]> git.sesse.net Git - bcachefs-tools-debian/blobdiff - libbcachefs/btree_iter.c
Update bcachefs sources to 72405e7ff8 bcachefs: Fix bch2_check_extents_to_backpointers()
[bcachefs-tools-debian] / libbcachefs / btree_iter.c
index fe710d19ca1994d5149f2496dc500704b4c10a42..0a3e560597f7ebe90778ed16d14986b1b042f85c 100644 (file)
 #include "error.h"
 #include "extents.h"
 #include "journal.h"
+#include "recovery.h"
 #include "replicas.h"
+#include "subvolume.h"
 
+#include <linux/random.h>
 #include <linux/prefetch.h>
 #include <trace/events/bcachefs.h>
 
-static void btree_iter_set_search_pos(struct btree_iter *, struct bpos);
-static void btree_trans_sort_iters(struct btree_trans *);
-static void btree_iter_check_sort(struct btree_trans *, struct btree_iter *);
-static struct btree_iter *btree_iter_child_alloc(struct btree_iter *, unsigned long);
-static struct btree_iter *btree_trans_iter_alloc(struct btree_trans *,
-                                                struct btree_iter *);
-static void btree_iter_copy(struct btree_iter *, struct btree_iter *);
+static inline void btree_path_list_remove(struct btree_trans *, struct btree_path *);
+static inline void btree_path_list_add(struct btree_trans *, struct btree_path *,
+                                      struct btree_path *);
 
-static inline int btree_iter_cmp(const struct btree_iter *l,
-                                const struct btree_iter *r)
+static inline unsigned long btree_iter_ip_allocated(struct btree_iter *iter)
 {
-       return   cmp_int(l->btree_id, r->btree_id) ?:
-               -cmp_int(btree_iter_is_cached(l), btree_iter_is_cached(r)) ?:
-                bkey_cmp(l->real_pos, r->real_pos);
+#ifdef TRACK_PATH_ALLOCATED
+       return iter->ip_allocated;
+#else
+       return 0;
+#endif
 }
 
-static inline struct bpos bkey_successor(struct btree_iter *iter, struct bpos p)
+static struct btree_path *btree_path_alloc(struct btree_trans *, struct btree_path *);
+
+/*
+ * Unlocks before scheduling
+ * Note: does not revalidate iterator
+ */
+static inline int bch2_trans_cond_resched(struct btree_trans *trans)
+{
+       if (need_resched() || race_fault()) {
+               bch2_trans_unlock(trans);
+               schedule();
+               return bch2_trans_relock(trans);
+       } else {
+               return 0;
+       }
+}
+
+static inline int __btree_path_cmp(const struct btree_path *l,
+                                  enum btree_id        r_btree_id,
+                                  bool                 r_cached,
+                                  struct bpos          r_pos,
+                                  unsigned             r_level)
+{
+       /*
+        * Must match lock ordering as defined by __bch2_btree_node_lock:
+        */
+       return   cmp_int(l->btree_id,   r_btree_id) ?:
+                cmp_int((int) l->cached,       (int) r_cached) ?:
+                bpos_cmp(l->pos,       r_pos) ?:
+               -cmp_int(l->level,      r_level);
+}
+
+static inline int btree_path_cmp(const struct btree_path *l,
+                                const struct btree_path *r)
 {
-       EBUG_ON(btree_iter_type(iter) == BTREE_ITER_NODES);
+       return __btree_path_cmp(l, r->btree_id, r->cached, r->pos, r->level);
+}
 
+static inline struct bpos bkey_successor(struct btree_iter *iter, struct bpos p)
+{
        /* Are we iterating over keys in all snapshots? */
        if (iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS) {
                p = bpos_successor(p);
@@ -50,8 +86,6 @@ static inline struct bpos bkey_successor(struct btree_iter *iter, struct bpos p)
 
 static inline struct bpos bkey_predecessor(struct btree_iter *iter, struct bpos p)
 {
-       EBUG_ON(btree_iter_type(iter) == BTREE_ITER_NODES);
-
        /* Are we iterating over keys in all snapshots? */
        if (iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS) {
                p = bpos_predecessor(p);
@@ -63,744 +97,386 @@ static inline struct bpos bkey_predecessor(struct btree_iter *iter, struct bpos
        return p;
 }
 
-static inline bool is_btree_node(struct btree_iter *iter, unsigned l)
-{
-       return l < BTREE_MAX_DEPTH &&
-               (unsigned long) iter->l[l].b >= 128;
-}
-
 static inline struct bpos btree_iter_search_key(struct btree_iter *iter)
 {
        struct bpos pos = iter->pos;
 
        if ((iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_IS_EXTENTS) &&
-           bkey_cmp(pos, POS_MAX))
+           !bkey_eq(pos, POS_MAX))
                pos = bkey_successor(iter, pos);
        return pos;
 }
 
-static inline bool btree_iter_pos_before_node(struct btree_iter *iter,
+static inline bool btree_path_pos_before_node(struct btree_path *path,
                                              struct btree *b)
 {
-       return bpos_cmp(iter->real_pos, b->data->min_key) < 0;
+       return bpos_lt(path->pos, b->data->min_key);
 }
 
-static inline bool btree_iter_pos_after_node(struct btree_iter *iter,
+static inline bool btree_path_pos_after_node(struct btree_path *path,
                                             struct btree *b)
 {
-       return bpos_cmp(b->key.k.p, iter->real_pos) < 0;
+       return bpos_gt(path->pos, b->key.k.p);
 }
 
-static inline bool btree_iter_pos_in_node(struct btree_iter *iter,
+static inline bool btree_path_pos_in_node(struct btree_path *path,
                                          struct btree *b)
 {
-       return iter->btree_id == b->c.btree_id &&
-               !btree_iter_pos_before_node(iter, b) &&
-               !btree_iter_pos_after_node(iter, b);
+       return path->btree_id == b->c.btree_id &&
+               !btree_path_pos_before_node(path, b) &&
+               !btree_path_pos_after_node(path, b);
 }
 
-/* Btree node locking: */
+/* Btree iterator: */
 
-void bch2_btree_node_unlock_write(struct btree *b, struct btree_iter *iter)
-{
-       bch2_btree_node_unlock_write_inlined(b, iter);
-}
+#ifdef CONFIG_BCACHEFS_DEBUG
 
-void __bch2_btree_node_lock_write(struct btree *b, struct btree_iter *iter)
+static void bch2_btree_path_verify_cached(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                         struct btree_path *path)
 {
-       struct btree_iter *linked;
-       unsigned readers = 0;
+       struct bkey_cached *ck;
+       bool locked = btree_node_locked(path, 0);
 
-       EBUG_ON(!btree_node_intent_locked(iter, b->c.level));
+       if (!bch2_btree_node_relock(trans, path, 0))
+               return;
 
-       trans_for_each_iter(iter->trans, linked)
-               if (linked->l[b->c.level].b == b &&
-                   btree_node_read_locked(linked, b->c.level))
-                       readers++;
+       ck = (void *) path->l[0].b;
+       BUG_ON(ck->key.btree_id != path->btree_id ||
+              !bkey_eq(ck->key.pos, path->pos));
 
-       /*
-        * Must drop our read locks before calling six_lock_write() -
-        * six_unlock() won't do wakeups until the reader count
-        * goes to 0, and it's safe because we have the node intent
-        * locked:
-        */
-       atomic64_sub(__SIX_VAL(read_lock, readers),
-                    &b->c.lock.state.counter);
-       btree_node_lock_type(iter->trans->c, b, SIX_LOCK_write);
-       atomic64_add(__SIX_VAL(read_lock, readers),
-                    &b->c.lock.state.counter);
+       if (!locked)
+               btree_node_unlock(trans, path, 0);
 }
 
-bool __bch2_btree_node_relock(struct btree_iter *iter, unsigned level)
+static void bch2_btree_path_verify_level(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                               struct btree_path *path, unsigned level)
 {
-       struct btree *b = btree_iter_node(iter, level);
-       int want = __btree_lock_want(iter, level);
+       struct btree_path_level *l;
+       struct btree_node_iter tmp;
+       bool locked;
+       struct bkey_packed *p, *k;
+       struct printbuf buf1 = PRINTBUF;
+       struct printbuf buf2 = PRINTBUF;
+       struct printbuf buf3 = PRINTBUF;
+       const char *msg;
 
-       if (!is_btree_node(iter, level))
-               return false;
+       if (!bch2_debug_check_iterators)
+               return;
 
-       if (race_fault())
-               return false;
+       l       = &path->l[level];
+       tmp     = l->iter;
+       locked  = btree_node_locked(path, level);
 
-       if (six_relock_type(&b->c.lock, want, iter->l[level].lock_seq) ||
-           (btree_node_lock_seq_matches(iter, b, level) &&
-            btree_node_lock_increment(iter->trans, b, level, want))) {
-               mark_btree_node_locked(iter, level, want);
-               return true;
-       } else {
-               return false;
+       if (path->cached) {
+               if (!level)
+                       bch2_btree_path_verify_cached(trans, path);
+               return;
        }
-}
 
-static bool bch2_btree_node_upgrade(struct btree_iter *iter, unsigned level)
-{
-       struct btree *b = iter->l[level].b;
-
-       EBUG_ON(btree_lock_want(iter, level) != BTREE_NODE_INTENT_LOCKED);
+       if (!btree_path_node(path, level))
+               return;
 
-       if (!is_btree_node(iter, level))
-               return false;
+       if (!bch2_btree_node_relock_notrace(trans, path, level))
+               return;
 
-       if (btree_node_intent_locked(iter, level))
-               return true;
+       BUG_ON(!btree_path_pos_in_node(path, l->b));
 
-       if (race_fault())
-               return false;
+       bch2_btree_node_iter_verify(&l->iter, l->b);
 
-       if (btree_node_locked(iter, level)
-           ? six_lock_tryupgrade(&b->c.lock)
-           : six_relock_type(&b->c.lock, SIX_LOCK_intent, iter->l[level].lock_seq))
-               goto success;
+       /*
+        * For interior nodes, the iterator will have skipped past deleted keys:
+        */
+       p = level
+               ? bch2_btree_node_iter_prev(&tmp, l->b)
+               : bch2_btree_node_iter_prev_all(&tmp, l->b);
+       k = bch2_btree_node_iter_peek_all(&l->iter, l->b);
 
-       if (btree_node_lock_seq_matches(iter, b, level) &&
-           btree_node_lock_increment(iter->trans, b, level, BTREE_NODE_INTENT_LOCKED)) {
-               btree_node_unlock(iter, level);
-               goto success;
+       if (p && bkey_iter_pos_cmp(l->b, p, &path->pos) >= 0) {
+               msg = "before";
+               goto err;
        }
 
-       return false;
-success:
-       mark_btree_node_intent_locked(iter, level);
-       return true;
-}
-
-static inline bool btree_iter_get_locks(struct btree_iter *iter, bool upgrade,
-                                       unsigned long trace_ip)
-{
-       unsigned l = iter->level;
-       int fail_idx = -1;
-
-       do {
-               if (!btree_iter_node(iter, l))
-                       break;
+       if (k && bkey_iter_pos_cmp(l->b, k, &path->pos) < 0) {
+               msg = "after";
+               goto err;
+       }
 
-               if (!(upgrade
-                     ? bch2_btree_node_upgrade(iter, l)
-                     : bch2_btree_node_relock(iter, l))) {
-                       (upgrade
-                        ? trace_node_upgrade_fail
-                        : trace_node_relock_fail)(iter->trans->ip, trace_ip,
-                                       btree_iter_type(iter) == BTREE_ITER_CACHED,
-                                       iter->btree_id, &iter->real_pos,
-                                       l, iter->l[l].lock_seq,
-                                       is_btree_node(iter, l)
-                                       ? 0
-                                       : (unsigned long) iter->l[l].b,
-                                       is_btree_node(iter, l)
-                                       ? iter->l[l].b->c.lock.state.seq
-                                       : 0);
-                       fail_idx = l;
-                       btree_iter_set_dirty(iter, BTREE_ITER_NEED_TRAVERSE);
-               }
+       if (!locked)
+               btree_node_unlock(trans, path, level);
+       return;
+err:
+       bch2_bpos_to_text(&buf1, path->pos);
 
-               l++;
-       } while (l < iter->locks_want);
+       if (p) {
+               struct bkey uk = bkey_unpack_key(l->b, p);
 
-       /*
-        * When we fail to get a lock, we have to ensure that any child nodes
-        * can't be relocked so bch2_btree_iter_traverse has to walk back up to
-        * the node that we failed to relock:
-        */
-       while (fail_idx >= 0) {
-               btree_node_unlock(iter, fail_idx);
-               iter->l[fail_idx].b = BTREE_ITER_NO_NODE_GET_LOCKS;
-               --fail_idx;
+               bch2_bkey_to_text(&buf2, &uk);
+       } else {
+               prt_printf(&buf2, "(none)");
        }
 
-       if (iter->uptodate == BTREE_ITER_NEED_RELOCK)
-               iter->uptodate = BTREE_ITER_NEED_PEEK;
-
-       bch2_btree_trans_verify_locks(iter->trans);
+       if (k) {
+               struct bkey uk = bkey_unpack_key(l->b, k);
 
-       return iter->uptodate < BTREE_ITER_NEED_RELOCK;
-}
+               bch2_bkey_to_text(&buf3, &uk);
+       } else {
+               prt_printf(&buf3, "(none)");
+       }
 
-static struct bpos btree_node_pos(struct btree_bkey_cached_common *_b,
-                                 enum btree_iter_type type)
-{
-       return  type != BTREE_ITER_CACHED
-               ? container_of(_b, struct btree, c)->key.k.p
-               : container_of(_b, struct bkey_cached, c)->key.pos;
+       panic("path should be %s key at level %u:\n"
+             "path pos %s\n"
+             "prev key %s\n"
+             "cur  key %s\n",
+             msg, level, buf1.buf, buf2.buf, buf3.buf);
 }
 
-/* Slowpath: */
-bool __bch2_btree_node_lock(struct btree *b, struct bpos pos,
-                           unsigned level, struct btree_iter *iter,
-                           enum six_lock_type type,
-                           six_lock_should_sleep_fn should_sleep_fn, void *p,
-                           unsigned long ip)
+static void bch2_btree_path_verify(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                  struct btree_path *path)
 {
-       struct btree_trans *trans = iter->trans;
-       struct btree_iter *linked, *deadlock_iter = NULL;
-       u64 start_time = local_clock();
-       unsigned reason = 9;
-       bool ret;
-
-       /* Check if it's safe to block: */
-       trans_for_each_iter(trans, linked) {
-               if (!linked->nodes_locked)
-                       continue;
-
-               /*
-                * Can't block taking an intent lock if we have _any_ nodes read
-                * locked:
-                *
-                * - Our read lock blocks another thread with an intent lock on
-                *   the same node from getting a write lock, and thus from
-                *   dropping its intent lock
-                *
-                * - And the other thread may have multiple nodes intent locked:
-                *   both the node we want to intent lock, and the node we
-                *   already have read locked - deadlock:
-                */
-               if (type == SIX_LOCK_intent &&
-                   linked->nodes_locked != linked->nodes_intent_locked) {
-                       deadlock_iter = linked;
-                       reason = 1;
-               }
-
-               if (linked->btree_id != iter->btree_id) {
-                       if (linked->btree_id > iter->btree_id) {
-                               deadlock_iter = linked;
-                               reason = 3;
-                       }
-                       continue;
-               }
-
-               /*
-                * Within the same btree, cached iterators come before non
-                * cached iterators:
-                */
-               if (btree_iter_is_cached(linked) != btree_iter_is_cached(iter)) {
-                       if (btree_iter_is_cached(iter)) {
-                               deadlock_iter = linked;
-                               reason = 4;
-                       }
-                       continue;
-               }
+       struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
+       unsigned i;
 
-               /*
-                * Interior nodes must be locked before their descendants: if
-                * another iterator has possible descendants locked of the node
-                * we're about to lock, it must have the ancestors locked too:
-                */
-               if (level > __fls(linked->nodes_locked)) {
-                       deadlock_iter = linked;
-                       reason = 5;
-               }
+       EBUG_ON(path->btree_id >= BTREE_ID_NR);
 
-               /* Must lock btree nodes in key order: */
-               if (btree_node_locked(linked, level) &&
-                   bpos_cmp(pos, btree_node_pos((void *) linked->l[level].b,
-                                                btree_iter_type(linked))) <= 0) {
-                       deadlock_iter = linked;
-                       reason = 7;
-                       BUG_ON(trans->in_traverse_all);
+       for (i = 0; i < (!path->cached ? BTREE_MAX_DEPTH : 1); i++) {
+               if (!path->l[i].b) {
+                       BUG_ON(!path->cached &&
+                              c->btree_roots[path->btree_id].b->c.level > i);
+                       break;
                }
-       }
 
-       if (unlikely(deadlock_iter)) {
-               trace_trans_restart_would_deadlock(trans->ip, ip,
-                               trans->in_traverse_all, reason,
-                               deadlock_iter->btree_id,
-                               btree_iter_type(deadlock_iter),
-                               &deadlock_iter->real_pos,
-                               iter->btree_id,
-                               btree_iter_type(iter),
-                               &pos);
-               btree_trans_restart(trans);
-               return false;
+               bch2_btree_path_verify_level(trans, path, i);
        }
 
-       if (six_trylock_type(&b->c.lock, type))
-               return true;
-
-#ifdef CONFIG_BCACHEFS_DEBUG
-       trans->locking_iter_idx = iter->idx;
-       trans->locking_pos      = pos;
-       trans->locking_btree_id = iter->btree_id;
-       trans->locking_level    = level;
-       trans->locking          = b;
-#endif
+       bch2_btree_path_verify_locks(path);
+}
 
-       ret = six_lock_type(&b->c.lock, type, should_sleep_fn, p) == 0;
+void bch2_trans_verify_paths(struct btree_trans *trans)
+{
+       struct btree_path *path;
 
-#ifdef CONFIG_BCACHEFS_DEBUG
-       trans->locking = NULL;
-#endif
-       if (ret)
-               bch2_time_stats_update(&trans->c->times[lock_to_time_stat(type)],
-                                      start_time);
-       return ret;
+       trans_for_each_path(trans, path)
+               bch2_btree_path_verify(trans, path);
 }
 
-/* Btree iterator locking: */
-
-#ifdef CONFIG_BCACHEFS_DEBUG
-static void bch2_btree_iter_verify_locks(struct btree_iter *iter)
+static void bch2_btree_iter_verify(struct btree_iter *iter)
 {
-       unsigned l;
+       struct btree_trans *trans = iter->trans;
 
-       if (!(iter->trans->iters_linked & (1ULL << iter->idx))) {
-               BUG_ON(iter->nodes_locked);
-               return;
-       }
+       BUG_ON(iter->btree_id >= BTREE_ID_NR);
 
-       for (l = 0; btree_iter_node(iter, l); l++) {
-               if (iter->uptodate >= BTREE_ITER_NEED_RELOCK &&
-                   !btree_node_locked(iter, l))
-                       continue;
+       BUG_ON(!!(iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_CACHED) != iter->path->cached);
 
-               BUG_ON(btree_lock_want(iter, l) !=
-                      btree_node_locked_type(iter, l));
-       }
-}
+       BUG_ON((iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_IS_EXTENTS) &&
+              (iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS));
 
-void bch2_btree_trans_verify_locks(struct btree_trans *trans)
-{
-       struct btree_iter *iter;
+       BUG_ON(!(iter->flags & __BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS) &&
+              (iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS) &&
+              !btree_type_has_snapshots(iter->btree_id));
 
-       trans_for_each_iter(trans, iter)
-               bch2_btree_iter_verify_locks(iter);
+       if (iter->update_path)
+               bch2_btree_path_verify(trans, iter->update_path);
+       bch2_btree_path_verify(trans, iter->path);
 }
-#else
-static inline void bch2_btree_iter_verify_locks(struct btree_iter *iter) {}
-#endif
 
-/*
- * Only for btree_cache.c - only relocks intent locks
- */
-bool bch2_btree_iter_relock_intent(struct btree_iter *iter)
+static void bch2_btree_iter_verify_entry_exit(struct btree_iter *iter)
 {
-       unsigned l;
+       BUG_ON((iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_FILTER_SNAPSHOTS) &&
+              !iter->pos.snapshot);
 
-       for (l = iter->level;
-            l < iter->locks_want && btree_iter_node(iter, l);
-            l++) {
-               if (!bch2_btree_node_relock(iter, l)) {
-                       trace_node_relock_fail(iter->trans->ip, _RET_IP_,
-                                       btree_iter_type(iter) == BTREE_ITER_CACHED,
-                                       iter->btree_id, &iter->real_pos,
-                                       l, iter->l[l].lock_seq,
-                                       is_btree_node(iter, l)
-                                       ? 0
-                                       : (unsigned long) iter->l[l].b,
-                                       is_btree_node(iter, l)
-                                       ? iter->l[l].b->c.lock.state.seq
-                                       : 0);
-                       btree_iter_set_dirty(iter, BTREE_ITER_NEED_TRAVERSE);
-                       btree_trans_restart(iter->trans);
-                       return false;
-               }
-       }
+       BUG_ON(!(iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS) &&
+              iter->pos.snapshot != iter->snapshot);
 
-       return true;
+       BUG_ON(bkey_lt(iter->pos, bkey_start_pos(&iter->k)) ||
+              bkey_gt(iter->pos, iter->k.p));
 }
 
-__flatten
-bool bch2_btree_iter_relock(struct btree_iter *iter, unsigned long trace_ip)
+static int bch2_btree_iter_verify_ret(struct btree_iter *iter, struct bkey_s_c k)
 {
-       bool ret = btree_iter_get_locks(iter, false, trace_ip);
+       struct btree_trans *trans = iter->trans;
+       struct btree_iter copy;
+       struct bkey_s_c prev;
+       int ret = 0;
 
-       if (!ret)
-               btree_trans_restart(iter->trans);
-       return ret;
-}
+       if (!bch2_debug_check_iterators)
+               return 0;
 
-bool __bch2_btree_iter_upgrade(struct btree_iter *iter,
-                              unsigned new_locks_want)
-{
-       struct btree_iter *linked;
+       if (!(iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_FILTER_SNAPSHOTS))
+               return 0;
 
-       EBUG_ON(iter->locks_want >= new_locks_want);
+       if (bkey_err(k) || !k.k)
+               return 0;
 
-       iter->locks_want = new_locks_want;
+       BUG_ON(!bch2_snapshot_is_ancestor(trans->c,
+                                         iter->snapshot,
+                                         k.k->p.snapshot));
 
