkey_s_c k,
+                                    size_t *idx)
 {
-       struct btree_trans trans;
-       struct btree_iter iter;
-       struct bkey_s_c k;
+       struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
+       const __le64 *refcount = bkey_refcount_c(k);
+       struct printbuf buf = PRINTBUF;
        struct reflink_gc *r;
-       size_t idx = 0;
-       char buf[200];
        int ret = 0;
 
-       if (metadata_only)
+       if (!refcount)
                return 0;
 
-       bch2_trans_init(&trans, c, 0, 0);
-
-       for_each_btree_key(&trans, iter, BTREE_ID_reflink, POS_MIN,
-                          BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH, k, ret) {
-               const __le64 *refcount = bkey_refcount_c(k);
+       while ((r = genradix_ptr(&c->reflink_gc_table, *idx)) &&
+              r->offset < k.k->p.offset)
+               ++*idx;
 
-               if (!refcount)
-                       continue;
-
-               r = genradix_ptr(&c->reflink_gc_table, idx++);
-               if (!r ||
-                   r->offset != k.k->p.offset ||
-                   r->size != k.k->size) {
-                       bch_err(c, "unexpected inconsistency walking reflink table at gc finish");
-                       ret = -EINVAL;
-                       break;
-               }
+       if (!r ||
+           r->offset != k.k->p.offset ||
+           r->size != k.k->size) {
+               bch_err(c, "unexpected inconsistency walking reflink table at gc finish");
+               return -EINVAL;
+       }
 
-               if (fsck_err_on(r->refcount != le64_to_cpu(*refcount), c,
-                               "reflink key has wrong refcount:\n"
-                               "  %s\n"
-                               "  should be %u",
-                               (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&PBUF(buf), c, k), buf),
-                               r->refcount)) {
-                       struct bkey_i *new;
-
-                       new = kmalloc(bkey_bytes(k.k), GFP_KERNEL);
-                       if (!new) {
-                               ret = -ENOMEM;
-                               break;
-                       }
+       if (fsck_err_on(r->refcount != le64_to_cpu(*refcount), c,
+                       "reflink key has wrong refcount:\n"
+                       "  %s\n"
+                       "  should be %u",
+                       (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, k), buf.buf),
+                       r->refcount)) {
+               struct bkey_i *new = bch2_bkey_make_mut(trans, k);
 
-                       bkey_reassemble(new, k);
-
-                       if (!r->refcount) {
-                               new->k.type = KEY_TYPE_deleted;
-                               /*
-                                * XXX ugly: bch2_journal_key_insert() queues up
-                                * the key for the journal replay code, which
-                                * doesn't run the extent overwrite pass
-                                */
-                               if (initial)
-                                       new->k.size = 0;
-                       } else {
-                               *bkey_refcount(new) = cpu_to_le64(r->refcount);
-                       }
+               ret = PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(new);
+               if (ret)
+                       return ret;
 
-                       ret = initial
-                              ? bch2_journal_key_insert(c, BTREE_ID_stripes, 0, new)
-                              : __bch2_trans_do(&trans, NULL, NULL, 0,
-                                       __bch2_btree_insert(&trans, BTREE_ID_reflink, new));
-                       kfree(new);
+               if (!r->refcount)
+                       new->k.type = KEY_TYPE_deleted;
+               else
+                       *bkey_refcount(new) = cpu_to_le64(r->refcount);
 
-                       if (ret)
-                               break;
-               }
+               ret = bch2_trans_update(trans, iter, new, 0);
        }
 fsck_err:
-       bch2_trans_iter_exit(&trans, &iter);
+       printbuf_exit(&buf);
+       return ret;
+}
+
+static int bch2_gc_reflink_done(struct bch_fs *c, bool metadata_only)
+{
+       struct btree_trans trans;
+       struct btree_iter iter;
+       struct bkey_s_c k;
+       size_t idx = 0;
+       int ret = 0;
+
+       if (metadata_only)
+               return 0;
+
+       bch2_trans_init(&trans, c, 0, 0);
+
+       ret = for_each_btree_key_commit(&trans, iter,
+                       BTREE_ID_reflink, POS_MIN,
+                       BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH, k,
+                       NULL, NULL, BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL,
+               bch2_gc_write_reflink_key(&trans, &iter, k, &idx));
+
        c->reflink_gc_nr = 0;
        bch2_trans_exit(&trans);
        return ret;
 }
 