-       if (btree_iter_get_locks(iter, true, _THIS_IP_))
-               return true;
+       bch2_trans_iter_init(trans, &copy, iter->btree_id, iter->pos,
+                            BTREE_ITER_NOPRESERVE|
+                            BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS);
+       prev = bch2_btree_iter_prev(&copy);
+       if (!prev.k)
+               goto out;
 
-       /*
-        * XXX: this is ugly - we'd prefer to not be mucking with other
-        * iterators in the btree_trans here.
-        *
-        * On failure to upgrade the iterator, setting iter->locks_want and
-        * calling get_locks() is sufficient to make bch2_btree_iter_traverse()
-        * get the locks we want on transaction restart.
-        *
-        * But if this iterator was a clone, on transaction restart what we did
-        * to this iterator isn't going to be preserved.
-        *
-        * Possibly we could add an iterator field for the parent iterator when
-        * an iterator is a copy - for now, we'll just upgrade any other
-        * iterators with the same btree id.
-        *
-        * The code below used to be needed to ensure ancestor nodes get locked
-        * before interior nodes - now that's handled by
-        * bch2_btree_iter_traverse_all().
-        */
-       trans_for_each_iter(iter->trans, linked)
-               if (linked != iter &&
-                   btree_iter_type(linked) == btree_iter_type(iter) &&
-                   linked->btree_id == iter->btree_id &&
-                   linked->locks_want < new_locks_want) {
-                       linked->locks_want = new_locks_want;
-                       btree_iter_get_locks(linked, true, _THIS_IP_);
-               }
+       ret = bkey_err(prev);
+       if (ret)
+               goto out;
+
+       if (bkey_eq(prev.k->p, k.k->p) &&
+           bch2_snapshot_is_ancestor(trans->c, iter->snapshot,
+                                     prev.k->p.snapshot) > 0) {
+               struct printbuf buf1 = PRINTBUF, buf2 = PRINTBUF;
 
-       if (iter->should_be_locked)
-               btree_trans_restart(iter->trans);
-       return false;
+               bch2_bkey_to_text(&buf1, k.k);
+               bch2_bkey_to_text(&buf2, prev.k);
+
+               panic("iter snap %u\n"
+                     "k    %s\n"
+                     "prev %s\n",
+                     iter->snapshot,
+                     buf1.buf, buf2.buf);
+       }
+out:
+       bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, &copy);
+       return ret;
 }
 
-void __bch2_btree_iter_downgrade(struct btree_iter *iter,
-                                unsigned new_locks_want)
+void bch2_assert_pos_locked(struct btree_trans *trans, enum btree_id id,
+                           struct bpos pos, bool key_cache)
 {
-       unsigned l;
+       struct btree_path *path;
+       unsigned idx;
+       struct printbuf buf = PRINTBUF;
 
-       EBUG_ON(iter->locks_want < new_locks_want);
+       btree_trans_sort_paths(trans);
 
-       iter->locks_want = new_locks_want;
+       trans_for_each_path_inorder(trans, path, idx) {
+               int cmp = cmp_int(path->btree_id, id) ?:
+                       cmp_int(path->cached, key_cache);
 
-       while (iter->nodes_locked &&
-              (l = __fls(iter->nodes_locked)) >= iter->locks_want) {
-               if (l > iter->level) {
-                       btree_node_unlock(iter, l);
-               } else {
-                       if (btree_node_intent_locked(iter, l)) {
-                               six_lock_downgrade(&iter->l[l].b->c.lock);
-                               iter->nodes_intent_locked ^= 1 << l;
-                       }
+               if (cmp > 0)
                        break;
+               if (cmp < 0)
+                       continue;
+
+               if (!btree_node_locked(path, 0) ||
+                   !path->should_be_locked)
+                       continue;
+
+               if (!key_cache) {
+                       if (bkey_ge(pos, path->l[0].b->data->min_key) &&
+                           bkey_le(pos, path->l[0].b->key.k.p))
+                               return;
+               } else {
+                       if (bkey_eq(pos, path->pos))
+                               return;
                }
        }
 
-       bch2_btree_trans_verify_locks(iter->trans);
+       bch2_dump_trans_paths_updates(trans);
+       bch2_bpos_to_text(&buf, pos);
+
+       panic("not locked: %s %s%s\n",
+             bch2_btree_ids[id], buf.buf,
+             key_cache ? " cached" : "");
 }
 
-void bch2_trans_downgrade(struct btree_trans *trans)
-{
-       struct btree_iter *iter;
+#else
 
-       trans_for_each_iter(trans, iter)
-               bch2_btree_iter_downgrade(iter);
-}
+static inline void bch2_btree_path_verify_level(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                               struct btree_path *path, unsigned l) {}
+static inline void bch2_btree_path_verify(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                         struct btree_path *path) {}
+static inline void bch2_btree_iter_verify(struct btree_iter *iter) {}
+static inline void bch2_btree_iter_verify_entry_exit(struct btree_iter *iter) {}
+static inline int bch2_btree_iter_verify_ret(struct btree_iter *iter, struct bkey_s_c k) { return 0; }
 
-/* Btree transaction locking: */
+#endif
 
-static inline bool btree_iter_should_be_locked(struct btree_iter *iter)
-{
-       return (iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_KEEP_UNTIL_COMMIT) ||
-               iter->should_be_locked;
-}
+/* Btree path: fixups after btree updates */
 
-bool bch2_trans_relock(struct btree_trans *trans)
+static void btree_node_iter_set_set_pos(struct btree_node_iter *iter,
+                                       struct btree *b,
+                                       struct bset_tree *t,
+                                       struct bkey_packed *k)
 {
-       struct btree_iter *iter;
-
-       if (unlikely(trans->restarted))
-               return false;
+       struct btree_node_iter_set *set;
 
-       trans_for_each_iter(trans, iter)
-               if (btree_iter_should_be_locked(iter) &&
-                   !bch2_btree_iter_relock(iter, _RET_IP_)) {
-                       trace_trans_restart_relock(trans->ip, _RET_IP_,
-                                       iter->btree_id, &iter->real_pos);
-                       BUG_ON(!trans->restarted);
-                       return false;
+       btree_node_iter_for_each(iter, set)
+               if (set->end == t->end_offset) {
+                       set->k = __btree_node_key_to_offset(b, k);
+                       bch2_btree_node_iter_sort(iter, b);
+                       return;
                }
-       return true;
+
+       bch2_btree_node_iter_push(iter, b, k, btree_bkey_last(b, t));
 }
 
-void bch2_trans_unlock(struct btree_trans *trans)
+static void __bch2_btree_path_fix_key_modified(struct btree_path *path,
+                                              struct btree *b,
+                                              struct bkey_packed *where)
 {
-       struct btree_iter *iter;
+       struct btree_path_level *l = &path->l[b->c.level];
 
-       trans_for_each_iter(trans, iter)
-               __bch2_btree_iter_unlock(iter);
+       if (where != bch2_btree_node_iter_peek_all(&l->iter, l->b))
+               return;
 
-       BUG_ON(lock_class_is_held(&bch2_btree_node_lock_key));
+       if (bkey_iter_pos_cmp(l->b, where, &path->pos) < 0)
+               bch2_btree_node_iter_advance(&l->iter, l->b);
 }
 
-/* Btree iterator: */
-
-#ifdef CONFIG_BCACHEFS_DEBUG
-
-static void bch2_btree_iter_verify_cached(struct btree_iter *iter)
+void bch2_btree_path_fix_key_modified(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                     struct btree *b,
+                                     struct bkey_packed *where)
 {
-       struct bkey_cached *ck;
-       bool locked = btree_node_locked(iter, 0);
-
-       if (!bch2_btree_node_relock(iter, 0))
-               return;
+       struct btree_path *path;
 
-       ck = (void *) iter->l[0].b;
-       BUG_ON(ck->key.btree_id != iter->btree_id ||
-              bkey_cmp(ck->key.pos, iter->pos));
-
-       if (!locked)
-               btree_node_unlock(iter, 0);
+       trans_for_each_path_with_node(trans, b, path) {
+               __bch2_btree_path_fix_key_modified(path, b, where);
+               bch2_btree_path_verify_level(trans, path, b->c.level);
+       }
 }
 
-static void bch2_btree_iter_verify_level(struct btree_iter *iter,
-                                        unsigned level)
+static void __bch2_btree_node_iter_fix(struct btree_path *path,
+                                      struct btree *b,
+                                      struct btree_node_iter *node_iter,
+                                      struct bset_tree *t,
+                                      struct bkey_packed *where,
+                                      unsigned clobber_u64s,
+                                      unsigned new_u64s)
 {
-       struct btree_iter_level *l;
-       struct btree_node_iter tmp;
-       bool locked;
-       struct bkey_packed *p, *k;
-       char buf1[100], buf2[100], buf3[100];
-       const char *msg;
-
-       if (!bch2_debug_check_iterators)
-               return;
+       const struct bkey_packed *end = btree_bkey_last(b, t);
+       struct btree_node_iter_set *set;
+       unsigned offset = __btree_node_key_to_offset(b, where);
+       int shift = new_u64s - clobber_u64s;
+       unsigned old_end = t->end_offset - shift;
+       unsigned orig_iter_pos = node_iter->data[0].k;
+       bool iter_current_key_modified =
+               orig_iter_pos >= offset &&
+               orig_iter_pos <= offset + clobber_u64s;
 
-       l       = &iter->l[level];
-       tmp     = l->iter;
-       locked  = btree_node_locked(iter, level);
+       btree_node_iter_for_each(node_iter, set)
+               if (set->end == old_end)
+                       goto found;
 
-       if (btree_iter_type(iter) == BTREE_ITER_CACHED) {
-               if (!level)
-                       bch2_btree_iter_verify_cached(iter);
+       /* didn't find the bset in the iterator - might have to readd it: */
+       if (new_u64s &&
+           bkey_iter_pos_cmp(b, where, &path->pos) >= 0) {
+               bch2_btree_node_iter_push(node_iter, b, where, end);
+               goto fixup_done;
+       } else {
+               /* Iterator is after key that changed */
                return;
        }
+found:
+       set->end = t->end_offset;
 
-       BUG_ON(iter->level < iter->min_depth);
-
-       if (!btree_iter_node(iter, level))
-               return;
-
-       if (!bch2_btree_node_relock(iter, level))
-               return;
-
-       BUG_ON(!btree_iter_pos_in_node(iter, l->b));
-
-       /*
-        * node iterators don't use leaf node iterator:
-        */
-       if (btree_iter_type(iter) == BTREE_ITER_NODES &&
-           level <= iter->min_depth)
-               goto unlock;
-
-       bch2_btree_node_iter_verify(&l->iter, l->b);
-
-       /*
-        * For interior nodes, the iterator will have skipped past
-        * deleted keys:
-        *
-        * For extents, the iterator may have skipped past deleted keys (but not
-        * whiteouts)
-        */
-       p = level || btree_node_type_is_extents(iter->btree_id)
-               ? bch2_btree_node_iter_prev(&tmp, l->b)
-               : bch2_btree_node_iter_prev_all(&tmp, l->b);
-       k = bch2_btree_node_iter_peek_all(&l->iter, l->b);
-
-       if (p && bkey_iter_pos_cmp(l->b, p, &iter->real_pos) >= 0) {
-               msg = "before";
-               goto err;
-       }
-
-       if (k && bkey_iter_pos_cmp(l->b, k, &iter->real_pos) < 0) {
-               msg = "after";
-               goto err;
-       }
-unlock:
-       if (!locked)
-               btree_node_unlock(iter, level);
-       return;
-err:
-       strcpy(buf2, "(none)");
-       strcpy(buf3, "(none)");
-
-       bch2_bpos_to_text(&PBUF(buf1), iter->real_pos);
-
-       if (p) {
-               struct bkey uk = bkey_unpack_key(l->b, p);
-               bch2_bkey_to_text(&PBUF(buf2), &uk);
-       }
-
-       if (k) {
-               struct bkey uk = bkey_unpack_key(l->b, k);
-               bch2_bkey_to_text(&PBUF(buf3), &uk);
-       }
-
-       panic("iterator should be %s key at level %u:\n"
-             "iter pos %s\n"
-             "prev key %s\n"
-             "cur  key %s\n",
-             msg, level, buf1, buf2, buf3);
-}
-
-static void bch2_btree_iter_verify(struct btree_iter *iter)
-{
-       struct btree_trans *trans = iter->trans;
-       struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
-       enum btree_iter_type type = btree_iter_type(iter);
-       unsigned i;
-
-       EBUG_ON(iter->btree_id >= BTREE_ID_NR);
-
-       BUG_ON(!(iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS) &&
-              iter->pos.snapshot != iter->snapshot);
-
-       BUG_ON((iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_IS_EXTENTS) &&
-              (iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS));
-
-       BUG_ON(type == BTREE_ITER_NODES &&
-              !(iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS));
-
-       BUG_ON(type != BTREE_ITER_NODES &&
-              (iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS) &&
-              !btree_type_has_snapshots(iter->btree_id));
-
-       for (i = 0; i < (type != BTREE_ITER_CACHED ? BTREE_MAX_DEPTH : 1); i++) {
-               if (!iter->l[i].b) {
-                       BUG_ON(c->btree_roots[iter->btree_id].b->c.level > i);
-                       break;
-               }
-
-               bch2_btree_iter_verify_level(iter, i);
-       }
-
-       bch2_btree_iter_verify_locks(iter);
-}
-
-static void bch2_btree_iter_verify_entry_exit(struct btree_iter *iter)
-{
-       enum btree_iter_type type = btree_iter_type(iter);
-
-       BUG_ON(!(iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS) &&
-              iter->pos.snapshot != iter->snapshot);
-
-       BUG_ON((type == BTREE_ITER_KEYS ||
-               type == BTREE_ITER_CACHED) &&
-              (bkey_cmp(iter->pos, bkey_start_pos(&iter->k)) < 0 ||
-               bkey_cmp(iter->pos, iter->k.p) > 0));
-}
-
-void bch2_btree_trans_verify_iters(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree *b)
-{
-       struct btree_iter *iter;
-
-       if (!bch2_debug_check_iterators)
-               return;
-
-       trans_for_each_iter_with_node(trans, b, iter)
-               bch2_btree_iter_verify_level(iter, b->c.level);
-}
-
-#else
-
-static inline void bch2_btree_iter_verify_level(struct btree_iter *iter, unsigned l) {}
-static inline void bch2_btree_iter_verify(struct btree_iter *iter) {}
-static inline void bch2_btree_iter_verify_entry_exit(struct btree_iter *iter) {}
-
-#endif
-
-static void btree_node_iter_set_set_pos(struct btree_node_iter *iter,
-                                       struct btree *b,
-                                       struct bset_tree *t,
-                                       struct bkey_packed *k)
-{
-       struct btree_node_iter_set *set;
-
-       btree_node_iter_for_each(iter, set)
-               if (set->end == t->end_offset) {
-                       set->k = __btree_node_key_to_offset(b, k);
-                       bch2_btree_node_iter_sort(iter, b);
-                       return;
-               }
-
-       bch2_btree_node_iter_push(iter, b, k, btree_bkey_last(b, t));
-}
-
-static void __bch2_btree_iter_fix_key_modified(struct btree_iter *iter,
-                                              struct btree *b,
-                                              struct bkey_packed *where)
-{
-       struct btree_iter_level *l = &iter->l[b->c.level];
-
-       if (where != bch2_btree_node_iter_peek_all(&l->iter, l->b))
-               return;
-
-       if (bkey_iter_pos_cmp(l->b, where, &iter->real_pos) < 0)
-               bch2_btree_node_iter_advance(&l->iter, l->b);
-
-       btree_iter_set_dirty(iter, BTREE_ITER_NEED_PEEK);
-}
-
-void bch2_btree_iter_fix_key_modified(struct btree_iter *iter,
-                                     struct btree *b,
-                                     struct bkey_packed *where)
-{
-       struct btree_iter *linked;
-
-       trans_for_each_iter_with_node(iter->trans, b, linked) {
-               __bch2_btree_iter_fix_key_modified(linked, b, where);
-               bch2_btree_iter_verify_level(linked, b->c.level);
-       }
-}
-
-static void __bch2_btree_node_iter_fix(struct btree_iter *iter,
-                                     struct btree *b,
-                                     struct btree_node_iter *node_iter,
-                                     struct bset_tree *t,
-                                     struct bkey_packed *where,
-                                     unsigned clobber_u64s,
-                                     unsigned new_u64s)
-{
-       const struct bkey_packed *end = btree_bkey_last(b, t);
-       struct btree_node_iter_set *set;
-       unsigned offset = __btree_node_key_to_offset(b, where);
-       int shift = new_u64s - clobber_u64s;
-       unsigned old_end = t->end_offset - shift;
-       unsigned orig_iter_pos = node_iter->data[0].k;
-       bool iter_current_key_modified =
-               orig_iter_pos >= offset &&
-               orig_iter_pos <= offset + clobber_u64s;
-
-       btree_node_iter_for_each(node_iter, set)
-               if (set->end == old_end)
-                       goto found;
-
-       /* didn't find the bset in the iterator - might have to readd it: */
-       if (new_u64s &&
-           bkey_iter_pos_cmp(b, where, &iter->real_pos) >= 0) {
-               bch2_btree_node_iter_push(node_iter, b, where, end);
-               goto fixup_done;
-       } else {
-               /* Iterator is after key that changed */
-               return;
-       }
-found:
-       set->end = t->end_offset;
-
-       /* Iterator hasn't gotten to the key that changed yet: */
-       if (set->k < offset)
+       /* Iterator hasn't gotten to the key that changed yet: */
+       if (set->k < offset)
                return;
 
        if (new_u64s &&
-           bkey_iter_pos_cmp(b, where, &iter->real_pos) >= 0) {
+           bkey_iter_pos_cmp(b, where, &path->pos) >= 0) {
                set->k = offset;
        } else if (set->k < offset + clobber_u64s) {
                set->k = offset + new_u64s;
@@ -826,8 +502,7 @@ fixup_done:
         */
        if (!bch2_btree_node_iter_end(node_iter) &&
            iter_current_key_modified &&
-           (b->c.level ||
-            btree_node_type_is_extents(iter->btree_id))) {
+           b->c.level) {
                struct bset_tree *t;
                struct bkey_packed *k, *k2, *p;
 
@@ -852,46 +527,42 @@ fixup_done:
                                                            b, t, k2);
                }
        }
-
-       if (!b->c.level &&
-           node_iter == &iter->l[0].iter &&
-           iter_current_key_modified)
-               btree_iter_set_dirty(iter, BTREE_ITER_NEED_PEEK);
 }
 
-void bch2_btree_node_iter_fix(struct btree_iter *iter,
+void bch2_btree_node_iter_fix(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                             struct btree_path *path,
                              struct btree *b,
                              struct btree_node_iter *node_iter,
                              struct bkey_packed *where,
                              unsigned clobber_u64s,
                              unsigned new_u64s)
 {
-       struct bset_tree *t = bch2_bkey_to_bset(b, where);
-       struct btree_iter *linked;
+       struct bset_tree *t = bch2_bkey_to_bset_inlined(b, where);
+       struct btree_path *linked;
 
-       if (node_iter != &iter->l[b->c.level].iter) {
-               __bch2_btree_node_iter_fix(iter, b, node_iter, t,
+       if (node_iter != &path->l[b->c.level].iter) {
+               __bch2_btree_node_iter_fix(path, b, node_iter, t,
                                           where, clobber_u64s, new_u64s);
 
                if (bch2_debug_check_iterators)
                        bch2_btree_node_iter_verify(node_iter, b);
        }
 
-       trans_for_each_iter_with_node(iter->trans, b, linked) {
+       trans_for_each_path_with_node(trans, b, linked) {
                __bch2_btree_node_iter_fix(linked, b,
                                           &linked->l[b->c.level].iter, t,
                                           where, clobber_u64s, new_u64s);
-               bch2_btree_iter_verify_level(linked, b->c.level);
+               bch2_btree_path_verify_level(trans, linked, b->c.level);
        }
 }
 
-static inline struct bkey_s_c __btree_iter_unpack(struct btree_iter *iter,
-                                                 struct btree_iter_level *l,
+/* Btree path level: pointer to a particular btree node and node iter */
+
+static inline struct bkey_s_c __btree_iter_unpack(struct bch_fs *c,
+                                                 struct btree_path_level *l,
                                                  struct bkey *u,
                                                  struct bkey_packed *k)
 {
-       struct bkey_s_c ret;
-
        if (unlikely(!k)) {
                /*
                 * signal to bch2_btree_iter_peek_slot() that we're currently at
@@ -901,58 +572,54 @@ static inline struct bkey_s_c __btree_iter_unpack(struct btree_iter *iter,
                return bkey_s_c_null;
        }
 
-       ret = bkey_disassemble(l->b, k, u);
-
-       /*
-        * XXX: bch2_btree_bset_insert_key() generates invalid keys when we
-        * overwrite extents - it sets k->type = KEY_TYPE_deleted on the key
-        * being overwritten but doesn't change k->size. But this is ok, because
-        * those keys are never written out, we just have to avoid a spurious
-        * assertion here:
-        */
-       if (bch2_debug_check_bkeys && !bkey_deleted(ret.k))
-               bch2_bkey_debugcheck(iter->trans->c, l->b, ret);
-
-       return ret;
+       return bkey_disassemble(l->b, k, u);
 }
 
-/* peek_all() doesn't skip deleted keys */
-static inline struct bkey_s_c btree_iter_level_peek_all(struct btree_iter *iter,
-                                                       struct btree_iter_level *l)
+static inline struct bkey_s_c btree_path_level_peek_all(struct bch_fs *c,
+                                                       struct btree_path_level *l,
+                                                       struct bkey *u)
 {
-       return __btree_iter_unpack(iter, l, &iter->k,
+       return __btree_iter_unpack(c, l, u,
                        bch2_btree_node_iter_peek_all(&l->iter, l->b));
 }
 
-static inline struct bkey_s_c btree_iter_level_peek(struct btree_iter *iter,
-                                                   struct btree_iter_level *l)
+static inline struct bkey_s_c btree_path_level_peek(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                                   struct btree_path *path,
+                                                   struct btree_path_level *l,
+                                                   struct bkey *u)
 {
-       struct bkey_s_c k = __btree_iter_unpack(iter, l, &iter->k,
+       struct bkey_s_c k = __btree_iter_unpack(trans->c, l, u,
                        bch2_btree_node_iter_peek(&l->iter, l->b));
 
-       iter->real_pos = k.k ? k.k->p : l->b->key.k.p;
+       path->pos = k.k ? k.k->p : l->b->key.k.p;
+       trans->paths_sorted = false;
+       bch2_btree_path_verify_level(trans, path, l - path->l);
        return k;
 }
 
-static inline struct bkey_s_c btree_iter_level_prev(struct btree_iter *iter,
-                                                   struct btree_iter_level *l)
+static inline struct bkey_s_c btree_path_level_prev(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                                   struct btree_path *path,
+                                                   struct btree_path_level *l,
+                                                   struct bkey *u)
 {
-       struct bkey_s_c k = __btree_iter_unpack(iter, l, &iter->k,
+       struct bkey_s_c k = __btree_iter_unpack(trans->c, l, u,
                        bch2_btree_node_iter_prev(&l->iter, l->b));
 
-       iter->real_pos = k.k ? k.k->p : l->b->data->min_key;
+       path->pos = k.k ? k.k->p : l->b->data->min_key;
+       trans->paths_sorted = false;
+       bch2_btree_path_verify_level(trans, path, l - path->l);
        return k;
 }
 
-static inline bool btree_iter_advance_to_pos(struct btree_iter *iter,
-                                            struct btree_iter_level *l,
+static inline bool btree_path_advance_to_pos(struct btree_path *path,
+                                            struct btree_path_level *l,
                                             int max_advance)
 {
        struct bkey_packed *k;
        int nr_advanced = 0;
 
        while ((k = bch2_btree_node_iter_peek_all(&l->iter, l->b)) &&
-              bkey_iter_pos_cmp(l->b, k, &iter->real_pos) < 0) {
+              bkey_iter_pos_cmp(l->b, k, &path->pos) < 0) {
                if (max_advance > 0 && nr_advanced >= max_advance)
                        return false;
 
@@ -963,62 +630,12 @@ static inline bool btree_iter_advance_to_pos(struct btree_iter *iter,
        return true;
 }
 
-/*
- * Verify that iterator for parent node points to child node:
- */
-static void btree_iter_verify_new_node(struct btree_iter *iter, struct btree *b)
-{
-       struct btree_iter_level *l;
-       unsigned plevel;
-       bool parent_locked;
-       struct bkey_packed *k;
-
-       if (!IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_BCACHEFS_DEBUG))
-               return;
-
-       plevel = b->c.level + 1;
-       if (!btree_iter_node(iter, plevel))
-               return;
-
-       parent_locked = btree_node_locked(iter, plevel);
-
-       if (!bch2_btree_node_relock(iter, plevel))
-               return;
-
-       l = &iter->l[plevel];
-       k = bch2_btree_node_iter_peek_all(&l->iter, l->b);
-       if (!k ||
-           bkey_deleted(k) ||
-           bkey_cmp_left_packed(l->b, k, &b->key.k.p)) {
-               char buf1[100];
-               char buf2[100];
-               char buf3[100];
-               char buf4[100];
-               struct bkey uk = bkey_unpack_key(b, k);
-
-               bch2_dump_btree_node(iter->trans->c, l->b);
-               bch2_bpos_to_text(&PBUF(buf1), iter->real_pos);
-               bch2_bkey_to_text(&PBUF(buf2), &uk);
-               bch2_bpos_to_text(&PBUF(buf3), b->data->min_key);
-               bch2_bpos_to_text(&PBUF(buf3), b->data->max_key);
-               panic("parent iter doesn't point to new node:\n"
-                     "iter pos %s %s\n"
-                     "iter key %s\n"
-                     "new node %s-%s\n",
-                     bch2_btree_ids[iter->btree_id], buf1,
-                     buf2, buf3, buf4);
-       }
-
-       if (!parent_locked)
-               btree_node_unlock(iter, b->c.level + 1);
-}
-
-static inline void __btree_iter_init(struct btree_iter *iter,
-                                    unsigned level)
+static inline void __btree_path_level_init(struct btree_path *path,
+                                          unsigned level)
 {
-       struct btree_iter_level *l = &iter->l[level];
+       struct btree_path_level *l = &path->l[level];
 
-       bch2_btree_node_iter_init(&l->iter, l->b, &iter->real_pos);
+       bch2_btree_node_iter_init(&l->iter, l->b, &path->pos);
 
        /*
         * Iterators to interior nodes should always be pointed at the first non
@@ -1026,136 +643,145 @@ static inline void __btree_iter_init(struct btree_iter *iter,
         */
        if (level)
                bch2_btree_node_iter_peek(&l->iter, l->b);
-
-       btree_iter_set_dirty(iter, BTREE_ITER_NEED_PEEK);
 }
 
-static inline void btree_iter_node_set(struct btree_iter *iter,
-                                      struct btree *b)
+void bch2_btree_path_level_init(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                               struct btree_path *path,
+                               struct btree *b)
 {
-       BUG_ON(btree_iter_type(iter) == BTREE_ITER_CACHED);
+       BUG_ON(path->cached);
 
-       btree_iter_verify_new_node(iter, b);
-
-       EBUG_ON(!btree_iter_pos_in_node(iter, b));
+       EBUG_ON(!btree_path_pos_in_node(path, b));
        EBUG_ON(b->c.lock.state.seq & 1);
 
-       iter->l[b->c.level].lock_seq = b->c.lock.state.seq;
-       iter->l[b->c.level].b = b;
-       __btree_iter_init(iter, b->c.level);
+       path->l[b->c.level].lock_seq = b->c.lock.state.seq;
+       path->l[b->c.level].b = b;
+       __btree_path_level_init(path, b->c.level);
+}
+
+/* Btree path: fixups after btree node updates: */
+
+static void bch2_trans_revalidate_updates_in_node(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree *b)
+{
+       struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
+       struct btree_insert_entry *i;
+
+       trans_for_each_update(trans, i)
+               if (!i->cached &&
+                   i->level    == b->c.level &&
+                   i->btree_id == b->c.btree_id &&
+                   bpos_cmp(i->k->k.p, b->data->min_key) >= 0 &&
+                   bpos_cmp(i->k->k.p, b->data->max_key) <= 0) {
+                       i->old_v = bch2_btree_path_peek_slot(i->path, &i->old_k).v;
+
+                       if (unlikely(trans->journal_replay_not_finished)) {
+                               struct bkey_i *j_k =
+                                       bch2_journal_keys_peek_slot(c, i->btree_id, i->level,
+                                                                   i->k->k.p);
+
+                               if (j_k) {
+                                       i->old_k = j_k->k;
+                                       i->old_v = &j_k->v;
+                               }
+                       }
+               }
 }
 
 /*
  * A btree node is being replaced - update the iterator to point to the new
  * node:
  */
-void bch2_btree_iter_node_replace(struct btree_iter *iter, struct btree *b)
+void bch2_trans_node_add(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree *b)
 {
-       enum btree_node_locked_type t;
-       struct btree_iter *linked;
+       struct btree_path *path;
 
-       trans_for_each_iter(iter->trans, linked)
-               if (btree_iter_type(linked) != BTREE_ITER_CACHED &&
-                   btree_iter_pos_in_node(linked, b)) {
-                       /*
-                        * bch2_btree_iter_node_drop() has already been called -
-                        * the old node we're replacing has already been
-                        * unlocked and the pointer invalidated
-                        */
-                       BUG_ON(btree_node_locked(linked, b->c.level));
+       trans_for_each_path(trans, path)
+               if (path->uptodate == BTREE_ITER_UPTODATE &&
+                   !path->cached &&
+                   btree_path_pos_in_node(path, b)) {
+                       enum btree_node_locked_type t =
+                               btree_lock_want(path, b->c.level);
 
-                       t = btree_lock_want(linked, b->c.level);
                        if (t != BTREE_NODE_UNLOCKED) {
+                               btree_node_unlock(trans, path, b->c.level);
                                six_lock_increment(&b->c.lock, t);
-                               mark_btree_node_locked(linked, b->c.level, t);
+                               mark_btree_node_locked(trans, path, b->c.level, t);
                        }
 
-                       btree_iter_node_set(linked, b);
+                       bch2_btree_path_level_init(trans, path, b);
                }
-}
-
-void bch2_btree_iter_node_drop(struct btree_iter *iter, struct btree *b)
-{
-       struct btree_iter *linked;
-       unsigned level = b->c.level;
 
-       trans_for_each_iter(iter->trans, linked)
-               if (linked->l[level].b == b) {
-                       btree_node_unlock(linked, level);
-                       linked->l[level].b = BTREE_ITER_NO_NODE_DROP;
-               }
+       bch2_trans_revalidate_updates_in_node(trans, b);
 }
 
 /*
  * A btree node has been modified in such a way as to invalidate iterators - fix
  * them:
  */
-void bch2_btree_iter_reinit_node(struct btree_iter *iter, struct btree *b)
+void bch2_trans_node_reinit_iter(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree *b)
 {
-       struct btree_iter *linked;
-
-       trans_for_each_iter_with_node(iter->trans, b, linked)
-               __btree_iter_init(linked, b->c.level);
-}
+       struct btree_path *path;
 
-static int lock_root_check_fn(struct six_lock *lock, void *p)
-{
-       struct btree *b = container_of(lock, struct btree, c.lock);
-       struct btree **rootp = p;
+       trans_for_each_path_with_node(trans, b, path)
+               __btree_path_level_init(path, b->c.level);
 
-       return b == *rootp ? 0 : -1;
+       bch2_trans_revalidate_updates_in_node(trans, b);
 }
 
-static inline int btree_iter_lock_root(struct btree_trans *trans,
-                                      struct btree_iter *iter,
+/* Btree path: traverse, set_pos: */
+
+static inline int btree_path_lock_root(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                      struct btree_path *path,
                                       unsigned depth_want,
                                       unsigned long trace_ip)
 {
        struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
-       struct btree *b, **rootp = &c->btree_roots[iter->btree_id].b;
+       struct btree *b, **rootp = &c->btree_roots[path->btree_id].b;
        enum six_lock_type lock_type;
        unsigned i;
+       int ret;
 
-       EBUG_ON(iter->nodes_locked);
+       EBUG_ON(path->nodes_locked);
 
        while (1) {
                b = READ_ONCE(*rootp);
-               iter->level = READ_ONCE(b->c.level);
+               path->level = READ_ONCE(b->c.level);
 
-               if (unlikely(iter->level < depth_want)) {
+               if (unlikely(path->level < depth_want)) {
                        /*
                         * the root is at a lower depth than the depth we want:
                         * got to the end of the btree, or we're walking nodes
                         * greater than some depth and there are no nodes >=
                         * that depth
                         */
-                       iter->level = depth_want;
-                       for (i = iter->level; i < BTREE_MAX_DEPTH; i++)
-                               iter->l[i].b = NULL;
+                       path->level = depth_want;
+                       for (i = path->level; i < BTREE_MAX_DEPTH; i++)
+                               path->l[i].b = NULL;
                        return 1;
                }
 
-               lock_type = __btree_lock_want(iter, iter->level);
-               if (unlikely(!btree_node_lock(b, SPOS_MAX, iter->level,
-                                             iter, lock_type,
-                                             lock_root_check_fn, rootp,
-                                             trace_ip))) {
-                       if (trans->restarted)
-                               return -EINTR;
-                       continue;
+               lock_type = __btree_lock_want(path, path->level);
+               ret = btree_node_lock(trans, path, &b->c,
+                                     path->level, lock_type, trace_ip);
+               if (unlikely(ret)) {
+                       if (bch2_err_matches(ret, BCH_ERR_lock_fail_root_changed))
+                               continue;
+                       if (bch2_err_matches(ret, BCH_ERR_transaction_restart))
+                               return ret;
+                       BUG();
                }
 
                if (likely(b == READ_ONCE(*rootp) &&
-                          b->c.level == iter->level &&
+                          b->c.level == path->level &&
                           !race_fault())) {
-                       for (i = 0; i < iter->level; i++)
-                               iter->l[i].b = BTREE_ITER_NO_NODE_LOCK_ROOT;
-                       iter->l[iter->level].b = b;
-                       for (i = iter->level + 1; i < BTREE_MAX_DEPTH; i++)
-                               iter->l[i].b = NULL;
-
-                       mark_btree_node_locked(iter, iter->level, lock_type);
-                       btree_iter_node_set(iter, b);
+                       for (i = 0; i < path->level; i++)
+                               path->l[i].b = ERR_PTR(-BCH_ERR_no_btree_node_lock_root);
+                       path->l[path->level].b = b;
+                       for (i = path->level + 1; i < BTREE_MAX_DEPTH; i++)
+                               path->l[i].b = NULL;
+
+                       mark_btree_node_locked(trans, path, path->level, lock_type);
+                       bch2_btree_path_level_init(trans, path, b);
                        return 0;
                }
 
@@ -1164,23 +790,23 @@ static inline int btree_iter_lock_root(struct btree_trans *trans,
 }
 
 noinline
-static int btree_iter_prefetch(struct btree_iter *iter)
+static int btree_path_prefetch(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_path *path)
 {
-       struct bch_fs *c = iter->trans->c;
-       struct btree_iter_level *l = &iter->l[iter->level];
+       struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
+       struct btree_path_level *l = path_l(path);
        struct btree_node_iter node_iter = l->iter;
        struct bkey_packed *k;
        struct bkey_buf tmp;
        unsigned nr = test_bit(BCH_FS_STARTED, &c->flags)
-               ? (iter->level > 1 ? 0 :  2)
-               : (iter->level > 1 ? 1 : 16);
-       bool was_locked = btree_node_locked(iter, iter->level);
+               ? (path->level > 1 ? 0 :  2)
+               : (path->level > 1 ? 1 : 16);
+       bool was_locked = btree_node_locked(path, path->level);
        int ret = 0;
 
        bch2_bkey_buf_init(&tmp);
 
-       while (nr && !ret) {
-               if (!bch2_btree_node_relock(iter, iter->level))
+       while (nr-- && !ret) {
+               if (!bch2_btree_node_relock(trans, path, path->level))
                        break;
 
                bch2_btree_node_iter_advance(&node_iter, l->b);
@@ -1189,26 +815,62 @@ static int btree_iter_prefetch(struct btree_iter *iter)
                        break;
 
                bch2_bkey_buf_unpack(&tmp, c, l->b, k);
-               ret = bch2_btree_node_prefetch(c, iter, tmp.k, iter->btree_id,
-                                              iter->level - 1);
+               ret = bch2_btree_node_prefetch(trans, path, tmp.k, path->btree_id,
+                                              path->level - 1);
+       }
+
+       if (!was_locked)
+               btree_node_unlock(trans, path, path->level);
+
+       bch2_bkey_buf_exit(&tmp, c);
+       return ret;
+}
+
+static int btree_path_prefetch_j(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_path *path,
+                                struct btree_and_journal_iter *jiter)
+{
+       struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
+       struct bkey_s_c k;
+       struct bkey_buf tmp;
+       unsigned nr = test_bit(BCH_FS_STARTED, &c->flags)
+               ? (path->level > 1 ? 0 :  2)
+               : (path->level > 1 ? 1 : 16);
+       bool was_locked = btree_node_locked(path, path->level);
+       int ret = 0;
+
+       bch2_bkey_buf_init(&tmp);
+
+       while (nr-- && !ret) {
+               if (!bch2_btree_node_relock(trans, path, path->level))
+                       break;
+
+               bch2_btree_and_journal_iter_advance(jiter);
+               k = bch2_btree_and_journal_iter_peek(jiter);
+               if (!k.k)
+                       break;
+
+               bch2_bkey_buf_reassemble(&tmp, c, k);
+               ret = bch2_btree_node_prefetch(trans, path, tmp.k, path->btree_id,
+                                              path->level - 1);
        }
 
        if (!was_locked)
-               btree_node_unlock(iter, iter->level);
+               btree_node_unlock(trans, path, path->level);
 
        bch2_bkey_buf_exit(&tmp, c);
        return ret;
 }
 
-static noinline void btree_node_mem_ptr_set(struct btree_iter *iter,
+static noinline void btree_node_mem_ptr_set(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                           struct btree_path *path,
                                            unsigned plevel, struct btree *b)
 {
-       struct btree_iter_level *l = &iter->l[plevel];
-       bool locked = btree_node_locked(iter, plevel);
+       struct btree_path_level *l = &path->l[plevel];
+       bool locked = btree_node_locked(path, plevel);
        struct bkey_packed *k;
        struct bch_btree_ptr_v2 *bp;
 
-       if (!bch2_btree_node_relock(iter, plevel))
+       if (!bch2_btree_node_relock(trans, path, plevel))
                return;
 
        k = bch2_btree_node_iter_peek_all(&l->iter, l->b);
@@ -1218,88 +880,113 @@ static noinline void btree_node_mem_ptr_set(struct btree_iter *iter,
        bp->mem_ptr = (unsigned long)b;
 
        if (!locked)
-               btree_node_unlock(iter, plevel);
+               btree_node_unlock(trans, path, plevel);
+}
+
+static noinline int btree_node_iter_and_journal_peek(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                                    struct btree_path *path,
+                                                    unsigned flags,
+                                                    struct bkey_buf *out)
+{
+       struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
+       struct btree_path_level *l = path_l(path);
+       struct btree_and_journal_iter jiter;
+       struct bkey_s_c k;
+       int ret = 0;
+
+       __bch2_btree_and_journal_iter_init_node_iter(&jiter, c, l->b, l->iter, path->pos);
+
+       k = bch2_btree_and_journal_iter_peek(&jiter);
+
+       bch2_bkey_buf_reassemble(out, c, k);
+
+       if (flags & BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH)
+               ret = btree_path_prefetch_j(trans, path, &jiter);
+
+       bch2_btree_and_journal_iter_exit(&jiter);
+       return ret;
 }
 
-static __always_inline int btree_iter_down(struct btree_trans *trans,
-                                          struct btree_iter *iter,
+static __always_inline int btree_path_down(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                          struct btree_path *path,
+                                          unsigned flags,
                                           unsigned long trace_ip)
 {
        struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
-       struct btree_iter_level *l = &iter->l[iter->level];
+       struct btree_path_level *l = path_l(path);
        struct btree *b;
-       unsigned level = iter->level - 1;
-       enum six_lock_type lock_type = __btree_lock_want(iter, level);
+       unsigned level = path->level - 1;
+       enum six_lock_type lock_type = __btree_lock_want(path, level);
        struct bkey_buf tmp;
        int ret;
 
-       EBUG_ON(!btree_node_locked(iter, iter->level));
+       EBUG_ON(!btree_node_locked(path, path->level));
 
        bch2_bkey_buf_init(&tmp);
-       bch2_bkey_buf_unpack(&tmp, c, l->b,
-                        bch2_btree_node_iter_peek(&l->iter, l->b));
 
-       b = bch2_btree_node_get(trans, iter, tmp.k, level, lock_type, trace_ip);
+       if (unlikely(trans->journal_replay_not_finished)) {
+               ret = btree_node_iter_and_journal_peek(trans, path, flags, &tmp);
+               if (ret)
+                       goto err;
+       } else {
+               bch2_bkey_buf_unpack(&tmp, c, l->b,
+                                bch2_btree_node_iter_peek(&l->iter, l->b));
+
+               if (flags & BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH) {
+                       ret = btree_path_prefetch(trans, path);
+                       if (ret)
+                               goto err;
+               }
+       }
+
+       b = bch2_btree_node_get(trans, path, tmp.k, level, lock_type, trace_ip);
        ret = PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(b);
        if (unlikely(ret))
                goto err;
 
-       mark_btree_node_locked(iter, level, lock_type);
-       btree_iter_node_set(iter, b);
-
-       if (tmp.k->k.type == KEY_TYPE_btree_ptr_v2 &&
+       if (likely(!trans->journal_replay_not_finished &&
+                  tmp.k->k.type == KEY_TYPE_btree_ptr_v2) &&
            unlikely(b != btree_node_mem_ptr(tmp.k)))
-               btree_node_mem_ptr_set(iter, level + 1, b);
+               btree_node_mem_ptr_set(trans, path, level + 1, b);
 
-       if (iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH)
-               ret = btree_iter_prefetch(iter);
+       if (btree_node_read_locked(path, level + 1))
+               btree_node_unlock(trans, path, level + 1);
 
-       if (btree_node_read_locked(iter, level + 1))
-               btree_node_unlock(iter, level + 1);
-       iter->level = level;
+       mark_btree_node_locked(trans, path, level, lock_type);
+       path->level = level;
+       bch2_btree_path_level_init(trans, path, b);
 
-       bch2_btree_iter_verify_locks(iter);
+       bch2_btree_path_verify_locks(path);
 err:
        bch2_bkey_buf_exit(&tmp, c);
        return ret;
 }
 
-static int btree_iter_traverse_one(struct btree_iter *, unsigned long);
 
-static int __btree_iter_traverse_all(struct btree_trans *trans, int ret,
-                                    unsigned long trace_ip)
+static int bch2_btree_path_traverse_all(struct btree_trans *trans)
 {
        struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
-       struct btree_iter *iter;
-       int i;
+       struct btree_path *path;
+       unsigned long trace_ip = _RET_IP_;
+       int i, ret = 0;
 
        if (trans->in_traverse_all)
-               return -EINTR;
+               return -BCH_ERR_transaction_restart_in_traverse_all;
 
        trans->in_traverse_all = true;
 retry_all:
-       trans->restarted = false;
-
-       trans_for_each_iter(trans, iter)
-               iter->should_be_locked = false;
+       trans->restarted = 0;
+       trans->last_restarted_ip = 0;
 
-       btree_trans_sort_iters(trans);
+       trans_for_each_path(trans, path)
+               path->should_be_locked = false;
 
-       for (i = trans->nr_sorted - 2; i >= 0; --i) {
-               struct btree_iter *iter1 = trans->iters + trans->sorted[i];
-               struct btree_iter *iter2 = trans->iters + trans->sorted[i + 1];
-
-               if (iter1->btree_id == iter2->btree_id &&
-                   iter1->locks_want < iter2->locks_want)
-                       __bch2_btree_iter_upgrade(iter1, iter2->locks_want);
-               else if (!iter1->locks_want && iter2->locks_want)
-                       __bch2_btree_iter_upgrade(iter1, 1);
-       }
+       btree_trans_sort_paths(trans);
 
        bch2_trans_unlock(trans);
        cond_resched();
 
-       if (unlikely(ret == -ENOMEM)) {
+       if (unlikely(trans->memory_allocation_failure)) {
                struct closure cl;
 
                closure_init_stack(&cl);
@@ -1310,69 +997,113 @@ retry_all:
                } while (ret);
        }
 
-       if (unlikely(ret == -EIO)) {
-               trans->error = true;
-               goto out;
-       }
-
-       BUG_ON(ret && ret != -EINTR);
-
        /* Now, redo traversals in correct order: */
-       trans_for_each_iter_inorder(trans, iter) {
-               EBUG_ON(!(trans->iters_linked & (1ULL << iter->idx)));
-
-               ret = btree_iter_traverse_one(iter, _THIS_IP_);
-               if (ret)
-                       goto retry_all;
-
-               EBUG_ON(!(trans->iters_linked & (1ULL << iter->idx)));
-       }
+       i = 0;
+       while (i < trans->nr_sorted) {
+               path = trans->paths + trans->sorted[i];
 