-static int bch2_gc_reflink_start(struct bch_fs *c, bool initial,
+static int bch2_gc_reflink_start(struct bch_fs *c,
                                 bool metadata_only)
 {
        struct btree_trans trans;
@@ -1556,7 +1661,7 @@ static int bch2_gc_reflink_start(struct bch_fs *c, bool initial,
                r = genradix_ptr_alloc(&c->reflink_gc_table, c->reflink_gc_nr++,
                                       GFP_KERNEL);
                if (!r) {
-                       ret = -ENOMEM;
+                       ret = -BCH_ERR_ENOMEM_gc_reflink_start;
                        break;
                }
 
@@ -1570,8 +1675,7 @@ static int bch2_gc_reflink_start(struct bch_fs *c, bool initial,
        return ret;
 }
 
-static void bch2_gc_reflink_reset(struct bch_fs *c, bool initial,
-                                 bool metadata_only)
+static void bch2_gc_reflink_reset(struct bch_fs *c, bool metadata_only)
 {
        struct genradix_iter iter;
        struct reflink_gc *r;
@@ -1580,71 +1684,81 @@ static void bch2_gc_reflink_reset(struct bch_fs *c, bool initial,
                r->refcount = 0;
 }
 
-static int bch2_gc_stripes_done(struct bch_fs *c, bool initial,
-                               bool metadata_only)
+static int bch2_gc_write_stripes_key(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                    struct btree_iter *iter,
+                                    struct bkey_s_c k)
 {
-       struct btree_trans trans;
-       struct btree_iter iter;
-       struct bkey_s_c k;
-       struct gc_stripe *m;
+       struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
+       struct printbuf buf = PRINTBUF;
        const struct bch_stripe *s;
-       char buf[200];
+       struct gc_stripe *m;
+       bool bad = false;
        unsigned i;
        int ret = 0;
 
-       if (metadata_only)
+       if (k.k->type != KEY_TYPE_stripe)
                return 0;
 
-       bch2_trans_init(&trans, c, 0, 0);
+       s = bkey_s_c_to_stripe(k).v;
+       m = genradix_ptr(&c->gc_stripes, k.k->p.offset);
 
-       for_each_btree_key(&trans, iter, BTREE_ID_stripes, POS_MIN,
-                          BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH, k, ret) {
-               if (k.k->type != KEY_TYPE_stripe)
-                       continue;
+       for (i = 0; i < s->nr_blocks; i++) {
+               u32 old = stripe_blockcount_get(s, i);
+               u32 new = (m ? m->block_sectors[i] : 0);
 
-               s = bkey_s_c_to_stripe(k).v;
-               m = genradix_ptr(&c->gc_stripes, k.k->p.offset);
-
-               for (i = 0; i < s->nr_blocks; i++)
-                       if (stripe_blockcount_get(s, i) != (m ? m->block_sectors[i] : 0))
-                               goto inconsistent;
-               continue;
-inconsistent:
-               if (fsck_err_on(true, c,
-                               "stripe has wrong block sector count %u:\n"
-                               "  %s\n"
-                               "  should be %u", i,
-                               (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&PBUF(buf), c, k), buf),
-                               m ? m->block_sectors[i] : 0)) {
-                       struct bkey_i_stripe *new;
-
-                       new = kmalloc(bkey_bytes(k.k), GFP_KERNEL);
-                       if (!new) {
-                               ret = -ENOMEM;
-                               break;
-                       }
+               if (old != new) {
+                       prt_printf(&buf, "stripe block %u has wrong sector count: got %u, should be %u\n",
+                                  i, old, new);
+                       bad = true;
+               }
+       }
 
-                       bkey_reassemble(&new->k_i, k);
+       if (bad)
+               bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, k);
 
-                       for (i = 0; i < new->v.nr_blocks; i++)
-                               stripe_blockcount_set(&new->v, i, m ? m->block_sectors[i] : 0);
+       if (fsck_err_on(bad, c, "%s", buf.buf)) {
+               struct bkey_i_stripe *new;
 
-                       ret = initial
-                               ? bch2_journal_key_insert(c, BTREE_ID_stripes, 0, &new->k_i)
-                               : __bch2_trans_do(&trans, NULL, NULL, 0,
-                                       __bch2_btree_insert(&trans, BTREE_ID_reflink, &new->k_i));
-                       kfree(new);
-               }
+               new = bch2_trans_kmalloc(trans, bkey_bytes(k.k));
+               ret = PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(new);
+               if (ret)
+                       return ret;
+
+               bkey_reassemble(&new->k_i, k);
+
+               for (i = 0; i < new->v.nr_blocks; i++)
+                       stripe_blockcount_set(&new->v, i, m ? m->block_sectors[i] : 0);
+
+               ret = bch2_trans_update(trans, iter, &new->k_i, 0);
        }
 fsck_err:
-       bch2_trans_iter_exit(&trans, &iter);
+       printbuf_exit(&buf);
+       return ret;
+}
+
+static int bch2_gc_stripes_done(struct bch_fs *c, bool metadata_only)
+{
+       struct btree_trans trans;
+       struct btree_iter iter;
+       struct bkey_s_c k;
+       int ret = 0;
+
+       if (metadata_only)
+               return 0;
+
+       bch2_trans_init(&trans, c, 0, 0);
+
+       ret = for_each_btree_key_commit(&trans, iter,
+                       BTREE_ID_stripes, POS_MIN,
+                       BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH, k,
+                       NULL, NULL, BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL,
+               bch2_gc_write_stripes_key(&trans, &iter, k));
 
        bch2_trans_exit(&trans);
        return ret;
 }
 
-static void bch2_gc_stripes_reset(struct bch_fs *c, bool initial,
-                               bool metadata_only)
+static void bch2_gc_stripes_reset(struct bch_fs *c, bool metadata_only)
 {
        genradix_free(&c->gc_stripes);
 }
@@ -1669,23 +1783,18 @@ static void bch2_gc_stripes_reset(struct bch_fs *c, bool initial,
  */
 int bch2_gc(struct bch_fs *c, bool initial, bool metadata_only)
 {
-       struct bch_dev *ca;
-       u64 start_time = local_clock();
-       unsigned i, iter = 0;
+       unsigned iter = 0;
        int ret;
 
        lockdep_assert_held(&c->state_lock);
-       trace_gc_start(c);
 
        down_write(&c->gc_lock);
 
-       /* flush interior btree updates: */
-       closure_wait_event(&c->btree_interior_update_wait,
-                          !bch2_btree_interior_updates_nr_pending(c));
+       bch2_btree_interior_updates_flush(c);
 
-       ret   = bch2_gc_start(c, metadata_only) ?:
-               bch2_gc_alloc_start(c, initial, metadata_only) ?:
-               bch2_gc_reflink_start(c, initial, metadata_only);
+       ret   = bch2_gc_start(c) ?:
+               bch2_gc_alloc_start(c, metadata_only) ?:
+               bch2_gc_reflink_start(c, metadata_only);
        if (ret)
                goto out;
 again:
@@ -1696,26 +1805,27 @@ again:
        if (BCH_SB_HAS_TOPOLOGY_ERRORS(c->disk_sb.sb) &&
            !test_bit(BCH_FS_INITIAL_GC_DONE, &c->flags) &&
            c->opts.fix_errors != FSCK_OPT_NO) {
-               bch_info(c, "starting topology repair pass");
+               bch_info(c, "Starting topology repair pass");
                ret = bch2_repair_topology(c);
                if (ret)
                        goto out;
-               bch_info(c, "topology repair pass done");
+               bch_info(c, "Topology repair pass done");
 
                set_bit(BCH_FS_TOPOLOGY_REPAIR_DONE, &c->flags);
        }
 
        ret = bch2_gc_btrees(c, initial, metadata_only);
 