-       trans_for_each_iter(trans, iter)
-               BUG_ON(iter->uptodate > BTREE_ITER_NEED_PEEK);
-out:
+               /*
+                * Traversing a path can cause another path to be added at about
+                * the same position:
+                */
+               if (path->uptodate) {
+                       __btree_path_get(path, false);
+                       ret = bch2_btree_path_traverse_one(trans, path, 0, _THIS_IP_);
+                       __btree_path_put(path, false);
+
+                       if (bch2_err_matches(ret, BCH_ERR_transaction_restart) ||
+                           ret == -ENOMEM)
+                               goto retry_all;
+                       if (ret)
+                               goto err;
+               } else {
+                       i++;
+               }
+       }
+
+       /*
+        * We used to assert that all paths had been traversed here
+        * (path->uptodate < BTREE_ITER_NEED_TRAVERSE); however, since
+        * path->Should_be_locked is not set yet, we we might have unlocked and
+        * then failed to relock a path - that's fine.
+        */
+err:
        bch2_btree_cache_cannibalize_unlock(c);
 
        trans->in_traverse_all = false;
 
-       trace_trans_traverse_all(trans->ip, trace_ip);
+       trace_and_count(c, trans_traverse_all, trans, trace_ip);
        return ret;
 }
 
-static int bch2_btree_iter_traverse_all(struct btree_trans *trans)
+static inline bool btree_path_check_pos_in_node(struct btree_path *path,
+                                               unsigned l, int check_pos)
 {
-       return __btree_iter_traverse_all(trans, 0, _RET_IP_);
+       if (check_pos < 0 && btree_path_pos_before_node(path, path->l[l].b))
+               return false;
+       if (check_pos > 0 && btree_path_pos_after_node(path, path->l[l].b))
+               return false;
+       return true;
 }
 
-static inline bool btree_iter_good_node(struct btree_iter *iter,
+static inline bool btree_path_good_node(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                       struct btree_path *path,
                                        unsigned l, int check_pos)
 {
-       if (!is_btree_node(iter, l) ||
-           !bch2_btree_node_relock(iter, l))
-               return false;
+       return is_btree_node(path, l) &&
+               bch2_btree_node_relock(trans, path, l) &&
+               btree_path_check_pos_in_node(path, l, check_pos);
+}
 
-       if (check_pos < 0 && btree_iter_pos_before_node(iter, iter->l[l].b))
-               return false;
-       if (check_pos > 0 && btree_iter_pos_after_node(iter, iter->l[l].b))
-               return false;
-       return true;
+static void btree_path_set_level_down(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                     struct btree_path *path,
+                                     unsigned new_level)
+{
+       unsigned l;
+
+       path->level = new_level;
+
+       for (l = path->level + 1; l < BTREE_MAX_DEPTH; l++)
+               if (btree_lock_want(path, l) == BTREE_NODE_UNLOCKED)
+                       btree_node_unlock(trans, path, l);
+
+       btree_path_set_dirty(path, BTREE_ITER_NEED_TRAVERSE);
+       bch2_btree_path_verify(trans, path);
 }
 
-static inline unsigned btree_iter_up_until_good_node(struct btree_iter *iter,
-                                                    int check_pos)
+static noinline unsigned __btree_path_up_until_good_node(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                                        struct btree_path *path,
+                                                        int check_pos)
 {
-       unsigned l = iter->level;
+       unsigned i, l = path->level;
+again:
+       while (btree_path_node(path, l) &&
+              !btree_path_good_node(trans, path, l, check_pos))
+               __btree_path_set_level_up(trans, path, l++);
 
-       while (btree_iter_node(iter, l) &&
-              !btree_iter_good_node(iter, l, check_pos)) {
-               btree_node_unlock(iter, l);
-               iter->l[l].b = BTREE_ITER_NO_NODE_UP;
-               l++;
-       }
+       /* If we need intent locks, take them too: */
+       for (i = l + 1;
+            i < path->locks_want && btree_path_node(path, i);
+            i++)
+               if (!bch2_btree_node_relock(trans, path, i)) {
+                       while (l <= i)
+                               __btree_path_set_level_up(trans, path, l++);
+                       goto again;
+               }
 
        return l;
 }
 
+static inline unsigned btree_path_up_until_good_node(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                                    struct btree_path *path,
+                                                    int check_pos)
+{
+       return likely(btree_node_locked(path, path->level) &&
+                     btree_path_check_pos_in_node(path, path->level, check_pos))
+               ? path->level
+               : __btree_path_up_until_good_node(trans, path, check_pos);
+}
+
 /*
  * This is the main state machine for walking down the btree - walks down to a
  * specified depth
@@ -1382,117 +1113,558 @@ static inline unsigned btree_iter_up_until_good_node(struct btree_iter *iter,
  * On error, caller (peek_node()/peek_key()) must return NULL; the error is
  * stashed in the iterator and returned from bch2_trans_exit().
  */
-static int btree_iter_traverse_one(struct btree_iter *iter,
-                                  unsigned long trace_ip)
+int bch2_btree_path_traverse_one(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                struct btree_path *path,
+                                unsigned flags,
+                                unsigned long trace_ip)
 {
-       struct btree_trans *trans = iter->trans;
-       unsigned l, depth_want = iter->level;
-       int ret = 0;
+       unsigned depth_want = path->level;
+       int ret = -((int) trans->restarted);
+
+       if (unlikely(ret))
+               goto out;
 
        /*
-        * Ensure we obey iter->should_be_locked: if it's set, we can't unlock
-        * and re-traverse the iterator without a transaction restart:
+        * Ensure we obey path->should_be_locked: if it's set, we can't unlock
+        * and re-traverse the path without a transaction restart:
         */
-       if (iter->should_be_locked) {
-               ret = bch2_btree_iter_relock(iter, trace_ip) ? 0 : -EINTR;
+       if (path->should_be_locked) {
+               ret = bch2_btree_path_relock(trans, path, trace_ip);
                goto out;
        }
 
-       if (btree_iter_type(iter) == BTREE_ITER_CACHED) {
-               ret = bch2_btree_iter_traverse_cached(iter);
+       if (path->cached) {
+               ret = bch2_btree_path_traverse_cached(trans, path, flags);
                goto out;
        }
 
-       if (unlikely(iter->level >= BTREE_MAX_DEPTH))
+       if (unlikely(path->level >= BTREE_MAX_DEPTH))
                goto out;
 
-       iter->level = btree_iter_up_until_good_node(iter, 0);
+       path->level = btree_path_up_until_good_node(trans, path, 0);
 
-       /* If we need intent locks, take them too: */
-       for (l = iter->level + 1;
-            l < iter->locks_want && btree_iter_node(iter, l);
-            l++)
-               if (!bch2_btree_node_relock(iter, l))
-                       while (iter->level <= l) {
-                               btree_node_unlock(iter, iter->level);
-                               iter->l[iter->level].b = BTREE_ITER_NO_NODE_UP;
-                               iter->level++;
-                       }
+       EBUG_ON(btree_path_node(path, path->level) &&
+               !btree_node_locked(path, path->level));
 
        /*
-        * Note: iter->nodes[iter->level] may be temporarily NULL here - that
+        * Note: path->nodes[path->level] may be temporarily NULL here - that
         * would indicate to other code that we got to the end of the btree,
         * here it indicates that relocking the root failed - it's critical that
-        * btree_iter_lock_root() comes next and that it can't fail
+        * btree_path_lock_root() comes next and that it can't fail
         */
-       while (iter->level > depth_want) {
-               ret = btree_iter_node(iter, iter->level)
-                       ? btree_iter_down(trans, iter, trace_ip)
-                       : btree_iter_lock_root(trans, iter, depth_want, trace_ip);
+       while (path->level > depth_want) {
+               ret = btree_path_node(path, path->level)
+                       ? btree_path_down(trans, path, flags, trace_ip)
+                       : btree_path_lock_root(trans, path, depth_want, trace_ip);
                if (unlikely(ret)) {
                        if (ret == 1) {
                                /*
-                                * Got to the end of the btree (in
-                                * BTREE_ITER_NODES mode)
+                                * No nodes at this level - got to the end of
+                                * the btree:
                                 */
                                ret = 0;
                                goto out;
                        }
 
-                       __bch2_btree_iter_unlock(iter);
-                       iter->level = depth_want;
-
-                       if (ret == -EIO) {
-                               iter->flags |= BTREE_ITER_ERROR;
-                               iter->l[iter->level].b =
-                                       BTREE_ITER_NO_NODE_ERROR;
-                       } else {
-                               iter->l[iter->level].b =
-                                       BTREE_ITER_NO_NODE_DOWN;
-                       }
+                       __bch2_btree_path_unlock(trans, path);
+                       path->level = depth_want;
+                       path->l[path->level].b = ERR_PTR(ret);
                        goto out;
                }
        }
 
-       iter->uptodate = BTREE_ITER_NEED_PEEK;
+       path->uptodate = BTREE_ITER_UPTODATE;
 out:
-       BUG_ON((ret == -EINTR) != !!trans->restarted);
-       trace_iter_traverse(trans->ip, trace_ip,
-                           btree_iter_type(iter) == BTREE_ITER_CACHED,
-                           iter->btree_id, &iter->real_pos, ret);
-       bch2_btree_iter_verify(iter);
+       if (bch2_err_matches(ret, BCH_ERR_transaction_restart) != !!trans->restarted)
+               panic("ret %s (%i) trans->restarted %s (%i)\n",
+                     bch2_err_str(ret), ret,
+                     bch2_err_str(trans->restarted), trans->restarted);
+       bch2_btree_path_verify(trans, path);
        return ret;
 }
 
-static int __must_check __bch2_btree_iter_traverse(struct btree_iter *iter)
+static inline void btree_path_copy(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_path *dst,
+                           struct btree_path *src)
 {
-       struct btree_trans *trans = iter->trans;
-       int ret;
+       unsigned i, offset = offsetof(struct btree_path, pos);
+
+       memcpy((void *) dst + offset,
+              (void *) src + offset,
+              sizeof(struct btree_path) - offset);
+
+       for (i = 0; i < BTREE_MAX_DEPTH; i++) {
+               unsigned t = btree_node_locked_type(dst, i);
 
-       ret =   bch2_trans_cond_resched(trans) ?:
-               btree_iter_traverse_one(iter, _RET_IP_);
-       if (unlikely(ret) && hweight64(trans->iters_linked) == 1) {
-               ret = __btree_iter_traverse_all(trans, ret, _RET_IP_);
-               BUG_ON(ret == -EINTR);
+               if (t != BTREE_NODE_UNLOCKED)
+                       six_lock_increment(&dst->l[i].b->c.lock, t);
        }
+}
 
-       return ret;
+static struct btree_path *btree_path_clone(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_path *src,
+                                          bool intent)
+{
+       struct btree_path *new = btree_path_alloc(trans, src);
+
+       btree_path_copy(trans, new, src);
+       __btree_path_get(new, intent);
+       return new;
 }
 
-/*
- * Note:
- * bch2_btree_iter_traverse() is for external users, btree_iter_traverse() is
- * for internal btree iterator users
- *
- * bch2_btree_iter_traverse sets iter->real_pos to iter->pos,
- * btree_iter_traverse() does not:
- */
-static inline int __must_check
-btree_iter_traverse(struct btree_iter *iter)
+__flatten
+struct btree_path *__bch2_btree_path_make_mut(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                        struct btree_path *path, bool intent,
+                        unsigned long ip)
+{
+       __btree_path_put(path, intent);
+       path = btree_path_clone(trans, path, intent);
+       path->preserve = false;
+       return path;
+}
+
+struct btree_path * __must_check
+__bch2_btree_path_set_pos(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                  struct btree_path *path, struct bpos new_pos,
+                  bool intent, unsigned long ip, int cmp)
+{
+       unsigned level = path->level;
+
+       bch2_trans_verify_not_in_restart(trans);
+       EBUG_ON(!path->ref);
+
+       path = bch2_btree_path_make_mut(trans, path, intent, ip);
+
+       path->pos               = new_pos;
+       trans->paths_sorted     = false;
+
+       if (unlikely(path->cached)) {
+               btree_node_unlock(trans, path, 0);
+               path->l[0].b = ERR_PTR(-BCH_ERR_no_btree_node_up);
+               btree_path_set_dirty(path, BTREE_ITER_NEED_TRAVERSE);
+               goto out;
+       }
+
+       level = btree_path_up_until_good_node(trans, path, cmp);
+
+       if (btree_path_node(path, level)) {
+               struct btree_path_level *l = &path->l[level];
+
+               BUG_ON(!btree_node_locked(path, level));
+               /*
+                * We might have to skip over many keys, or just a few: try
+                * advancing the node iterator, and if we have to skip over too
+                * many keys just reinit it (or if we're rewinding, since that
+                * is expensive).
+                */
+               if (cmp < 0 ||
+                   !btree_path_advance_to_pos(path, l, 8))
+                       bch2_btree_node_iter_init(&l->iter, l->b, &path->pos);
+
+               /*
+                * Iterators to interior nodes should always be pointed at the first non
+                * whiteout:
+                */
+               if (unlikely(level))
+                       bch2_btree_node_iter_peek(&l->iter, l->b);
+       }
+
+       if (unlikely(level != path->level)) {
+               btree_path_set_dirty(path, BTREE_ITER_NEED_TRAVERSE);
+               __bch2_btree_path_unlock(trans, path);
+       }
+out:
+       bch2_btree_path_verify(trans, path);
+       return path;
+}
+
+/* Btree path: main interface: */
+
+static struct btree_path *have_path_at_pos(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_path *path)
+{
+       struct btree_path *sib;
+
+       sib = prev_btree_path(trans, path);
+       if (sib && !btree_path_cmp(sib, path))
+               return sib;
+
+       sib = next_btree_path(trans, path);
+       if (sib && !btree_path_cmp(sib, path))
+               return sib;
+
+       return NULL;
+}
+
+static struct btree_path *have_node_at_pos(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_path *path)
+{
+       struct btree_path *sib;
+
+       sib = prev_btree_path(trans, path);
+       if (sib && sib->level == path->level && path_l(sib)->b == path_l(path)->b)
+               return sib;
+
+       sib = next_btree_path(trans, path);
+       if (sib && sib->level == path->level && path_l(sib)->b == path_l(path)->b)
+               return sib;
+
+       return NULL;
+}
+
+static inline void __bch2_path_free(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_path *path)
+{
+       __bch2_btree_path_unlock(trans, path);
+       btree_path_list_remove(trans, path);
+       trans->paths_allocated &= ~(1ULL << path->idx);
+}
+
+void bch2_path_put(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_path *path, bool intent)
+{
+       struct btree_path *dup;
+
+       EBUG_ON(trans->paths + path->idx != path);
+       EBUG_ON(!path->ref);
+
+       if (!__btree_path_put(path, intent))
+               return;
+
+       dup = path->preserve
+               ? have_path_at_pos(trans, path)
+               : have_node_at_pos(trans, path);
+
+       if (!dup && !(!path->preserve && !is_btree_node(path, path->level)))
+               return;
+
+       if (path->should_be_locked &&
+           !trans->restarted &&
+           (!dup || !bch2_btree_path_relock_norestart(trans, dup, _THIS_IP_)))
+               return;
+
+       if (dup) {
+               dup->preserve           |= path->preserve;
+               dup->should_be_locked   |= path->should_be_locked;
+       }
+
+       __bch2_path_free(trans, path);
+}
+
+static void bch2_path_put_nokeep(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_path *path,
+                                bool intent)
+{
+       EBUG_ON(trans->paths + path->idx != path);
+       EBUG_ON(!path->ref);
+
+       if (!__btree_path_put(path, intent))
+               return;
+
+       __bch2_path_free(trans, path);
+}
+
+void bch2_trans_restart_error(struct btree_trans *trans, u32 restart_count)
+{
+       panic("trans->restart_count %u, should be %u, last restarted by %pS\n",
+             trans->restart_count, restart_count,
+             (void *) trans->last_begin_ip);
+}
+
+void bch2_trans_in_restart_error(struct btree_trans *trans)
+{
+       panic("in transaction restart: %s, last restarted by %pS\n",
+             bch2_err_str(trans->restarted),
+             (void *) trans->last_restarted_ip);
+}
+
+noinline __cold
+void bch2_trans_updates_to_text(struct printbuf *buf, struct btree_trans *trans)
+{
+       struct btree_insert_entry *i;
+       struct btree_write_buffered_key *wb;
+
+       prt_printf(buf, "transaction updates for %s journal seq %llu",
+              trans->fn, trans->journal_res.seq);
+       prt_newline(buf);
+       printbuf_indent_add(buf, 2);
+
+       trans_for_each_update(trans, i) {
+               struct bkey_s_c old = { &i->old_k, i->old_v };
+
+               prt_printf(buf, "update: btree=%s cached=%u %pS",
+                      bch2_btree_ids[i->btree_id],
+                      i->cached,
+                      (void *) i->ip_allocated);
+               prt_newline(buf);
+
+               prt_printf(buf, "  old ");
+               bch2_bkey_val_to_text(buf, trans->c, old);
+               prt_newline(buf);
+
+               prt_printf(buf, "  new ");
+               bch2_bkey_val_to_text(buf, trans->c, bkey_i_to_s_c(i->k));
+               prt_newline(buf);
+       }
+
+       trans_for_each_wb_update(trans, wb) {
+               prt_printf(buf, "update: btree=%s wb=1 %pS",
+                      bch2_btree_ids[wb->btree],
+                      (void *) i->ip_allocated);
+               prt_newline(buf);
+
+               prt_printf(buf, "  new ");
+               bch2_bkey_val_to_text(buf, trans->c, bkey_i_to_s_c(&wb->k));
+               prt_newline(buf);
+       }
+
+       printbuf_indent_sub(buf, 2);
+}
+
+noinline __cold
+void bch2_dump_trans_updates(struct btree_trans *trans)
+{
+       struct printbuf buf = PRINTBUF;
+
+       bch2_trans_updates_to_text(&buf, trans);
+       bch2_print_string_as_lines(KERN_ERR, buf.buf);
+       printbuf_exit(&buf);
+}
+
+noinline __cold
+void bch2_btree_path_to_text(struct printbuf *out, struct btree_path *path)
+{
+       prt_printf(out, "path: idx %2u ref %u:%u %c %c btree=%s l=%u pos ",
+                  path->idx, path->ref, path->intent_ref,
+                  path->preserve ? 'P' : ' ',
+                  path->should_be_locked ? 'S' : ' ',
+                  bch2_btree_ids[path->btree_id],
+                  path->level);
+       bch2_bpos_to_text(out, path->pos);
+
+       prt_printf(out, " locks %u", path->nodes_locked);
+#ifdef TRACK_PATH_ALLOCATED
+       prt_printf(out, " %pS", (void *) path->ip_allocated);
+#endif
+       prt_newline(out);
+}
+
+noinline __cold
+void __bch2_trans_paths_to_text(struct printbuf *out, struct btree_trans *trans,
+                               bool nosort)
+{
+       struct btree_path *path;
+       unsigned idx;
+
+       if (!nosort)
+               btree_trans_sort_paths(trans);
+
+       trans_for_each_path_inorder(trans, path, idx)
+               bch2_btree_path_to_text(out, path);
+}
+
+noinline __cold
+void bch2_trans_paths_to_text(struct printbuf *out, struct btree_trans *trans)
+{
+       __bch2_trans_paths_to_text(out, trans, false);
+}
+
+noinline __cold
+void __bch2_dump_trans_paths_updates(struct btree_trans *trans, bool nosort)
+{
+       struct printbuf buf = PRINTBUF;
+
+       __bch2_trans_paths_to_text(&buf, trans, nosort);
+       bch2_trans_updates_to_text(&buf, trans);
+
+       bch2_print_string_as_lines(KERN_ERR, buf.buf);
+       printbuf_exit(&buf);
+}
+
+noinline __cold
+void bch2_dump_trans_paths_updates(struct btree_trans *trans)
+{
+       __bch2_dump_trans_paths_updates(trans, false);
+}
+
+noinline __cold
+static void bch2_trans_update_max_paths(struct btree_trans *trans)
+{
+       struct btree_transaction_stats *s = btree_trans_stats(trans);
+       struct printbuf buf = PRINTBUF;
+
+       if (!s)
+               return;
+
+       bch2_trans_paths_to_text(&buf, trans);
+
+       if (!buf.allocation_failure) {
+               mutex_lock(&s->lock);
+               if (s->nr_max_paths < hweight64(trans->paths_allocated)) {
+                       s->nr_max_paths = trans->nr_max_paths =
+                               hweight64(trans->paths_allocated);
+                       swap(s->max_paths_text, buf.buf);
+               }
+               mutex_unlock(&s->lock);
+       }
+
+       printbuf_exit(&buf);
+
+       trans->nr_max_paths = hweight64(trans->paths_allocated);
+}
+
+static noinline void btree_path_overflow(struct btree_trans *trans)
+{
+       bch2_dump_trans_paths_updates(trans);
+       panic("trans path oveflow\n");
+}
+
+static inline struct btree_path *btree_path_alloc(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                                 struct btree_path *pos)
+{
+       struct btree_path *path;
+       unsigned idx;
+
+       if (unlikely(trans->paths_allocated ==
+                    ~((~0ULL << 1) << (BTREE_ITER_MAX - 1))))
+               btree_path_overflow(trans);
+
+       idx = __ffs64(~trans->paths_allocated);
+
+       /*
+        * Do this before marking the new path as allocated, since it won't be
+        * initialized yet:
+        */
+       if (unlikely(idx > trans->nr_max_paths))
+               bch2_trans_update_max_paths(trans);
+
+       trans->paths_allocated |= 1ULL << idx;
+
+       path = &trans->paths[idx];
+       path->idx               = idx;
+       path->ref               = 0;
+       path->intent_ref        = 0;
+       path->nodes_locked      = 0;
+
+       btree_path_list_add(trans, pos, path);
+       trans->paths_sorted = false;
+       return path;
+}
+
+struct btree_path *bch2_path_get(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                enum btree_id btree_id, struct bpos pos,
+                                unsigned locks_want, unsigned level,
+                                unsigned flags, unsigned long ip)
+{
+       struct btree_path *path, *path_pos = NULL;
+       bool cached = flags & BTREE_ITER_CACHED;
+       bool intent = flags & BTREE_ITER_INTENT;
+       int i;
+
+       bch2_trans_verify_not_in_restart(trans);
+       bch2_trans_verify_locks(trans);
+
+       btree_trans_sort_paths(trans);
+
+       trans_for_each_path_inorder(trans, path, i) {
+               if (__btree_path_cmp(path,
+                                    btree_id,
+                                    cached,
+                                    pos,
+                                    level) > 0)
+                       break;
+
+               path_pos = path;
+       }
+
+       if (path_pos &&
+           path_pos->cached    == cached &&
+           path_pos->btree_id  == btree_id &&
+           path_pos->level     == level) {
+               __btree_path_get(path_pos, intent);
+               path = bch2_btree_path_set_pos(trans, path_pos, pos, intent, ip);
+       } else {
+               path = btree_path_alloc(trans, path_pos);
+               path_pos = NULL;
+
+               __btree_path_get(path, intent);
+               path->pos                       = pos;
+               path->btree_id                  = btree_id;
+               path->cached                    = cached;
+               path->uptodate                  = BTREE_ITER_NEED_TRAVERSE;
+               path->should_be_locked          = false;
+               path->level                     = level;
+               path->locks_want                = locks_want;
+               path->nodes_locked              = 0;
+               for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(path->l); i++)
+                       path->l[i].b            = ERR_PTR(-BCH_ERR_no_btree_node_init);
+#ifdef TRACK_PATH_ALLOCATED
+               path->ip_allocated              = ip;
+#endif
+               trans->paths_sorted             = false;
+       }
+
+       if (!(flags & BTREE_ITER_NOPRESERVE))
+               path->preserve = true;
+
+       if (path->intent_ref)
+               locks_want = max(locks_want, level + 1);
+
+       /*
+        * If the path has locks_want greater than requested, we don't downgrade
+        * it here - on transaction restart because btree node split needs to
+        * upgrade locks, we might be putting/getting the iterator again.
+        * Downgrading iterators only happens via bch2_trans_downgrade(), after
+        * a successful transaction commit.
+        */
+
+       locks_want = min(locks_want, BTREE_MAX_DEPTH);
+       if (locks_want > path->locks_want)
+               bch2_btree_path_upgrade_noupgrade_sibs(trans, path, locks_want);
+
+       return path;
+}
+
+struct bkey_s_c bch2_btree_path_peek_slot(struct btree_path *path, struct bkey *u)
+{
+
+       struct btree_path_level *l = path_l(path);
+       struct bkey_packed *_k;
+       struct bkey_s_c k;
+
+       if (unlikely(!l->b))
+               return bkey_s_c_null;
+
+       EBUG_ON(path->uptodate != BTREE_ITER_UPTODATE);
+       EBUG_ON(!btree_node_locked(path, path->level));
+
+       if (!path->cached) {
+               _k = bch2_btree_node_iter_peek_all(&l->iter, l->b);
+               k = _k ? bkey_disassemble(l->b, _k, u) : bkey_s_c_null;
+
+               EBUG_ON(k.k && bkey_deleted(k.k) && bpos_eq(k.k->p, path->pos));
+
+               if (!k.k || !bpos_eq(path->pos, k.k->p))
+                       goto hole;
+       } else {
+               struct bkey_cached *ck = (void *) path->l[0].b;
+
+               EBUG_ON(ck &&
+                       (path->btree_id != ck->key.btree_id ||
+                        !bkey_eq(path->pos, ck->key.pos)));
+               if (!ck || !ck->valid)
+                       return bkey_s_c_null;
+
+               *u = ck->k->k;
+               k = bkey_i_to_s_c(ck->k);
+       }
+
+       return k;
+hole:
+       bkey_init(u);
+       u->p = path->pos;
+       return (struct bkey_s_c) { u, NULL };
+}
+
+/* Btree iterators: */
+
+int __must_check
+__bch2_btree_iter_traverse(struct btree_iter *iter)
 {
-       return iter->uptodate >= BTREE_ITER_NEED_RELOCK
-               ? __bch2_btree_iter_traverse(iter)
-               : 0;
+       return bch2_btree_path_traverse(iter->trans, iter->path, iter->flags);
 }
 
 int __must_check
@@ -1500,289 +1672,624 @@ bch2_btree_iter_traverse(struct btree_iter *iter)
 {
        int ret;
 
-       btree_iter_set_search_pos(iter, btree_iter_search_key(iter));
+       iter->path = bch2_btree_path_set_pos(iter->trans, iter->path,
+                                       btree_iter_search_key(iter),
+                                       iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_INTENT,
+                                       btree_iter_ip_allocated(iter));
+
+       ret = bch2_btree_path_traverse(iter->trans, iter->path, iter->flags);
+       if (ret)
+               return ret;
+
+       btree_path_set_should_be_locked(iter->path);
+       return 0;
+}
+
+/* Iterate across nodes (leaf and interior nodes) */
+
+struct btree *bch2_btree_iter_peek_node(struct btree_iter *iter)
+{
+       struct btree_trans *trans = iter->trans;
+       struct btree *b = NULL;
+       int ret;
+
+       EBUG_ON(iter->path->cached);
+       bch2_btree_iter_verify(iter);
+
+       ret = bch2_btree_path_traverse(trans, iter->path, iter->flags);
+       if (ret)
+               goto err;
+
+       b = btree_path_node(iter->path, iter->path->level);
+       if (!b)
+               goto out;
+
+       BUG_ON(bpos_lt(b->key.k.p, iter->pos));
+
+       bkey_init(&iter->k);
+       iter->k.p = iter->pos = b->key.k.p;
+
+       iter->path = bch2_btree_path_set_pos(trans, iter->path, b->key.k.p,
+                                       iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_INTENT,
+                                       btree_iter_ip_allocated(iter));
+       btree_path_set_should_be_locked(iter->path);
+out:
+       bch2_btree_iter_verify_entry_exit(iter);
+       bch2_btree_iter_verify(iter);
+
+       return b;
+err:
+       b = ERR_PTR(ret);
+       goto out;
+}
+
+struct btree *bch2_btree_iter_peek_node_and_restart(struct btree_iter *iter)
+{
+       struct btree *b;
+
+       while (b = bch2_btree_iter_peek_node(iter),
+              bch2_err_matches(PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(b), BCH_ERR_transaction_restart))
+               bch2_trans_begin(iter->trans);
+
+       return b;
+}
+
+struct btree *bch2_btree_iter_next_node(struct btree_iter *iter)
+{
+       struct btree_trans *trans = iter->trans;
+       struct btree_path *path = iter->path;
+       struct btree *b = NULL;
+       int ret;
+
+       bch2_trans_verify_not_in_restart(trans);
+       EBUG_ON(iter->path->cached);
+       bch2_btree_iter_verify(iter);
+
+       /* already at end? */
+       if (!btree_path_node(path, path->level))
+               return NULL;
+
+       /* got to end? */
+       if (!btree_path_node(path, path->level + 1)) {
+               btree_path_set_level_up(trans, path);
+               return NULL;
+       }
+
+       if (!bch2_btree_node_relock(trans, path, path->level + 1)) {
+               __bch2_btree_path_unlock(trans, path);
+               path->l[path->level].b          = ERR_PTR(-BCH_ERR_no_btree_node_relock);
+               path->l[path->level + 1].b      = ERR_PTR(-BCH_ERR_no_btree_node_relock);
+               btree_path_set_dirty(path, BTREE_ITER_NEED_TRAVERSE);
+               trace_and_count(trans->c, trans_restart_relock_next_node, trans, _THIS_IP_, path);
+               ret = btree_trans_restart(trans, BCH_ERR_transaction_restart_relock);
+               goto err;
+       }
+
+       b = btree_path_node(path, path->level + 1);
+
+       if (bpos_eq(iter->pos, b->key.k.p)) {
+               __btree_path_set_level_up(trans, path, path->level++);
+       } else {
+               /*
+                * Haven't gotten to the end of the parent node: go back down to
+                * the next child node
+                */
+               path = iter->path =
+                       bch2_btree_path_set_pos(trans, path, bpos_successor(iter->pos),
+                                          iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_INTENT,
+                                          btree_iter_ip_allocated(iter));
+
+               btree_path_set_level_down(trans, path, iter->min_depth);
+
+               ret = bch2_btree_path_traverse(trans, path, iter->flags);
+               if (ret)
+                       goto err;
+
+               b = path->l[path->level].b;
+       }
+
+       bkey_init(&iter->k);
+       iter->k.p = iter->pos = b->key.k.p;
+
+       iter->path = bch2_btree_path_set_pos(trans, iter->path, b->key.k.p,
+                                       iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_INTENT,
+                                       btree_iter_ip_allocated(iter));
+       btree_path_set_should_be_locked(iter->path);
+       BUG_ON(iter->path->uptodate);
+out:
+       bch2_btree_iter_verify_entry_exit(iter);
+       bch2_btree_iter_verify(iter);
+
+       return b;
+err:
+       b = ERR_PTR(ret);
+       goto out;
+}
+
+/* Iterate across keys (in leaf nodes only) */
+
+inline bool bch2_btree_iter_advance(struct btree_iter *iter)
+{
+       if (likely(!(iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_ALL_LEVELS))) {
+               struct bpos pos = iter->k.p;
+               bool ret = !(iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS
+                            ? bpos_eq(pos, SPOS_MAX)
+                            : bkey_eq(pos, SPOS_MAX));
+
+               if (ret && !(iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_IS_EXTENTS))
+                       pos = bkey_successor(iter, pos);
+               bch2_btree_iter_set_pos(iter, pos);
+               return ret;
+       } else {
+               if (!btree_path_node(iter->path, iter->path->level))
+                       return true;
+
+               iter->advanced = true;
+               return false;
+       }
+}
+
+inline bool bch2_btree_iter_rewind(struct btree_iter *iter)
+{
+       struct bpos pos = bkey_start_pos(&iter->k);
+       bool ret = !(iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS
+                    ? bpos_eq(pos, POS_MIN)
+                    : bkey_eq(pos, POS_MIN));
+
+       if (ret && !(iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_IS_EXTENTS))
+               pos = bkey_predecessor(iter, pos);
+       bch2_btree_iter_set_pos(iter, pos);
+       return ret;
+}
+
+static noinline
+struct bkey_i *__bch2_btree_trans_peek_updates(struct btree_iter *iter)
+{
+       struct btree_insert_entry *i;
+       struct bkey_i *ret = NULL;
+
+       trans_for_each_update(iter->trans, i) {
+               if (i->btree_id < iter->btree_id)
+                       continue;
+               if (i->btree_id > iter->btree_id)
+                       break;
+               if (bpos_lt(i->k->k.p, iter->path->pos))
+                       continue;
+               if (i->key_cache_already_flushed)
+                       continue;
+               if (!ret || bpos_lt(i->k->k.p, ret->k.p))
+                       ret = i->k;
+       }
+
+       return ret;
+}
+
+static inline struct bkey_i *btree_trans_peek_updates(struct btree_iter *iter)
+{
+       return iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_WITH_UPDATES
+               ? __bch2_btree_trans_peek_updates(iter)
+               : NULL;
+}
+
+struct bkey_i *bch2_btree_journal_peek(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                      struct btree_iter *iter,
+                                      struct bpos end_pos)
+{
+       struct bkey_i *k;
+
+       if (bpos_lt(iter->path->pos, iter->journal_pos))
+               iter->journal_idx = 0;
+
+       k = bch2_journal_keys_peek_upto(trans->c, iter->btree_id,
+                                       iter->path->level,
+                                       iter->path->pos,
+                                       end_pos,
+                                       &iter->journal_idx);
+
+       iter->journal_pos = k ? k->k.p : end_pos;
+       return k;
+}
+
+static noinline
+struct bkey_s_c btree_trans_peek_slot_journal(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                             struct btree_iter *iter)
+{
+       struct bkey_i *k = bch2_btree_journal_peek(trans, iter, iter->path->pos);
+
+       if (k) {
+               iter->k = k->k;
+               return bkey_i_to_s_c(k);
+       } else {
+               return bkey_s_c_null;
+       }
+}
+
+static noinline
+struct bkey_s_c btree_trans_peek_journal(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                        struct btree_iter *iter,
+                                        struct bkey_s_c k)
+{
+       struct bkey_i *next_journal =
+               bch2_btree_journal_peek(trans, iter,
+                               k.k ? k.k->p : path_l(iter->path)->b->key.k.p);
 
-       ret = btree_iter_traverse(iter);
-       if (ret)
-               return ret;
+       if (next_journal) {
+               iter->k = next_journal->k;
+               k = bkey_i_to_s_c(next_journal);
+       }
 
-       iter->should_be_locked = true;
-       return 0;
+       return k;
 }
 
-/* Iterate across nodes (leaf and interior nodes) */
-
-struct btree *bch2_btree_iter_peek_node(struct btree_iter *iter)
+/*
+ * Checks btree key cache for key at iter->pos and returns it if present, or
+ * bkey_s_c_null:
+ */
+static noinline
+struct bkey_s_c btree_trans_peek_key_cache(struct btree_iter *iter, struct bpos pos)
 {
-       struct btree *b;
+       struct btree_trans *trans = iter->trans;
+       struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
+       struct bkey u;
+       struct bkey_s_c k;
        int ret;
 
-       EBUG_ON(btree_iter_type(iter) != BTREE_ITER_NODES);
-       bch2_btree_iter_verify(iter);
+       if ((iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_KEY_CACHE_FILL) &&
+           bpos_eq(iter->pos, pos))
+               return bkey_s_c_null;
 
-       ret = btree_iter_traverse(iter);
-       if (ret)
-               return NULL;
+       if (!bch2_btree_key_cache_find(c, iter->btree_id, pos))
+               return bkey_s_c_null;
 
-       b = btree_iter_node(iter, iter->level);
-       if (!b)
-               return NULL;
+       if (!iter->key_cache_path)
+               iter->key_cache_path = bch2_path_get(trans, iter->btree_id, pos,
+                                                    iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_INTENT, 0,
+                                                    iter->flags|BTREE_ITER_CACHED|
+                                                    BTREE_ITER_CACHED_NOFILL,
+                                                    _THIS_IP_);
 
-       BUG_ON(bpos_cmp(b->key.k.p, iter->pos) < 0);
+       iter->key_cache_path = bch2_btree_path_set_pos(trans, iter->key_cache_path, pos,
+                                       iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_INTENT,
+                                       btree_iter_ip_allocated(iter));
 
-       iter->pos = iter->real_pos = b->key.k.p;
+       ret =   bch2_btree_path_traverse(trans, iter->key_cache_path,
+                                        iter->flags|BTREE_ITER_CACHED) ?:
+               bch2_btree_path_relock(trans, iter->path, _THIS_IP_);
+       if (unlikely(ret))
+               return bkey_s_c_err(ret);
 
-       bch2_btree_iter_verify(iter);
-       iter->should_be_locked = true;
+       btree_path_set_should_be_locked(iter->key_cache_path);
 
-       return b;
+       k = bch2_btree_path_peek_slot(iter->key_cache_path, &u);
+       if (k.k && !bkey_err(k)) {
+               iter->k = u;
+               k.k = &iter->k;
+       }
+       return k;
 }
 
-struct btree *bch2_btree_iter_next_node(struct btree_iter *iter)
+static struct bkey_s_c __bch2_btree_iter_peek(struct btree_iter *iter, struct bpos search_key)
 {
-       struct btree *b;
+       struct btree_trans *trans = iter->trans;
+       struct bkey_i *next_update;
+       struct bkey_s_c k, k2;
        int ret;
 
-       EBUG_ON(btree_iter_type(iter) != BTREE_ITER_NODES);
+       EBUG_ON(iter->path->cached);
        bch2_btree_iter_verify(iter);
 
-       /* already got to end? */
-       if (!btree_iter_node(iter, iter->level))
-               return NULL;
+       while (1) {
+               struct btree_path_level *l;
 
-       bch2_trans_cond_resched(iter->trans);
+               iter->path = bch2_btree_path_set_pos(trans, iter->path, search_key,
+                                       iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_INTENT,
+                                       btree_iter_ip_allocated(iter));
 
-       btree_node_unlock(iter, iter->level);
-       iter->l[iter->level].b = BTREE_ITER_NO_NODE_UP;
-       iter->level++;
+               ret = bch2_btree_path_traverse(trans, iter->path, iter->flags);
+               if (unlikely(ret)) {
+                       /* ensure that iter->k is consistent with iter->pos: */
+                       bch2_btree_iter_set_pos(iter, iter->pos);
+                       k = bkey_s_c_err(ret);
+                       goto out;
+               }
 
-       btree_iter_set_dirty(iter, BTREE_ITER_NEED_TRAVERSE);
-       ret = btree_iter_traverse(iter);
-       if (ret)
-               return NULL;
+               l = path_l(iter->path);
 
-       /* got to end? */
-       b = btree_iter_node(iter, iter->level);
-       if (!b)
-               return NULL;
+               if (unlikely(!l->b)) {
+                       /* No btree nodes at requested level: */
+                       bch2_btree_iter_set_pos(iter, SPOS_MAX);
+                       k = bkey_s_c_null;
+                       goto out;
+               }
 
-       if (bpos_cmp(iter->pos, b->key.k.p) < 0) {
-               /*
-                * Haven't gotten to the end of the parent node: go back down to
-                * the next child node
-                */
-               btree_iter_set_search_pos(iter, bpos_successor(iter->pos));
+               btree_path_set_should_be_locked(iter->path);
 
-               /* Unlock to avoid screwing up our lock invariants: */
-               btree_node_unlock(iter, iter->level);
+               k = btree_path_level_peek_all(trans->c, l, &iter->k);
+
+               if (unlikely(iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_WITH_KEY_CACHE) &&
+                   k.k &&
+                   (k2 = btree_trans_peek_key_cache(iter, k.k->p)).k) {
+                       k = k2;
+                       ret = bkey_err(k);
+                       if (ret) {
+                               bch2_btree_iter_set_pos(iter, iter->pos);
+                               goto out;
+                       }
+               }
 
-               iter->level = iter->min_depth;
-               btree_iter_set_dirty(iter, BTREE_ITER_NEED_TRAVERSE);
-               bch2_btree_iter_verify(iter);
+               if (unlikely(iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_WITH_JOURNAL))
+                       k = btree_trans_peek_journal(trans, iter, k);
 
-               ret = btree_iter_traverse(iter);
-               if (ret)
-                       return NULL;
+               next_update = btree_trans_peek_updates(iter);
 
-               b = iter->l[iter->level].b;
-       }
+               if (next_update &&
+                   bpos_le(next_update->k.p,
+                           k.k ? k.k->p : l->b->key.k.p)) {
+                       iter->k = next_update->k;
+                       k = bkey_i_to_s_c(next_update);
+               }
 
-       iter->pos = iter->real_pos = b->key.k.p;
+               if (k.k && bkey_deleted(k.k)) {
+                       /*
+                        * If we've got a whiteout, and it's after the search
+                        * key, advance the search key to the whiteout instead
+                        * of just after the whiteout - it might be a btree
+                        * whiteout, with a real key at the same position, since
+                        * in the btree deleted keys sort before non deleted.
+                        */
+                       search_key = !bpos_eq(search_key, k.k->p)
+                               ? k.k->p
+                               : bpos_successor(k.k->p);
+                       continue;
+               }
 
+               if (likely(k.k)) {
+                       break;
+               } else if (likely(!bpos_eq(l->b->key.k.p, SPOS_MAX))) {
+                       /* Advance to next leaf node: */
+                       search_key = bpos_successor(l->b->key.k.p);
+               } else {
+                       /* End of btree: */
+                       bch2_btree_iter_set_pos(iter, SPOS_MAX);
+                       k = bkey_s_c_null;
+                       goto out;
+               }
+       }
+out:
        bch2_btree_iter_verify(iter);
-       iter->should_be_locked = true;
 
-       return b;
+       return k;
 }
 
-/* Iterate across keys (in leaf nodes only) */
-
-static void btree_iter_set_search_pos(struct btree_iter *iter, struct bpos new_pos)
+/**
+ * bch2_btree_iter_peek: returns first key greater than or equal to iterator's
+ * current position
+ */
+struct bkey_s_c bch2_btree_iter_peek_upto(struct btree_iter *iter, struct bpos end)
 {
-#ifdef CONFIG_BCACHEFS_DEBUG
-       struct bpos old_pos = iter->real_pos;
-#endif
-       int cmp = bpos_cmp(new_pos, iter->real_pos);
-       unsigned l = iter->level;
-
-       EBUG_ON(iter->trans->restarted);
-
-       if (!cmp)
-               goto out;
-
-       iter->real_pos = new_pos;
-       iter->should_be_locked = false;
+       struct btree_trans *trans = iter->trans;
+       struct bpos search_key = btree_iter_search_key(iter);
+       struct bkey_s_c k;
+       struct bpos iter_pos;
+       int ret;
 
-       btree_iter_check_sort(iter->trans, iter);
+       EBUG_ON(iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_ALL_LEVELS);
+       EBUG_ON((iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_FILTER_SNAPSHOTS) && bkey_eq(end, POS_MAX));
 
-       if (unlikely(btree_iter_type(iter) == BTREE_ITER_CACHED)) {
-               btree_node_unlock(iter, 0);
-               iter->l[0].b = BTREE_ITER_NO_NODE_CACHED;
-               btree_iter_set_dirty(iter, BTREE_ITER_NEED_TRAVERSE);
-               return;
+       if (iter->update_path) {
+               bch2_path_put_nokeep(trans, iter->update_path,
+                                    iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_INTENT);
+               iter->update_path = NULL;
        }
 
-       l = btree_iter_up_until_good_node(iter, cmp);
+       bch2_btree_iter_verify_entry_exit(iter);
+
+       while (1) {
+               k = __bch2_btree_iter_peek(iter, search_key);
+               if (unlikely(!k.k))
+                       goto end;
+               if (unlikely(bkey_err(k)))
+                       goto out_no_locked;
 
-       if (btree_iter_node(iter, l)) {
                /*
-                * We might have to skip over many keys, or just a few: try
-                * advancing the node iterator, and if we have to skip over too
-                * many keys just reinit it (or if we're rewinding, since that
-                * is expensive).
+                * iter->pos should be mononotically increasing, and always be
+                * equal to the key we just returned - except extents can
+                * straddle iter->pos:
                 */
-               if (cmp < 0 ||
-                   !btree_iter_advance_to_pos(iter, &iter->l[l], 8))
-                       __btree_iter_init(iter, l);
-
-               /* Don't leave it locked if we're not supposed to: */
-               if (btree_lock_want(iter, l) == BTREE_NODE_UNLOCKED)
-                       btree_node_unlock(iter, l);
-       }
-out:
-       if (l != iter->level)
-               btree_iter_set_dirty(iter, BTREE_ITER_NEED_TRAVERSE);
-       else
-               btree_iter_set_dirty(iter, BTREE_ITER_NEED_PEEK);
-
-       bch2_btree_iter_verify(iter);
-#ifdef CONFIG_BCACHEFS_DEBUG
-       trace_iter_set_search_pos(iter->trans->ip, _RET_IP_,
-                                 iter->btree_id,
-                                 &old_pos, &new_pos, l);
-#endif
-}
+               if (!(iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_IS_EXTENTS))
+                       iter_pos = k.k->p;
+               else
+                       iter_pos = bkey_max(iter->pos, bkey_start_pos(k.k));
+
+               if (unlikely(!(iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_IS_EXTENTS)
+                            ? bkey_gt(iter_pos, end)
+                            : bkey_ge(iter_pos, end)))
+                       goto end;
+
+               if (iter->update_path &&
+                   !bkey_eq(iter->update_path->pos, k.k->p)) {
+                       bch2_path_put_nokeep(trans, iter->update_path,
+                                            iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_INTENT);
+                       iter->update_path = NULL;
+               }
 