-       if (ret == FSCK_ERR_START_TOPOLOGY_REPAIR &&
+       if (ret == -BCH_ERR_need_topology_repair &&
            !test_bit(BCH_FS_TOPOLOGY_REPAIR_DONE, &c->flags) &&
            !test_bit(BCH_FS_INITIAL_GC_DONE, &c->flags)) {
                set_bit(BCH_FS_NEED_ANOTHER_GC, &c->flags);
+               SET_BCH_SB_HAS_TOPOLOGY_ERRORS(c->disk_sb.sb, true);
                ret = 0;
        }
 
-       if (ret == FSCK_ERR_START_TOPOLOGY_REPAIR)
-               ret = FSCK_ERR_EXIT;
+       if (ret == -BCH_ERR_need_topology_repair)
+               ret = -BCH_ERR_fsck_errors_not_fixed;
 
        if (ret)
                goto out;
@@ -1740,9 +1850,12 @@ again:
                clear_bit(BCH_FS_NEED_ANOTHER_GC, &c->flags);
                __gc_pos_set(c, gc_phase(GC_PHASE_NOT_RUNNING));
 
-               bch2_gc_stripes_reset(c, initial, metadata_only);
-               bch2_gc_alloc_reset(c, initial, metadata_only);
-               bch2_gc_reflink_reset(c, initial, metadata_only);
+               bch2_gc_stripes_reset(c, metadata_only);
+               bch2_gc_alloc_reset(c, metadata_only);
+               bch2_gc_reflink_reset(c, metadata_only);
+               ret = bch2_gc_reset(c);
+               if (ret)
+                       goto out;
 
                /* flush fsck errors, reset counters */
                bch2_flush_fsck_errs(c);
@@ -1752,9 +1865,9 @@ out:
        if (!ret) {
                bch2_journal_block(&c->journal);
 
-               ret   = bch2_gc_stripes_done(c, initial, metadata_only) ?:
-                       bch2_gc_reflink_done(c, initial, metadata_only) ?:
-                       bch2_gc_alloc_done(c, initial, metadata_only) ?:
+               ret   = bch2_gc_stripes_done(c, metadata_only) ?:
+                       bch2_gc_reflink_done(c, metadata_only) ?:
+                       bch2_gc_alloc_done(c, metadata_only) ?:
                        bch2_gc_done(c, initial, metadata_only);
 
                bch2_journal_unblock(&c->journal);
@@ -1769,16 +1882,6 @@ out:
 
        up_write(&c->gc_lock);
 
-       trace_gc_end(c);
-       bch2_time_stats_update(&c->times[BCH_TIME_btree_gc], start_time);
-
-       /*
-        * Wake up allocator in case it was waiting for buckets
-        * because of not being able to inc gens
-        */
-       for_each_member_device(ca, c, i)
-               bch2_wake_allocator(ca);
-
        /*
         * At startup, allocations can happen directly instead of via the
         * allocator thread - issue wakeup in case they blocked on gc_lock:
@@ -1787,10 +1890,15 @@ out:
        return ret;
 }
 
-static bool gc_btree_gens_key(struct bch_fs *c, struct bkey_s_c k)
+static int gc_btree_gens_key(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                            struct btree_iter *iter,
+                            struct bkey_s_c k)
 {
+       struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
        struct bkey_ptrs_c ptrs = bch2_bkey_ptrs_c(k);
        const struct bch_extent_ptr *ptr;
+       struct bkey_i *u;
+       int ret;
 
        percpu_down_read(&c->mark_lock);
        bkey_for_each_ptr(ptrs, ptr) {
@@ -1798,7 +1906,7 @@ static bool gc_btree_gens_key(struct bch_fs *c, struct bkey_s_c k)
 
                if (ptr_stale(ca, ptr) > 16) {
                        percpu_up_read(&c->mark_lock);
-                       return true;
+                       goto update;
                }
        }
 
@@ -1810,84 +1918,38 @@ static bool gc_btree_gens_key(struct bch_fs *c, struct bkey_s_c k)
                        *gen = ptr->gen;
        }
        percpu_up_read(&c->mark_lock);
+       return 0;
+update:
+       u = bch2_bkey_make_mut(trans, k);
+       ret = PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(u);
+       if (ret)
+               return ret;
 