-inline bool bch2_btree_iter_advance(struct btree_iter *iter)
-{
-       struct bpos pos = iter->k.p;
-       bool ret = bpos_cmp(pos, SPOS_MAX) != 0;
+               if ((iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_FILTER_SNAPSHOTS) &&
+                   (iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_INTENT) &&
+                   !(iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_IS_EXTENTS) &&
+                   !iter->update_path) {
+                       struct bpos pos = k.k->p;
 
-       if (ret && !(iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_IS_EXTENTS))
-               pos = bkey_successor(iter, pos);
-       bch2_btree_iter_set_pos(iter, pos);
-       return ret;
-}
+                       if (pos.snapshot < iter->snapshot) {
+                               search_key = bpos_successor(k.k->p);
+                               continue;
+                       }
 
-inline bool bch2_btree_iter_rewind(struct btree_iter *iter)
-{
-       struct bpos pos = bkey_start_pos(&iter->k);
-       bool ret = (iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS
-                   ? bpos_cmp(pos, POS_MIN)
-                   : bkey_cmp(pos, POS_MIN)) != 0;
+                       pos.snapshot = iter->snapshot;
 
-       if (ret && !(iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_IS_EXTENTS))
-               pos = bkey_predecessor(iter, pos);
-       bch2_btree_iter_set_pos(iter, pos);
-       return ret;
-}
+                       /*
+                        * advance, same as on exit for iter->path, but only up
+                        * to snapshot
+                        */
+                       __btree_path_get(iter->path, iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_INTENT);
+                       iter->update_path = iter->path;
+
+                       iter->update_path = bch2_btree_path_set_pos(trans,
+                                               iter->update_path, pos,
+                                               iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_INTENT,
+                                               _THIS_IP_);
+                       ret = bch2_btree_path_traverse(trans, iter->update_path, iter->flags);
+                       if (unlikely(ret)) {
+                               k = bkey_s_c_err(ret);
+                               goto out_no_locked;
+                       }
+               }
 
-static inline bool btree_iter_set_pos_to_next_leaf(struct btree_iter *iter)
-{
-       struct bpos next_pos = iter->l[0].b->key.k.p;
-       bool ret = bpos_cmp(next_pos, SPOS_MAX) != 0;
+               /*
+                * We can never have a key in a leaf node at POS_MAX, so
+                * we don't have to check these successor() calls:
+                */
+               if ((iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_FILTER_SNAPSHOTS) &&
+                   !bch2_snapshot_is_ancestor(trans->c,
+                                              iter->snapshot,
+                                              k.k->p.snapshot)) {
+                       search_key = bpos_successor(k.k->p);
+                       continue;
+               }
 
-       /*
-        * Typically, we don't want to modify iter->pos here, since that
-        * indicates where we searched from - unless we got to the end of the
-        * btree, in that case we want iter->pos to reflect that:
-        */
-       if (ret)
-               btree_iter_set_search_pos(iter, bpos_successor(next_pos));
-       else
-               bch2_btree_iter_set_pos(iter, SPOS_MAX);
+               if (bkey_whiteout(k.k) &&
+                   !(iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS)) {
+                       search_key = bkey_successor(iter, k.k->p);
+                       continue;
+               }
 
-       return ret;
-}
+               break;
+       }
 
-static inline bool btree_iter_set_pos_to_prev_leaf(struct btree_iter *iter)
-{
-       struct bpos next_pos = iter->l[0].b->data->min_key;
-       bool ret = bpos_cmp(next_pos, POS_MIN) != 0;
+       iter->pos = iter_pos;
 
-       if (ret)
-               btree_iter_set_search_pos(iter, bpos_predecessor(next_pos));
-       else
-               bch2_btree_iter_set_pos(iter, POS_MIN);
+       iter->path = bch2_btree_path_set_pos(trans, iter->path, k.k->p,
+                               iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_INTENT,
+                               btree_iter_ip_allocated(iter));
 
-       return ret;
-}
+       btree_path_set_should_be_locked(iter->path);
+out_no_locked:
+       if (iter->update_path) {
+               ret = bch2_btree_path_relock(trans, iter->update_path, _THIS_IP_);
+               if (unlikely(ret))
+                       k = bkey_s_c_err(ret);
+               else
+                       btree_path_set_should_be_locked(iter->update_path);
+       }
 
-static inline struct bkey_i *btree_trans_peek_updates(struct btree_iter *iter,
-                                                     struct bpos pos)
-{
-       struct btree_insert_entry *i;
+       if (!(iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS))
+               iter->pos.snapshot = iter->snapshot;
 
-       if (!(iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_WITH_UPDATES))
-               return NULL;
+       ret = bch2_btree_iter_verify_ret(iter, k);
+       if (unlikely(ret)) {
+               bch2_btree_iter_set_pos(iter, iter->pos);
+               k = bkey_s_c_err(ret);
+       }
 
-       trans_for_each_update(iter->trans, i)
-               if ((cmp_int(iter->btree_id,    i->iter->btree_id) ?:
-                    bkey_cmp(pos,              i->k->k.p)) <= 0) {
-                       if (iter->btree_id ==   i->iter->btree_id)
-                               return i->k;
-                       break;
-               }
+       bch2_btree_iter_verify_entry_exit(iter);
 
-       return NULL;
+       return k;
+end:
+       bch2_btree_iter_set_pos(iter, end);
+       k = bkey_s_c_null;
+       goto out_no_locked;
 }
 
 /**
- * bch2_btree_iter_peek: returns first key greater than or equal to iterator's
- * current position
+ * bch2_btree_iter_peek_all_levels: returns the first key greater than or equal
+ * to iterator's current position, returning keys from every level of the btree.
+ * For keys at different levels of the btree that compare equal, the key from
+ * the lower level (leaf) is returned first.
  */
-struct bkey_s_c bch2_btree_iter_peek(struct btree_iter *iter)
+struct bkey_s_c bch2_btree_iter_peek_all_levels(struct btree_iter *iter)
 {
-       struct bpos search_key = btree_iter_search_key(iter);
-       struct bkey_i *next_update;
+       struct btree_trans *trans = iter->trans;
        struct bkey_s_c k;
        int ret;
 
-       EBUG_ON(btree_iter_type(iter) != BTREE_ITER_KEYS);
+       EBUG_ON(iter->path->cached);
        bch2_btree_iter_verify(iter);
-       bch2_btree_iter_verify_entry_exit(iter);
-start:
-       next_update = btree_trans_peek_updates(iter, search_key);
-       btree_iter_set_search_pos(iter, search_key);
+       BUG_ON(iter->path->level < iter->min_depth);
+       BUG_ON(!(iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS));
+       EBUG_ON(!(iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_ALL_LEVELS));
 
        while (1) {
-               ret = btree_iter_traverse(iter);
-               if (unlikely(ret))
-                       return bkey_s_c_err(ret);
+               iter->path = bch2_btree_path_set_pos(trans, iter->path, iter->pos,
+                                       iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_INTENT,
+                                       btree_iter_ip_allocated(iter));
 
-               k = btree_iter_level_peek(iter, &iter->l[0]);
+               ret = bch2_btree_path_traverse(trans, iter->path, iter->flags);
+               if (unlikely(ret)) {
+                       /* ensure that iter->k is consistent with iter->pos: */
+                       bch2_btree_iter_set_pos(iter, iter->pos);
+                       k = bkey_s_c_err(ret);
+                       goto out_no_locked;
+               }
 
-               if (next_update &&
-                   bpos_cmp(next_update->k.p, iter->real_pos) <= 0) {
-                       iter->k = next_update->k;
-                       k = bkey_i_to_s_c(next_update);
+               /* Already at end? */
+               if (!btree_path_node(iter->path, iter->path->level)) {
+                       k = bkey_s_c_null;
+                       goto out_no_locked;
                }
 
-               if (likely(k.k)) {
-                       if (bkey_deleted(k.k)) {
-                               search_key = bkey_successor(iter, k.k->p);
-                               goto start;
-                       }
+               k = btree_path_level_peek_all(trans->c,
+                               &iter->path->l[iter->path->level], &iter->k);
 
-                       break;
+               /* Check if we should go up to the parent node: */
+               if (!k.k ||
+                   (iter->advanced &&
+                    bpos_eq(path_l(iter->path)->b->key.k.p, iter->pos))) {
+                       iter->pos = path_l(iter->path)->b->key.k.p;
+                       btree_path_set_level_up(trans, iter->path);
+                       iter->advanced = false;
+                       continue;
                }
 
-               if (!btree_iter_set_pos_to_next_leaf(iter))
-                       return bkey_s_c_null;
-       }
+               /*
+                * Check if we should go back down to a leaf:
+                * If we're not in a leaf node, we only return the current key
+                * if it exactly matches iter->pos - otherwise we first have to
+                * go back to the leaf:
+                */
+               if (iter->path->level != iter->min_depth &&
+                   (iter->advanced ||
+                    !k.k ||
+                    !bpos_eq(iter->pos, k.k->p))) {
+                       btree_path_set_level_down(trans, iter->path, iter->min_depth);
+                       iter->pos = bpos_successor(iter->pos);
+                       iter->advanced = false;
+                       continue;
+               }
 
-       /*
-        * iter->pos should be mononotically increasing, and always be equal to
-        * the key we just returned - except extents can straddle iter->pos:
-        */
-       if (!(iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_IS_EXTENTS))
-               iter->pos = k.k->p;
-       else if (bkey_cmp(bkey_start_pos(k.k), iter->pos) > 0)
-               iter->pos = bkey_start_pos(k.k);
+               /* Check if we should go to the next key: */
+               if (iter->path->level == iter->min_depth &&
+                   iter->advanced &&
+                   k.k &&
+                   bpos_eq(iter->pos, k.k->p)) {
+                       iter->pos = bpos_successor(iter->pos);
+                       iter->advanced = false;
+                       continue;
+               }
 
-       bch2_btree_iter_verify_entry_exit(iter);
+               if (iter->advanced &&
+                   iter->path->level == iter->min_depth &&
+                   !bpos_eq(k.k->p, iter->pos))
+                       iter->advanced = false;
+
+               BUG_ON(iter->advanced);
+               BUG_ON(!k.k);
+               break;
+       }
+
+       iter->pos = k.k->p;
+       btree_path_set_should_be_locked(iter->path);
+out_no_locked:
        bch2_btree_iter_verify(iter);
-       iter->should_be_locked = true;
+
        return k;
 }
 
@@ -1804,59 +2311,122 @@ struct bkey_s_c bch2_btree_iter_next(struct btree_iter *iter)
  */
 struct bkey_s_c bch2_btree_iter_peek_prev(struct btree_iter *iter)
 {
-       struct btree_iter_level *l = &iter->l[0];
+       struct btree_trans *trans = iter->trans;
+       struct bpos search_key = iter->pos;
+       struct btree_path *saved_path = NULL;
        struct bkey_s_c k;
+       struct bkey saved_k;
+       const struct bch_val *saved_v;
        int ret;
 
-       EBUG_ON(btree_iter_type(iter) != BTREE_ITER_KEYS);
+       EBUG_ON(iter->path->cached || iter->path->level);
        EBUG_ON(iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_WITH_UPDATES);
+
+       if (iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_WITH_JOURNAL)
+               return bkey_s_c_err(-EIO);
+
        bch2_btree_iter_verify(iter);
        bch2_btree_iter_verify_entry_exit(iter);
 
-       btree_iter_set_search_pos(iter, iter->pos);
+       if (iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_FILTER_SNAPSHOTS)
+               search_key.snapshot = U32_MAX;
 
        while (1) {
-               ret = btree_iter_traverse(iter);
+               iter->path = bch2_btree_path_set_pos(trans, iter->path, search_key,
+                                               iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_INTENT,
+                                               btree_iter_ip_allocated(iter));
+
+               ret = bch2_btree_path_traverse(trans, iter->path, iter->flags);
                if (unlikely(ret)) {
+                       /* ensure that iter->k is consistent with iter->pos: */
+                       bch2_btree_iter_set_pos(iter, iter->pos);
                        k = bkey_s_c_err(ret);
-                       goto no_key;
+                       goto out_no_locked;
                }
 
-               k = btree_iter_level_peek(iter, l);
+               k = btree_path_level_peek(trans, iter->path,
+                                         &iter->path->l[0], &iter->k);
                if (!k.k ||
                    ((iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_IS_EXTENTS)
-                    ? bkey_cmp(bkey_start_pos(k.k), iter->pos) >= 0
-                    : bkey_cmp(k.k->p, iter->pos) > 0))
-                       k = btree_iter_level_prev(iter, l);
+                    ? bpos_ge(bkey_start_pos(k.k), search_key)
+                    : bpos_gt(k.k->p, search_key)))
+                       k = btree_path_level_prev(trans, iter->path,
+                                                 &iter->path->l[0], &iter->k);
 
-               if (likely(k.k))
-                       break;
+               if (likely(k.k)) {
+                       if (iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_FILTER_SNAPSHOTS) {
+                               if (k.k->p.snapshot == iter->snapshot)
+                                       goto got_key;
+
+                               /*
+                                * If we have a saved candidate, and we're no
+                                * longer at the same _key_ (not pos), return
+                                * that candidate
+                                */
+                               if (saved_path && !bkey_eq(k.k->p, saved_k.p)) {
+                                       bch2_path_put_nokeep(trans, iter->path,
+                                                     iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_INTENT);
+                                       iter->path = saved_path;
+                                       saved_path = NULL;
+                                       iter->k = saved_k;
+                                       k.v     = saved_v;
+                                       goto got_key;
+                               }
+
+                               if (bch2_snapshot_is_ancestor(iter->trans->c,
+                                                             iter->snapshot,
+                                                             k.k->p.snapshot)) {
+                                       if (saved_path)
+                                               bch2_path_put_nokeep(trans, saved_path,
+                                                     iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_INTENT);
+                                       saved_path = btree_path_clone(trans, iter->path,
+                                                               iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_INTENT);
+                                       saved_k = *k.k;
+                                       saved_v = k.v;
+                               }
+
+                               search_key = bpos_predecessor(k.k->p);
+                               continue;
+                       }
+got_key:
+                       if (bkey_whiteout(k.k) &&
+                           !(iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS)) {
+                               search_key = bkey_predecessor(iter, k.k->p);
+                               if (iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_FILTER_SNAPSHOTS)
+                                       search_key.snapshot = U32_MAX;
+                               continue;
+                       }
 
-               if (!btree_iter_set_pos_to_prev_leaf(iter)) {
+                       break;
+               } else if (likely(!bpos_eq(iter->path->l[0].b->data->min_key, POS_MIN))) {
+                       /* Advance to previous leaf node: */
+                       search_key = bpos_predecessor(iter->path->l[0].b->data->min_key);
+               } else {
+                       /* Start of btree: */
+                       bch2_btree_iter_set_pos(iter, POS_MIN);
                        k = bkey_s_c_null;
-                       goto no_key;
+                       goto out_no_locked;
                }
        }
 
-       EBUG_ON(bkey_cmp(bkey_start_pos(k.k), iter->pos) > 0);
+       EBUG_ON(bkey_gt(bkey_start_pos(k.k), iter->pos));
 
        /* Extents can straddle iter->pos: */
-       if (bkey_cmp(k.k->p, iter->pos) < 0)
+       if (bkey_lt(k.k->p, iter->pos))
                iter->pos = k.k->p;
-out:
+
+       if (iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_FILTER_SNAPSHOTS)
+               iter->pos.snapshot = iter->snapshot;
+
+       btree_path_set_should_be_locked(iter->path);
+out_no_locked:
+       if (saved_path)
+               bch2_path_put_nokeep(trans, saved_path, iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_INTENT);
+
        bch2_btree_iter_verify_entry_exit(iter);
        bch2_btree_iter_verify(iter);
-       iter->should_be_locked = true;
+
        return k;
-no_key:
-       /*
-        * btree_iter_level_peek() may have set iter->k to a key we didn't want, and
-        * then we errored going to the previous leaf - make sure it's
-        * consistent with iter->pos:
-        */
-       bkey_init(&iter->k);
-       iter->k.p = iter->pos;
-       goto out;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -1873,14 +2443,15 @@ struct bkey_s_c bch2_btree_iter_prev(struct btree_iter *iter)
 
 struct bkey_s_c bch2_btree_iter_peek_slot(struct btree_iter *iter)
 {
+       struct btree_trans *trans = iter->trans;
        struct bpos search_key;
        struct bkey_s_c k;
        int ret;
 
-       EBUG_ON(btree_iter_type(iter) != BTREE_ITER_KEYS &&
-               btree_iter_type(iter) != BTREE_ITER_CACHED);
        bch2_btree_iter_verify(iter);
        bch2_btree_iter_verify_entry_exit(iter);
+       EBUG_ON(iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_ALL_LEVELS);
+       EBUG_ON(iter->path->level && (iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_WITH_KEY_CACHE));
 
        /* extents can't span inode numbers: */
        if ((iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_IS_EXTENTS) &&
@@ -1892,91 +2463,102 @@ struct bkey_s_c bch2_btree_iter_peek_slot(struct btree_iter *iter)
        }
 
        search_key = btree_iter_search_key(iter);
-       btree_iter_set_search_pos(iter, search_key);
-
-       ret = btree_iter_traverse(iter);
-       if (unlikely(ret))
-               return bkey_s_c_err(ret);
+       iter->path = bch2_btree_path_set_pos(trans, iter->path, search_key,
+                                       iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_INTENT,
+                                       btree_iter_ip_allocated(iter));
+
+       ret = bch2_btree_path_traverse(trans, iter->path, iter->flags);
+       if (unlikely(ret)) {
+               k = bkey_s_c_err(ret);
+               goto out_no_locked;
+       }
 
-       if (btree_iter_type(iter) == BTREE_ITER_CACHED ||
-           !(iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_IS_EXTENTS)) {
+       if ((iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_CACHED) ||
+           !(iter->flags & (BTREE_ITER_IS_EXTENTS|BTREE_ITER_FILTER_SNAPSHOTS))) {
                struct bkey_i *next_update;
-               struct bkey_cached *ck;
 
-               switch (btree_iter_type(iter)) {
-               case BTREE_ITER_KEYS:
-                       k = btree_iter_level_peek_all(iter, &iter->l[0]);
-                       EBUG_ON(k.k && bkey_deleted(k.k) && bpos_cmp(k.k->p, iter->pos) == 0);
-                       break;
-               case BTREE_ITER_CACHED:
-                       ck = (void *) iter->l[0].b;
-                       EBUG_ON(iter->btree_id != ck->key.btree_id ||
-                               bkey_cmp(iter->pos, ck->key.pos));
-                       BUG_ON(!ck->valid);
-
-                       k = bkey_i_to_s_c(ck->k);
-                       break;
-               case BTREE_ITER_NODES:
-                       BUG();
-               }
-
-               next_update = btree_trans_peek_updates(iter, search_key);
-               if (next_update &&
-                   (!k.k || bpos_cmp(next_update->k.p, k.k->p) <= 0)) {
+               if ((next_update = btree_trans_peek_updates(iter)) &&
+                   bpos_eq(next_update->k.p, iter->pos)) {
                        iter->k = next_update->k;
                        k = bkey_i_to_s_c(next_update);
+                       goto out;
                }
+
+               if (unlikely(iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_WITH_JOURNAL) &&
+                   (k = btree_trans_peek_slot_journal(trans, iter)).k)
+                       goto out;
+
+               if (unlikely(iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_WITH_KEY_CACHE) &&
+                   (k = btree_trans_peek_key_cache(iter, iter->pos)).k) {
+                       if (!bkey_err(k))
+                               iter->k = *k.k;
+                       /* We're not returning a key from iter->path: */
+                       goto out_no_locked;
+               }
+
+               k = bch2_btree_path_peek_slot(iter->path, &iter->k);
+               if (unlikely(!k.k))
+                       goto out_no_locked;
        } else {
-               if ((iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_INTENT)) {
-                       struct btree_iter *child =
-                               btree_iter_child_alloc(iter, _THIS_IP_);
+               struct bpos next;
+               struct bpos end = iter->pos;
+
+               if (iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_IS_EXTENTS)
+                       end.offset = U64_MAX;
+
+               EBUG_ON(iter->path->level);
+
+               if (iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_INTENT) {
+                       struct btree_iter iter2;
 
-                       btree_iter_copy(child, iter);
-                       k = bch2_btree_iter_peek(child);
+                       bch2_trans_copy_iter(&iter2, iter);
+                       k = bch2_btree_iter_peek_upto(&iter2, end);
 
-                       if (k.k && !bkey_err(k))
-                               iter->k = child->k;
+                       if (k.k && !bkey_err(k)) {
+                               iter->k = iter2.k;
+                               k.k = &iter->k;
+                       }
+                       bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, &iter2);
                } else {
                        struct bpos pos = iter->pos;
 
-                       k = bch2_btree_iter_peek(iter);
-                       iter->pos = pos;
+                       k = bch2_btree_iter_peek_upto(iter, end);
+                       if (unlikely(bkey_err(k)))
+                               bch2_btree_iter_set_pos(iter, pos);
+                       else
+                               iter->pos = pos;
                }
 
                if (unlikely(bkey_err(k)))
-                       return k;
-       }
+                       goto out_no_locked;
 
-       if (!(iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_IS_EXTENTS)) {
-               if (!k.k ||
-                   ((iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS)
-                    ? bpos_cmp(iter->pos, k.k->p)
-                    : bkey_cmp(iter->pos, k.k->p))) {
-                       bkey_init(&iter->k);
-                       iter->k.p = iter->pos;
-                       k = (struct bkey_s_c) { &iter->k, NULL };
-               }
-       } else {
-               struct bpos next = k.k ? bkey_start_pos(k.k) : POS_MAX;
+               next = k.k ? bkey_start_pos(k.k) : POS_MAX;
 