-       return false;
-}
-
-/*
- * For recalculating oldest gen, we only need to walk keys in leaf nodes; btree
- * node pointers currently never have cached pointers that can become stale:
- */
-static int bch2_gc_btree_gens(struct btree_trans *trans, enum btree_id btree_id)
-{
-       struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
-       struct btree_iter iter;
-       struct bkey_s_c k;
-       struct bkey_buf sk;
-       int ret = 0, commit_err = 0;
-
-       bch2_bkey_buf_init(&sk);
-
-       bch2_trans_iter_init(trans, &iter, btree_id, POS_MIN,
-                            BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH|
-                            BTREE_ITER_NOT_EXTENTS|
-                            BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS);
-
-       while ((bch2_trans_begin(trans),
-               k = bch2_btree_iter_peek(&iter)).k) {
-               ret = bkey_err(k);
-
-               if (ret == -EINTR)
-                       continue;
-               if (ret)
-                       break;
-
-               c->gc_gens_pos = iter.pos;
-
-               if (gc_btree_gens_key(c, k) && !commit_err) {
-                       bch2_bkey_buf_reassemble(&sk, c, k);
-                       bch2_extent_normalize(c, bkey_i_to_s(sk.k));
-
-                       commit_err =
-                               bch2_trans_update(trans, &iter, sk.k, 0) ?:
-                               bch2_trans_commit(trans, NULL, NULL,
-                                                 BTREE_INSERT_NOWAIT|
-                                                 BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL);
-                       if (commit_err == -EINTR) {
-                               commit_err = 0;
-                               continue;
-                       }
-               }
-
-               bch2_btree_iter_advance(&iter);
-       }
-       bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, &iter);
-
-       bch2_bkey_buf_exit(&sk, c);
-
-       return ret;
+       bch2_extent_normalize(c, bkey_i_to_s(u));
+       return bch2_trans_update(trans, iter, u, 0);
 }
 
-static int bch2_alloc_write_oldest_gen(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_iter *iter)
+static int bch2_alloc_write_oldest_gen(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_iter *iter,
+                                      struct bkey_s_c k)
 {
        struct bch_dev *ca = bch_dev_bkey_exists(trans->c, iter->pos.inode);
-       struct bkey_s_c k;
-       struct bkey_alloc_unpacked u;
+       struct bch_alloc_v4 a_convert;
+       const struct bch_alloc_v4 *a = bch2_alloc_to_v4(k, &a_convert);
+       struct bkey_i_alloc_v4 *a_mut;
        int ret;
 
-       k = bch2_btree_iter_peek_slot(iter);
-       ret = bkey_err(k);
+       if (a->oldest_gen == ca->oldest_gen[iter->pos.offset])
+               return 0;
+
+       a_mut = bch2_alloc_to_v4_mut(trans, k);
+       ret = PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(a_mut);
        if (ret)
                return ret;
 
-       u = bch2_alloc_unpack(k);
-
-       if (u.oldest_gen == ca->oldest_gen[iter->pos.offset])
-               return 0;
-
-       u.oldest_gen = ca->oldest_gen[iter->pos.offset];
+       a_mut->v.oldest_gen = ca->oldest_gen[iter->pos.offset];
+       a_mut->v.data_type = alloc_data_type(a_mut->v, a_mut->v.data_type);
 
-       return bch2_alloc_write(trans, iter, &u, BTREE_TRIGGER_NORUN);
+       return bch2_trans_update(trans, iter, &a_mut->k_i, 0);
 }
 
 int bch2_gc_gens(struct bch_fs *c)
@@ -1905,6 +1967,10 @@ int bch2_gc_gens(struct bch_fs *c)
         * introduces a deadlock in the RO path - we currently take the state
         * lock at the start of going RO, thus the gc thread may get stuck:
         */
+       if (!mutex_trylock(&c->gc_gens_lock))
+               return 0;
+
+       trace_and_count(c, gc_gens_start, c);
        down_read(&c->gc_lock);
        bch2_trans_init(&trans, c, 0, 0);
 
@@ -1916,7 +1982,7 @@ int bch2_gc_gens(struct bch_fs *c)
                ca->oldest_gen = kvmalloc(ca->mi.nbuckets, GFP_KERNEL);
                if (!ca->oldest_gen) {
                        percpu_ref_put(&ca->ref);
-                       ret = -ENOMEM;
+                       ret = -BCH_ERR_ENOMEM_gc_gens;
                        goto err;
                }
 