-               if (bkey_cmp(iter->pos, next) < 0) {
+               if (bkey_lt(iter->pos, next)) {
                        bkey_init(&iter->k);
                        iter->k.p = iter->pos;
-                       bch2_key_resize(&iter->k,
-                                       min_t(u64, KEY_SIZE_MAX,
-                                             (next.inode == iter->pos.inode
-                                              ? next.offset
-                                              : KEY_OFFSET_MAX) -
-                                             iter->pos.offset));
+
+                       if (iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_IS_EXTENTS) {
+                               bch2_key_resize(&iter->k,
+                                               min_t(u64, KEY_SIZE_MAX,
+                                                     (next.inode == iter->pos.inode
+                                                      ? next.offset
+                                                      : KEY_OFFSET_MAX) -
+                                                     iter->pos.offset));
+                               EBUG_ON(!iter->k.size);
+                       }
 
                        k = (struct bkey_s_c) { &iter->k, NULL };
-                       EBUG_ON(!k.k->size);
                }
        }
-
+out:
+       btree_path_set_should_be_locked(iter->path);
+out_no_locked:
        bch2_btree_iter_verify_entry_exit(iter);
        bch2_btree_iter_verify(iter);
-       iter->should_be_locked = true;
+       ret = bch2_btree_iter_verify_ret(iter, k);
+       if (unlikely(ret))
+               return bkey_s_c_err(ret);
 
        return k;
 }
@@ -1997,501 +2579,244 @@ struct bkey_s_c bch2_btree_iter_prev_slot(struct btree_iter *iter)
        return bch2_btree_iter_peek_slot(iter);
 }
 
-static inline void bch2_btree_iter_init(struct btree_trans *trans,
-                       struct btree_iter *iter, enum btree_id btree_id)
+struct bkey_s_c bch2_btree_iter_peek_and_restart_outlined(struct btree_iter *iter)
 {
-       struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
-       unsigned i;
+       struct bkey_s_c k;
 
-       iter->trans                     = trans;
-       iter->uptodate                  = BTREE_ITER_NEED_TRAVERSE;
-       iter->btree_id                  = btree_id;
-       iter->real_pos                  = POS_MIN;
-       iter->level                     = 0;
-       iter->min_depth                 = 0;
-       iter->locks_want                = 0;
-       iter->nodes_locked              = 0;
-       iter->nodes_intent_locked       = 0;
-       for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(iter->l); i++)
-               iter->l[i].b            = BTREE_ITER_NO_NODE_INIT;
+       while (btree_trans_too_many_iters(iter->trans) ||
+              (k = bch2_btree_iter_peek_type(iter, iter->flags),
+               bch2_err_matches(bkey_err(k), BCH_ERR_transaction_restart)))
+               bch2_trans_begin(iter->trans);
 
-       prefetch(c->btree_roots[btree_id].b);
+       return k;
 }
 
 /* new transactional stuff: */
 
-static inline void btree_iter_verify_sorted_ref(struct btree_trans *trans,
-                                               struct btree_iter *iter)
-{
-       EBUG_ON(iter->sorted_idx >= trans->nr_sorted);
-       EBUG_ON(trans->sorted[iter->sorted_idx] != iter->idx);
-       EBUG_ON(!(trans->iters_linked & (1ULL << iter->idx)));
-}
-
-static inline void btree_trans_verify_sorted_refs(struct btree_trans *trans)
-{
 #ifdef CONFIG_BCACHEFS_DEBUG
+static void btree_trans_verify_sorted_refs(struct btree_trans *trans)
+{
+       struct btree_path *path;
        unsigned i;
 
-       for (i = 0; i < trans->nr_sorted; i++)
-               btree_iter_verify_sorted_ref(trans, trans->iters + trans->sorted[i]);
-#endif
-}
+       BUG_ON(trans->nr_sorted != hweight64(trans->paths_allocated));
 
-static inline void btree_trans_verify_sorted(struct btree_trans *trans)
-{
-#ifdef CONFIG_BCACHEFS_DEBUG
-       struct btree_iter *iter, *prev = NULL;
+       trans_for_each_path(trans, path) {
+               BUG_ON(path->sorted_idx >= trans->nr_sorted);
+               BUG_ON(trans->sorted[path->sorted_idx] != path->idx);
+       }
 
-       trans_for_each_iter_inorder(trans, iter)
-               BUG_ON(prev && btree_iter_cmp(prev, iter) > 0);
-#endif
+       for (i = 0; i < trans->nr_sorted; i++) {
+               unsigned idx = trans->sorted[i];
+
+               EBUG_ON(!(trans->paths_allocated & (1ULL << idx)));
+               BUG_ON(trans->paths[idx].sorted_idx != i);
+       }
 }
 
-static inline void btree_iter_swap(struct btree_trans *trans,
-                                  struct btree_iter *l, struct btree_iter *r)
+static void btree_trans_verify_sorted(struct btree_trans *trans)
 {
-       swap(l->sorted_idx, r->sorted_idx);
-       swap(trans->sorted[l->sorted_idx],
-            trans->sorted[r->sorted_idx]);
+       struct btree_path *path, *prev = NULL;
+       unsigned i;
 
-       btree_iter_verify_sorted_ref(trans, l);
-       btree_iter_verify_sorted_ref(trans, r);
+       if (!bch2_debug_check_iterators)
+               return;
+
+       trans_for_each_path_inorder(trans, path, i) {
+               if (prev && btree_path_cmp(prev, path) > 0) {
+                       __bch2_dump_trans_paths_updates(trans, true);
+                       panic("trans paths out of order!\n");
+               }
+               prev = path;
+       }
 }
+#else
+static inline void btree_trans_verify_sorted_refs(struct btree_trans *trans) {}
+static inline void btree_trans_verify_sorted(struct btree_trans *trans) {}
+#endif
 
-static void btree_trans_sort_iters(struct btree_trans *trans)
+void __bch2_btree_trans_sort_paths(struct btree_trans *trans)
 {
-       bool swapped = false;
-       int i, l = 0, r = trans->nr_sorted;
+       int i, l = 0, r = trans->nr_sorted, inc = 1;
+       bool swapped;
 
-       while (1) {
-               for (i = l; i + 1 < r; i++) {
-                       if (btree_iter_cmp(trans->iters + trans->sorted[i],
-                                          trans->iters + trans->sorted[i + 1]) > 0) {
-                               swap(trans->sorted[i], trans->sorted[i + 1]);
-                               trans->iters[trans->sorted[i]].sorted_idx = i;
-                               trans->iters[trans->sorted[i + 1]].sorted_idx = i + 1;
-                               swapped = true;
-                       }
-               }
+       btree_trans_verify_sorted_refs(trans);
 
-               if (!swapped)
-                       break;
+       if (trans->paths_sorted)
+               goto out;
 
-               r--;
+       /*
+        * Cocktail shaker sort: this is efficient because iterators will be
+        * mostly sorted.
+        */
+       do {
                swapped = false;
 
-               for (i = r - 2; i >= l; --i) {
-                       if (btree_iter_cmp(trans->iters + trans->sorted[i],
-                                          trans->iters + trans->sorted[i + 1]) > 0) {
-                               swap(trans->sorted[i],
-                                    trans->sorted[i + 1]);
-                               trans->iters[trans->sorted[i]].sorted_idx = i;
-                               trans->iters[trans->sorted[i + 1]].sorted_idx = i + 1;
+               for (i = inc > 0 ? l : r - 2;
+                    i + 1 < r && i >= l;
+                    i += inc) {
+                       if (btree_path_cmp(trans->paths + trans->sorted[i],
+                                          trans->paths + trans->sorted[i + 1]) > 0) {
+                               swap(trans->sorted[i], trans->sorted[i + 1]);
+                               trans->paths[trans->sorted[i]].sorted_idx = i;
+                               trans->paths[trans->sorted[i + 1]].sorted_idx = i + 1;
                                swapped = true;
                        }
                }
 
-               if (!swapped)
-                       break;
-
-               l++;
-               swapped = false;
-       }
-
-       btree_trans_verify_sorted_refs(trans);
-       btree_trans_verify_sorted(trans);
-}
-
-static void btree_iter_check_sort(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_iter *iter)
-{
-       struct btree_iter *n;
-
-       EBUG_ON(iter->sorted_idx == U8_MAX);
-
-       n = next_btree_iter(trans, iter);
-       if (n && btree_iter_cmp(iter, n) > 0) {
-               do {
-                       btree_iter_swap(trans, iter, n);
-                       n = next_btree_iter(trans, iter);
-               } while (n && btree_iter_cmp(iter, n) > 0);
-
-               return;
-       }
-
-       n = prev_btree_iter(trans, iter);
-       if (n && btree_iter_cmp(n, iter) > 0) {
-               do {
-                       btree_iter_swap(trans, n, iter);
-                       n = prev_btree_iter(trans, iter);
-               } while (n && btree_iter_cmp(n, iter) > 0);
-       }
+               if (inc > 0)
+                       --r;
+               else
+                       l++;
+               inc = -inc;
+       } while (swapped);
 
+       trans->paths_sorted = true;
+out:
        btree_trans_verify_sorted(trans);
 }
 
-static inline void btree_iter_list_remove(struct btree_trans *trans,
-                                         struct btree_iter *iter)
+static inline void btree_path_list_remove(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                         struct btree_path *path)
 {
        unsigned i;
 
-       EBUG_ON(iter->sorted_idx >= trans->nr_sorted);
-
-       array_remove_item(trans->sorted, trans->nr_sorted, iter->sorted_idx);
-
-       for (i = iter->sorted_idx; i < trans->nr_sorted; i++)
-               trans->iters[trans->sorted[i]].sorted_idx = i;
-
-       iter->sorted_idx = U8_MAX;
+       EBUG_ON(path->sorted_idx >= trans->nr_sorted);
+#ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_EFFICIENT_UNALIGNED_ACCESS
+       trans->nr_sorted--;
+       memmove_u64s_down_small(trans->sorted + path->sorted_idx,
+                               trans->sorted + path->sorted_idx + 1,
+                               DIV_ROUND_UP(trans->nr_sorted - path->sorted_idx, 8));
+#else
+       array_remove_item(trans->sorted, trans->nr_sorted, path->sorted_idx);
+#endif
+       for (i = path->sorted_idx; i < trans->nr_sorted; i++)
+               trans->paths[trans->sorted[i]].sorted_idx = i;
 
-       btree_trans_verify_sorted_refs(trans);
+       path->sorted_idx = U8_MAX;
 }
 
-static inline void btree_iter_list_add(struct btree_trans *trans,
-                                      struct btree_iter *pos,
-                                      struct btree_iter *iter)
+static inline void btree_path_list_add(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                      struct btree_path *pos,
+                                      struct btree_path *path)
 {
        unsigned i;
 
-       btree_trans_verify_sorted_refs(trans);
-
-       iter->sorted_idx = pos ? pos->sorted_idx : trans->nr_sorted;
+       path->sorted_idx = pos ? pos->sorted_idx + 1 : trans->nr_sorted;
 
-       array_insert_item(trans->sorted, trans->nr_sorted, iter->sorted_idx, iter->idx);
+#ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_EFFICIENT_UNALIGNED_ACCESS
+       memmove_u64s_up_small(trans->sorted + path->sorted_idx + 1,
+                             trans->sorted + path->sorted_idx,
+                             DIV_ROUND_UP(trans->nr_sorted - path->sorted_idx, 8));
+       trans->nr_sorted++;
+       trans->sorted[path->sorted_idx] = path->idx;
+#else
+       array_insert_item(trans->sorted, trans->nr_sorted, path->sorted_idx, path->idx);
+#endif
 
-       for (i = iter->sorted_idx; i < trans->nr_sorted; i++)
-               trans->iters[trans->sorted[i]].sorted_idx = i;
+       for (i = path->sorted_idx; i < trans->nr_sorted; i++)
+               trans->paths[trans->sorted[i]].sorted_idx = i;
 
        btree_trans_verify_sorted_refs(trans);
 }
 
-static void btree_iter_child_free(struct btree_iter *iter)
-{
-       struct btree_iter *child = btree_iter_child(iter);
-
-       if (child) {
-               bch2_trans_iter_free(iter->trans, child);
-               iter->child_idx = U8_MAX;
-       }
-}
-
-static struct btree_iter *btree_iter_child_alloc(struct btree_iter *iter,
-                                                unsigned long ip)
-{
-       struct btree_trans *trans = iter->trans;
-       struct btree_iter *child = btree_iter_child(iter);
-
-       if (!child) {
-               child = btree_trans_iter_alloc(trans, iter);
-               child->ip_allocated     = ip;
-               iter->child_idx         = child->idx;
-
-               trans->iters_live       |= 1ULL << child->idx;
-               trans->iters_touched    |= 1ULL << child->idx;
-       }
-
-       return child;
-}
-
-static inline void __bch2_trans_iter_free(struct btree_trans *trans,
-                                         unsigned idx)
-{
-       btree_iter_child_free(&trans->iters[idx]);
-
-       btree_iter_list_remove(trans, &trans->iters[idx]);
-
-       __bch2_btree_iter_unlock(&trans->iters[idx]);
-       trans->iters_linked             &= ~(1ULL << idx);
-       trans->iters_live               &= ~(1ULL << idx);
-       trans->iters_touched            &= ~(1ULL << idx);
-}
-
-int bch2_trans_iter_put(struct btree_trans *trans,
-                       struct btree_iter *iter)
-{
-       int ret;
-
-       if (IS_ERR_OR_NULL(iter))
-               return 0;
-
-       BUG_ON(trans->iters + iter->idx != iter);
-       BUG_ON(!btree_iter_live(trans, iter));
-
-       ret = btree_iter_err(iter);
-
-       if (!(trans->iters_touched & (1ULL << iter->idx)) &&
-           !(iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_KEEP_UNTIL_COMMIT))
-               __bch2_trans_iter_free(trans, iter->idx);
-
-       trans->iters_live       &= ~(1ULL << iter->idx);
-       return ret;
-}
-
-int bch2_trans_iter_free(struct btree_trans *trans,
-                        struct btree_iter *iter)
-{
-       if (IS_ERR_OR_NULL(iter))
-               return 0;
-
-       set_btree_iter_dontneed(trans, iter);
-
-       return bch2_trans_iter_put(trans, iter);
-}
-
-noinline __cold
-static void btree_trans_iter_alloc_fail(struct btree_trans *trans)
+void bch2_trans_iter_exit(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_iter *iter)
 {
-
-       struct btree_iter *iter;
-       struct btree_insert_entry *i;
-       char buf[100];
-
-       btree_trans_sort_iters(trans);
-
-       trans_for_each_iter_inorder(trans, iter)
-               printk(KERN_ERR "iter: btree %s pos %s%s%s%s %pS\n",
-                      bch2_btree_ids[iter->btree_id],
-                      (bch2_bpos_to_text(&PBUF(buf), iter->real_pos), buf),
-                      btree_iter_live(trans, iter) ? " live" : "",
-                      (trans->iters_touched & (1ULL << iter->idx)) ? " touched" : "",
-                      iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_KEEP_UNTIL_COMMIT ? " keep" : "",
-                      (void *) iter->ip_allocated);
-
-       trans_for_each_update(trans, i) {
-               char buf[300];
-
-               bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&PBUF(buf), trans->c, bkey_i_to_s_c(i->k));
-               printk(KERN_ERR "update: btree %s %s\n",
-                      bch2_btree_ids[i->iter->btree_id], buf);
-       }
-       panic("trans iter oveflow\n");
+       if (iter->path)
+               bch2_path_put(trans, iter->path,
+                             iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_INTENT);
+       if (iter->update_path)
+               bch2_path_put_nokeep(trans, iter->update_path,
+                             iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_INTENT);
+       if (iter->key_cache_path)
+               bch2_path_put(trans, iter->key_cache_path,
+                             iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_INTENT);
+       iter->path = NULL;
+       iter->update_path = NULL;
+       iter->key_cache_path = NULL;
 }
 
-static struct btree_iter *btree_trans_iter_alloc(struct btree_trans *trans,
-                                                struct btree_iter *pos)
+static inline void bch2_trans_iter_init_inlined(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                         struct btree_iter *iter,
+                         unsigned btree_id, struct bpos pos,
+                         unsigned flags)
 {
-       struct btree_iter *iter;
-       unsigned idx;
-
-       if (unlikely(trans->iters_linked ==
-                    ~((~0ULL << 1) << (BTREE_ITER_MAX - 1))))
-               btree_trans_iter_alloc_fail(trans);
-
-       idx = __ffs64(~trans->iters_linked);
-       iter = &trans->iters[idx];
-
-       iter->trans             = trans;
-       iter->idx               = idx;
-       iter->child_idx         = U8_MAX;
-       iter->sorted_idx        = U8_MAX;
-       iter->flags             = 0;
-       iter->nodes_locked      = 0;
-       iter->nodes_intent_locked = 0;
-       trans->iters_linked     |= 1ULL << idx;
-
-       btree_iter_list_add(trans, pos, iter);
-       return iter;
+       bch2_trans_iter_init_common(trans, iter, btree_id, pos, 0, 0,
+                              bch2_btree_iter_flags(trans, btree_id, flags),
+                              _RET_IP_);
 }
 
-static void btree_iter_copy(struct btree_iter *dst, struct btree_iter *src)
+void bch2_trans_iter_init_outlined(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                         struct btree_iter *iter,
+                         unsigned btree_id, struct bpos pos,
+                         unsigned flags)
 {
-       unsigned i;
-
-       __bch2_btree_iter_unlock(dst);
-       btree_iter_child_free(dst);
-
-       memcpy(&dst->flags, &src->flags,
-              sizeof(struct btree_iter) - offsetof(struct btree_iter, flags));
-
-       for (i = 0; i < BTREE_MAX_DEPTH; i++)
-               if (btree_node_locked(dst, i))
-                       six_lock_increment(&dst->l[i].b->c.lock,
-                                          __btree_lock_want(dst, i));
-
-       dst->flags &= ~BTREE_ITER_KEEP_UNTIL_COMMIT;
-       dst->flags &= ~BTREE_ITER_SET_POS_AFTER_COMMIT;
-
-       btree_iter_check_sort(dst->trans, dst);
+       bch2_trans_iter_init_common(trans, iter, btree_id, pos, 0, 0,
+                              bch2_btree_iter_flags(trans, btree_id, flags),
+                              _RET_IP_);
 }
 
-struct btree_iter *__bch2_trans_get_iter(struct btree_trans *trans,
-                                        unsigned btree_id, struct bpos pos,
-                                        unsigned locks_want,
-                                        unsigned depth,
-                                        unsigned flags)
+void bch2_trans_node_iter_init(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                              struct btree_iter *iter,
+                              enum btree_id btree_id,
+                              struct bpos pos,
+                              unsigned locks_want,
+                              unsigned depth,
+                              unsigned flags)
 {
-       struct btree_iter *iter, *best = NULL;
-       struct bpos real_pos, pos_min = POS_MIN;
-
-       EBUG_ON(trans->restarted);
-
-       if ((flags & BTREE_ITER_TYPE) != BTREE_ITER_NODES &&
-           btree_node_type_is_extents(btree_id) &&
-           !(flags & BTREE_ITER_NOT_EXTENTS) &&
-           !(flags & BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS))
-               flags |= BTREE_ITER_IS_EXTENTS;
-
-       if ((flags & BTREE_ITER_TYPE) != BTREE_ITER_NODES &&
-           !btree_type_has_snapshots(btree_id))
-               flags &= ~BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS;
-
-       if (!(flags & BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS))
-               pos.snapshot = btree_type_has_snapshots(btree_id)
-                       ? U32_MAX : 0;
-
-       real_pos = pos;
-
-       if ((flags & BTREE_ITER_IS_EXTENTS) &&
-           bkey_cmp(pos, POS_MAX))
-               real_pos = bpos_nosnap_successor(pos);
-
-       trans_for_each_iter(trans, iter) {
-               if (btree_iter_type(iter) != (flags & BTREE_ITER_TYPE))
-                       continue;
-
-               if (iter->btree_id != btree_id)
-                       continue;
-
-               if (best) {
-                       int cmp = bkey_cmp(bpos_diff(best->real_pos, real_pos),
-                                          bpos_diff(iter->real_pos, real_pos));
-
-                       if (cmp < 0 ||
-                           ((cmp == 0 && btree_iter_keep(trans, iter))))
-                               continue;
-               }
+       flags |= BTREE_ITER_NOT_EXTENTS;
+       flags |= __BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS;
+       flags |= BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS;
 
-               best = iter;
-       }
-
-       if (!best) {
-               iter = btree_trans_iter_alloc(trans, NULL);
-               bch2_btree_iter_init(trans, iter, btree_id);
-       } else if (btree_iter_keep(trans, best)) {
-               iter = btree_trans_iter_alloc(trans, best);
-               btree_iter_copy(iter, best);
-       } else {
-               iter = best;
-       }
-
-       trans->iters_live       |= 1ULL << iter->idx;
-       trans->iters_touched    |= 1ULL << iter->idx;
-
-       iter->flags = flags;
-
-       iter->snapshot = pos.snapshot;
-
-       /*
-        * If the iterator has locks_want greater than requested, we explicitly
-        * do not downgrade it here - on transaction restart because btree node
-        * split needs to upgrade locks, we might be putting/getting the
-        * iterator again. Downgrading iterators only happens via an explicit
-        * bch2_trans_downgrade().
-        */
-
-       locks_want = min(locks_want, BTREE_MAX_DEPTH);
-       if (locks_want > iter->locks_want) {
-               iter->locks_want = locks_want;
-               btree_iter_get_locks(iter, true, _THIS_IP_);
-       }
-
-       while (iter->level != depth) {
-               btree_node_unlock(iter, iter->level);
-               iter->l[iter->level].b = BTREE_ITER_NO_NODE_INIT;
-               iter->uptodate = BTREE_ITER_NEED_TRAVERSE;
-               if (iter->level < depth)
-                       iter->level++;
-               else
-                       iter->level--;
-       }
+       bch2_trans_iter_init_common(trans, iter, btree_id, pos, locks_want, depth,
+                              __bch2_btree_iter_flags(trans, btree_id, flags),
+                              _RET_IP_);
 
        iter->min_depth = depth;
 