@@ -1928,40 +1994,36 @@ int bch2_gc_gens(struct bch_fs *c)
        }
 
        for (i = 0; i < BTREE_ID_NR; i++)
-               if ((1 << i) & BTREE_ID_HAS_PTRS) {
+               if (btree_type_has_ptrs(i)) {
+                       struct btree_iter iter;
+                       struct bkey_s_c k;
+
                        c->gc_gens_btree = i;
                        c->gc_gens_pos = POS_MIN;
-                       ret = bch2_gc_btree_gens(&trans, i);
-                       if (ret) {
-                               bch_err(c, "error recalculating oldest_gen: %i", ret);
+                       ret = for_each_btree_key_commit(&trans, iter, i,
+                                       POS_MIN,
+                                       BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH|BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS,
+                                       k,
+                                       NULL, NULL,
+                                       BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL,
+                               gc_btree_gens_key(&trans, &iter, k));
+                       if (ret && !bch2_err_matches(ret, EROFS))
+                               bch_err(c, "error recalculating oldest_gen: %s", bch2_err_str(ret));
+                       if (ret)
                                goto err;
-                       }
                }
 
-       for_each_member_device(ca, c, i) {
-               for_each_btree_key(&trans, iter, BTREE_ID_alloc,
-                                  POS(ca->dev_idx, ca->mi.first_bucket),
-                                  BTREE_ITER_SLOTS|
-                                  BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH, k, ret) {
-                       if (bkey_cmp(iter.pos, POS(ca->dev_idx, ca->mi.nbuckets)) >= 0)
-                               break;
-
-                       ret = __bch2_trans_do(&trans, NULL, NULL,
-                                             BTREE_INSERT_LAZY_RW|
-                                             BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL,
-                                       bch2_alloc_write_oldest_gen(&trans, &iter));
-                       if (ret) {
-                               bch_err(c, "error writing oldest_gen: %i", ret);
-                               break;
-                       }
-               }
-               bch2_trans_iter_exit(&trans, &iter);
-
-               if (ret) {
-                       percpu_ref_put(&ca->ref);
-                       break;
-               }
-       }
+       ret = for_each_btree_key_commit(&trans, iter, BTREE_ID_alloc,
+                       POS_MIN,
+                       BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH,
+                       k,
+                       NULL, NULL,
+                       BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL,
+               bch2_alloc_write_oldest_gen(&trans, &iter, k));
+       if (ret && !bch2_err_matches(ret, EROFS))
+               bch_err(c, "error writing oldest_gen: %s", bch2_err_str(ret));
+       if (ret)
+               goto err;
 
        c->gc_gens_btree        = 0;
        c->gc_gens_pos          = POS_MIN;
@@ -1969,6 +2031,7 @@ int bch2_gc_gens(struct bch_fs *c)
        c->gc_count++;
 
        bch2_time_stats_update(&c->times[BCH_TIME_btree_gc], start_time);
+       trace_and_count(c, gc_gens_end, c);
 err:
        for_each_member_device(ca, c, i) {
                kvfree(ca->oldest_gen);
@@ -1977,6 +2040,7 @@ err:
 
        bch2_trans_exit(&trans);
        up_read(&c->gc_lock);
+       mutex_unlock(&c->gc_gens_lock);
        return ret;
 }
 
@@ -2029,7 +2093,7 @@ static int bch2_gc_thread(void *arg)
                ret = bch2_gc_gens(c);
 #endif
                if (ret < 0)
-                       bch_err(c, "btree gc failed: %i", ret);
+                       bch_err(c, "btree gc failed: %s", bch2_err_str(ret));
 
                debug_check_no_locks_held();
        }
@@ -2059,7 +2123,7 @@ int bch2_gc_thread_start(struct bch_fs *c)
 
        p = kthread_create(bch2_gc_thread, c, "bch-gc/%s", c->name);
        if (IS_ERR(p)) {
-               bch_err(c, "error creating gc thread: %li", PTR_ERR(p));
+               bch_err(c, "error creating gc thread: %s", bch2_err_str(PTR_ERR(p)));
                return PTR_ERR(p);
        }