-       bch2_btree_iter_set_pos(iter, pos);
-       btree_iter_set_search_pos(iter, real_pos);
-
-       trace_trans_get_iter(_RET_IP_, trans->ip,
-                            btree_id,
-                            &real_pos, locks_want, iter->uptodate,
-                            best ? &best->real_pos     : &pos_min,
-                            best ? best->locks_want    : U8_MAX,
-                            best ? best->uptodate      : U8_MAX);
-
-       return iter;
-}
-
-struct btree_iter *bch2_trans_get_node_iter(struct btree_trans *trans,
-                                           enum btree_id btree_id,
-                                           struct bpos pos,
-                                           unsigned locks_want,
-                                           unsigned depth,
-                                           unsigned flags)
-{
-       struct btree_iter *iter =
-               __bch2_trans_get_iter(trans, btree_id, pos,
-                                     locks_want, depth,
-                                     BTREE_ITER_NODES|
-                                     BTREE_ITER_NOT_EXTENTS|
-                                     BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS|
-                                     flags);
-
-       BUG_ON(bkey_cmp(iter->pos, pos));
-       BUG_ON(iter->locks_want != min(locks_want, BTREE_MAX_DEPTH));
-       BUG_ON(iter->level      != depth);
-       BUG_ON(iter->min_depth  != depth);
-       iter->ip_allocated = _RET_IP_;
-
-       return iter;
+       BUG_ON(iter->path->locks_want    < min(locks_want, BTREE_MAX_DEPTH));
+       BUG_ON(iter->path->level        != depth);
+       BUG_ON(iter->min_depth          != depth);
 }
 
-struct btree_iter *__bch2_trans_copy_iter(struct btree_trans *trans,
-                                       struct btree_iter *src)
+void bch2_trans_copy_iter(struct btree_iter *dst, struct btree_iter *src)
 {
-       struct btree_iter *iter;
-
-       iter = btree_trans_iter_alloc(trans, src);
-       btree_iter_copy(iter, src);
-
-       trans->iters_live |= 1ULL << iter->idx;
-       /*
-        * We don't need to preserve this iter since it's cheap to copy it
-        * again - this will cause trans_iter_put() to free it right away:
-        */
-       set_btree_iter_dontneed(trans, iter);
-
-       return iter;
+       *dst = *src;
+       if (src->path)
+               __btree_path_get(src->path, src->flags & BTREE_ITER_INTENT);
+       if (src->update_path)
+               __btree_path_get(src->update_path, src->flags & BTREE_ITER_INTENT);
+       dst->key_cache_path = NULL;
 }
 
-void *bch2_trans_kmalloc(struct btree_trans *trans, size_t size)
+void *__bch2_trans_kmalloc(struct btree_trans *trans, size_t size)
 {
-       size_t new_top = trans->mem_top + size;
+       unsigned new_top = trans->mem_top + size;
+       size_t old_bytes = trans->mem_bytes;
+       size_t new_bytes = roundup_pow_of_two(new_top);
+       void *new_mem;
        void *p;
 
-       if (new_top > trans->mem_bytes) {
-               size_t old_bytes = trans->mem_bytes;
-               size_t new_bytes = roundup_pow_of_two(new_top);
-               void *new_mem;
+       trans->mem_max = max(trans->mem_max, new_top);
 
-               WARN_ON_ONCE(new_bytes > BTREE_TRANS_MEM_MAX);
+       WARN_ON_ONCE(new_bytes > BTREE_TRANS_MEM_MAX);
 
-               new_mem = krealloc(trans->mem, new_bytes, GFP_NOFS);
-               if (!new_mem && new_bytes <= BTREE_TRANS_MEM_MAX) {
-                       new_mem = mempool_alloc(&trans->c->btree_trans_mem_pool, GFP_KERNEL);
-                       new_bytes = BTREE_TRANS_MEM_MAX;
-                       kfree(trans->mem);
-               }
+       new_mem = krealloc(trans->mem, new_bytes, GFP_NOFS);
+       if (!new_mem && new_bytes <= BTREE_TRANS_MEM_MAX) {
+               new_mem = mempool_alloc(&trans->c->btree_trans_mem_pool, GFP_KERNEL);
+               new_bytes = BTREE_TRANS_MEM_MAX;
+               kfree(trans->mem);
+       }
 
-               if (!new_mem)
-                       return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
+       if (!new_mem)
+               return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
 
-               trans->mem = new_mem;
-               trans->mem_bytes = new_bytes;
+       trans->mem = new_mem;
+       trans->mem_bytes = new_bytes;
 
-               if (old_bytes) {
-                       trace_trans_restart_mem_realloced(trans->ip, _RET_IP_, new_bytes);
-                       btree_trans_restart(trans);
-                       return ERR_PTR(-EINTR);
-               }
+       if (old_bytes) {
+               trace_and_count(trans->c, trans_restart_mem_realloced, trans, _RET_IP_, new_bytes);
+               return ERR_PTR(btree_trans_restart(trans, BCH_ERR_transaction_restart_mem_realloced));
        }
 
        p = trans->mem + trans->mem_top;
@@ -2500,169 +2825,247 @@ void *bch2_trans_kmalloc(struct btree_trans *trans, size_t size)
        return p;
 }
 
-inline void bch2_trans_unlink_iters(struct btree_trans *trans)
+static noinline void bch2_trans_reset_srcu_lock(struct btree_trans *trans)
 {
-       u64 iters = trans->iters_linked &
-               ~trans->iters_touched &
-               ~trans->iters_live;
+       struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
+       struct btree_path *path;
 
-       while (iters) {
-               unsigned idx = __ffs64(iters);
+       trans_for_each_path(trans, path)
+               if (path->cached && !btree_node_locked(path, 0))
+                       path->l[0].b = ERR_PTR(-BCH_ERR_no_btree_node_srcu_reset);
 
-               iters &= ~(1ULL << idx);
-               __bch2_trans_iter_free(trans, idx);
-       }
+       srcu_read_unlock(&c->btree_trans_barrier, trans->srcu_idx);
+       trans->srcu_idx = srcu_read_lock(&c->btree_trans_barrier);
+       trans->srcu_lock_time   = jiffies;
 }
 
 /**
  * bch2_trans_begin() - reset a transaction after a interrupted attempt
  * @trans: transaction to reset
  *
- * While iterating over nodes or updating nodes a attempt to lock a btree
- * node may return EINTR when the trylock fails. When this occurs
- * bch2_trans_begin() should be called and the transaction retried.
+ * While iterating over nodes or updating nodes a attempt to lock a btree node
+ * may return BCH_ERR_transaction_restart when the trylock fails. When this
+ * occurs bch2_trans_begin() should be called and the transaction retried.
  */
-void bch2_trans_begin(struct btree_trans *trans)
+u32 bch2_trans_begin(struct btree_trans *trans)
 {
-       struct btree_iter *iter;
-
-       trans_for_each_iter(trans, iter)
-               iter->flags &= ~(BTREE_ITER_KEEP_UNTIL_COMMIT|
-                                BTREE_ITER_SET_POS_AFTER_COMMIT);
+       struct btree_path *path;
 
-       /*
-        * XXX: we shouldn't be doing this if the transaction was restarted, but
-        * currently we still overflow transaction iterators if we do that
-        * */
-       bch2_trans_unlink_iters(trans);
-       trans->iters_touched &= trans->iters_live;
+       bch2_trans_reset_updates(trans);
 
-       trans->extra_journal_res        = 0;
-       trans->nr_updates               = 0;
+       trans->restart_count++;
        trans->mem_top                  = 0;
 
-       trans->hooks                    = NULL;
-       trans->extra_journal_entries    = NULL;
-       trans->extra_journal_entry_u64s = 0;
+       trans_for_each_path(trans, path) {
+               path->should_be_locked = false;
 
-       if (trans->fs_usage_deltas) {
-               trans->fs_usage_deltas->used = 0;
-               memset(&trans->fs_usage_deltas->memset_start, 0,
-                      (void *) &trans->fs_usage_deltas->memset_end -
-                      (void *) &trans->fs_usage_deltas->memset_start);
+               /*
+                * If the transaction wasn't restarted, we're presuming to be
+                * doing something new: dont keep iterators excpt the ones that
+                * are in use - except for the subvolumes btree:
+                */
+               if (!trans->restarted && path->btree_id != BTREE_ID_subvolumes)
+                       path->preserve = false;
+
+               /*
+                * XXX: we probably shouldn't be doing this if the transaction
+                * was restarted, but currently we still overflow transaction
+                * iterators if we do that
+                */
+               if (!path->ref && !path->preserve)
+                       __bch2_path_free(trans, path);
+               else
+                       path->preserve = false;
+       }
+
+       if (!trans->restarted &&
+           (need_resched() ||
+            local_clock() - trans->last_begin_time > BTREE_TRANS_MAX_LOCK_HOLD_TIME_NS)) {
+               bch2_trans_unlock(trans);
+               cond_resched();
+               bch2_trans_relock(trans);
        }
 
-       bch2_trans_cond_resched(trans);
+       if (unlikely(time_after(jiffies, trans->srcu_lock_time + msecs_to_jiffies(10))))
+               bch2_trans_reset_srcu_lock(trans);
 
-       if (trans->restarted)
-               bch2_btree_iter_traverse_all(trans);
+       trans->last_begin_ip = _RET_IP_;
+       if (trans->restarted) {
+               bch2_btree_path_traverse_all(trans);
+               trans->notrace_relock_fail = false;
+       }
 
-       trans->restarted = false;
+       trans->last_begin_time = local_clock();
+       return trans->restart_count;
 }
 
-static void bch2_trans_alloc_iters(struct btree_trans *trans, struct bch_fs *c)
+static void bch2_trans_alloc_paths(struct btree_trans *trans, struct bch_fs *c)
 {
-       size_t iters_bytes      = sizeof(struct btree_iter) * BTREE_ITER_MAX;
+       size_t paths_bytes      = sizeof(struct btree_path) * BTREE_ITER_MAX;
        size_t updates_bytes    = sizeof(struct btree_insert_entry) * BTREE_ITER_MAX;
-       size_t sorted_bytes     = sizeof(u8) * BTREE_ITER_MAX;
        void *p = NULL;
 
        BUG_ON(trans->used_mempool);
 
 #ifdef __KERNEL__
-       p = this_cpu_xchg(c->btree_iters_bufs->iter, NULL);
+       p = this_cpu_xchg(c->btree_paths_bufs->path, NULL);
 #endif
        if (!p)
-               p = mempool_alloc(&trans->c->btree_iters_pool, GFP_NOFS);
+               p = mempool_alloc(&trans->c->btree_paths_pool, GFP_NOFS);
 
-       trans->iters            = p; p += iters_bytes;
+       trans->paths            = p; p += paths_bytes;
        trans->updates          = p; p += updates_bytes;
-       trans->sorted           = p; p += sorted_bytes;
 }
 
-void bch2_trans_init(struct btree_trans *trans, struct bch_fs *c,
-                    unsigned expected_nr_iters,
-                    size_t expected_mem_bytes)
+const char *bch2_btree_transaction_fns[BCH_TRANSACTIONS_NR];
+
+unsigned bch2_trans_get_fn_idx(const char *fn)
+{
+       unsigned i;
+
+       for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(bch2_btree_transaction_fns); i++)
+               if (!bch2_btree_transaction_fns[i] ||
+                   bch2_btree_transaction_fns[i] == fn) {
+                       bch2_btree_transaction_fns[i] = fn;
+                       return i;
+               }
+
+       pr_warn_once("BCH_TRANSACTIONS_NR not big enough!");
+       return i;
+}
+
+void __bch2_trans_init(struct btree_trans *trans, struct bch_fs *c, unsigned fn_idx)
        __acquires(&c->btree_trans_barrier)
 {
+       struct btree_transaction_stats *s;
+
+       bch2_assert_btree_nodes_not_locked();
+
        memset(trans, 0, sizeof(*trans));
        trans->c                = c;
-       trans->ip               = _RET_IP_;
+       trans->fn               = fn_idx < ARRAY_SIZE(bch2_btree_transaction_fns)
+               ? bch2_btree_transaction_fns[fn_idx] : NULL;
+       trans->last_begin_time  = local_clock();
+       trans->fn_idx           = fn_idx;
+       trans->locking_wait.task = current;
+       trans->journal_replay_not_finished =
+               !test_bit(JOURNAL_REPLAY_DONE, &c->journal.flags);
+       closure_init_stack(&trans->ref);
 
-       /*
-        * reallocating iterators currently completely breaks
-        * bch2_trans_iter_put(), we always allocate the max:
-        */
-       bch2_trans_alloc_iters(trans, c);
+       bch2_trans_alloc_paths(trans, c);
 
-       if (expected_mem_bytes) {
-               trans->mem_bytes = roundup_pow_of_two(expected_mem_bytes);
-               trans->mem = kmalloc(trans->mem_bytes, GFP_KERNEL|__GFP_NOFAIL);
+       s = btree_trans_stats(trans);
+       if (s && s->max_mem) {
+               unsigned expected_mem_bytes = roundup_pow_of_two(s->max_mem);
+
+               trans->mem = kmalloc(expected_mem_bytes, GFP_KERNEL);
 
                if (!unlikely(trans->mem)) {
                        trans->mem = mempool_alloc(&c->btree_trans_mem_pool, GFP_KERNEL);
                        trans->mem_bytes = BTREE_TRANS_MEM_MAX;
+               } else {
+                       trans->mem_bytes = expected_mem_bytes;
                }
        }
 
+       if (s) {
+               trans->nr_max_paths = s->nr_max_paths;
+               trans->wb_updates_size = s->wb_updates_size;
+       }
+
        trans->srcu_idx = srcu_read_lock(&c->btree_trans_barrier);
+       trans->srcu_lock_time   = jiffies;
+
+       if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_BCACHEFS_DEBUG_TRANSACTIONS)) {
+               struct btree_trans *pos;
+
+               mutex_lock(&c->btree_trans_lock);
+               list_for_each_entry(pos, &c->btree_trans_list, list) {
+                       /*
+                        * We'd much prefer to be stricter here and completely
+                        * disallow multiple btree_trans in the same thread -
+                        * but the data move path calls bch2_write when we
+                        * already have a btree_trans initialized.
+                        */
+                       BUG_ON(trans->locking_wait.task->pid == pos->locking_wait.task->pid &&
+                              bch2_trans_locked(pos));
+
+                       if (trans->locking_wait.task->pid < pos->locking_wait.task->pid) {
+                               list_add_tail(&trans->list, &pos->list);
+                               goto list_add_done;
+                       }
+               }
+               list_add_tail(&trans->list, &c->btree_trans_list);
+list_add_done:
+               mutex_unlock(&c->btree_trans_lock);
+       }
+}
 
+static void check_btree_paths_leaked(struct btree_trans *trans)
+{
 #ifdef CONFIG_BCACHEFS_DEBUG
-       trans->pid = current->pid;
-       mutex_lock(&c->btree_trans_lock);
-       list_add(&trans->list, &c->btree_trans_list);
-       mutex_unlock(&c->btree_trans_lock);
+       struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
+       struct btree_path *path;
+
+       trans_for_each_path(trans, path)
+               if (path->ref)
+                       goto leaked;
+       return;
+leaked:
+       bch_err(c, "btree paths leaked from %s!", trans->fn);
+       trans_for_each_path(trans, path)
+               if (path->ref)
+                       printk(KERN_ERR "  btree %s %pS\n",
+                              bch2_btree_ids[path->btree_id],
+                              (void *) path->ip_allocated);
+       /* Be noisy about this: */
+       bch2_fatal_error(c);
 #endif
 }
 
-int bch2_trans_exit(struct btree_trans *trans)
+void bch2_trans_exit(struct btree_trans *trans)
        __releases(&c->btree_trans_barrier)
 {
+       struct btree_insert_entry *i;
        struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
+       struct btree_transaction_stats *s = btree_trans_stats(trans);
 
        bch2_trans_unlock(trans);
 
-#ifdef CONFIG_BCACHEFS_DEBUG
-       if (trans->iters_live) {
-               struct btree_iter *iter;
+       closure_sync(&trans->ref);
 
-               trans_for_each_iter(trans, iter)
-                       btree_iter_child_free(iter);
-       }
+       if (s)
+               s->max_mem = max(s->max_mem, trans->mem_max);
 
-       if (trans->iters_live) {
-               struct btree_iter *iter;
+       trans_for_each_update(trans, i)
+               __btree_path_put(i->path, true);
+       trans->nr_updates               = 0;
 
-               bch_err(c, "btree iterators leaked!");
-               trans_for_each_iter(trans, iter)
-                       if (btree_iter_live(trans, iter))
-                               printk(KERN_ERR "  btree %s allocated at %pS\n",
-                                      bch2_btree_ids[iter->btree_id],
-                                      (void *) iter->ip_allocated);
-               /* Be noisy about this: */
-               bch2_fatal_error(c);
-       }
+       check_btree_paths_leaked(trans);
 
-       mutex_lock(&trans->c->btree_trans_lock);
-       list_del(&trans->list);
-       mutex_unlock(&trans->c->btree_trans_lock);
-#endif
+       if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_BCACHEFS_DEBUG_TRANSACTIONS)) {
+               mutex_lock(&c->btree_trans_lock);
+               list_del(&trans->list);
+               mutex_unlock(&c->btree_trans_lock);
+       }
 
        srcu_read_unlock(&c->btree_trans_barrier, trans->srcu_idx);
 
-       bch2_journal_preres_put(&trans->c->journal, &trans->journal_preres);
+       bch2_journal_preres_put(&c->journal, &trans->journal_preres);
+
+       kfree(trans->extra_journal_entries.data);
 
        if (trans->fs_usage_deltas) {
                if (trans->fs_usage_deltas->size + sizeof(trans->fs_usage_deltas) ==
                    REPLICAS_DELTA_LIST_MAX)
                        mempool_free(trans->fs_usage_deltas,
-                                    &trans->c->replicas_delta_pool);
+                                    &c->replicas_delta_pool);
                else
                        kfree(trans->fs_usage_deltas);
        }
 
        if (trans->mem_bytes == BTREE_TRANS_MEM_MAX)
-               mempool_free(trans->mem, &trans->c->btree_trans_mem_pool);
+               mempool_free(trans->mem, &c->btree_trans_mem_pool);
        else
                kfree(trans->mem);
 
@@ -2670,119 +3073,128 @@ int bch2_trans_exit(struct btree_trans *trans)
        /*
         * Userspace doesn't have a real percpu implementation:
         */
-       trans->iters = this_cpu_xchg(c->btree_iters_bufs->iter, trans->iters);
+       trans->paths = this_cpu_xchg(c->btree_paths_bufs->path, trans->paths);
 #endif
 
-       if (trans->iters)
-               mempool_free(trans->iters, &trans->c->btree_iters_pool);
+       if (trans->paths)
+               mempool_free(trans->paths, &c->btree_paths_pool);
 
        trans->mem      = (void *) 0x1;
-       trans->iters    = (void *) 0x1;
-
-       return trans->error ? -EIO : 0;
+       trans->paths    = (void *) 0x1;
 }
 
 static void __maybe_unused
-bch2_btree_iter_node_to_text(struct printbuf *out,
-                            struct btree_bkey_cached_common *_b,
-                            enum btree_iter_type type)
+bch2_btree_bkey_cached_common_to_text(struct printbuf *out,
+                                     struct btree_bkey_cached_common *b)
 {
-       pr_buf(out, "    l=%u %s:",
-              _b->level, bch2_btree_ids[_b->btree_id]);
-       bch2_bpos_to_text(out, btree_node_pos(_b, type));
-}
+       struct six_lock_count c = six_lock_counts(&b->lock);
+       struct task_struct *owner;
+       pid_t pid;
 
-#ifdef CONFIG_BCACHEFS_DEBUG
-static bool trans_has_btree_nodes_locked(struct btree_trans *trans)
-{
-       struct btree_iter *iter;
+       rcu_read_lock();
+       owner = READ_ONCE(b->lock.owner);
+       pid = owner ? owner->pid : 0;
+       rcu_read_unlock();
 
-       trans_for_each_iter(trans, iter)
-               if (btree_iter_type(iter) != BTREE_ITER_CACHED &&
-                   iter->nodes_locked)
-                       return true;
-       return false;
+       prt_tab(out);
+       prt_printf(out, "%px %c l=%u %s:", b, b->cached ? 'c' : 'b',
+                  b->level, bch2_btree_ids[b->btree_id]);
+       bch2_bpos_to_text(out, btree_node_pos(b));
+
+       prt_tab(out);
+       prt_printf(out, " locks %u:%u:%u held by pid %u",
+                  c.n[0], c.n[1], c.n[2], pid);
 }
-#endif
 
-void bch2_btree_trans_to_text(struct printbuf *out, struct bch_fs *c)
+void bch2_btree_trans_to_text(struct printbuf *out, struct btree_trans *trans)
 {
-#ifdef CONFIG_BCACHEFS_DEBUG
-       struct btree_trans *trans;
-       struct btree_iter *iter;
-       struct btree *b;
+       struct btree_path *path;
+       struct btree_bkey_cached_common *b;
+       static char lock_types[] = { 'r', 'i', 'w' };
        unsigned l;
 
-       mutex_lock(&c->btree_trans_lock);
-       list_for_each_entry(trans, &c->btree_trans_list, list) {
-               if (!trans_has_btree_nodes_locked(trans))
-                       continue;
+       if (!out->nr_tabstops) {
+               printbuf_tabstop_push(out, 16);
+               printbuf_tabstop_push(out, 32);
+       }
 
-               pr_buf(out, "%i %ps\n", trans->pid, (void *) trans->ip);
+       prt_printf(out, "%i %s\n", trans->locking_wait.task->pid, trans->fn);
 
-               trans_for_each_iter(trans, iter) {
-                       if (!iter->nodes_locked)
-                               continue;
+       trans_for_each_path(trans, path) {
+               if (!path->nodes_locked)
+                       continue;
 
-                       pr_buf(out, "  iter %u %c %s:",
-                              iter->idx,
-                              btree_iter_type(iter) == BTREE_ITER_CACHED ? 'c' : 'b',
-                              bch2_btree_ids[iter->btree_id]);
-                       bch2_bpos_to_text(out, iter->pos);
-                       pr_buf(out, "\n");
-
-                       for (l = 0; l < BTREE_MAX_DEPTH; l++) {
-                               if (btree_node_locked(iter, l)) {
-                                       pr_buf(out, "    %s l=%u ",
-                                              btree_node_intent_locked(iter, l) ? "i" : "r", l);
-                                       bch2_btree_iter_node_to_text(out,
-                                                       (void *) iter->l[l].b,
-                                                       btree_iter_type(iter));
-                                       pr_buf(out, "\n");
-                               }
+               prt_printf(out, "  path %u %c l=%u %s:",
+                      path->idx,
+                      path->cached ? 'c' : 'b',
+                      path->level,
+                      bch2_btree_ids[path->btree_id]);
+               bch2_bpos_to_text(out, path->pos);
+               prt_newline(out);
+
+               for (l = 0; l < BTREE_MAX_DEPTH; l++) {
+                       if (btree_node_locked(path, l) &&
+                           !IS_ERR_OR_NULL(b = (void *) READ_ONCE(path->l[l].b))) {
+                               prt_printf(out, "    %c l=%u ",
+                                          lock_types[btree_node_locked_type(path, l)], l);
+                               bch2_btree_bkey_cached_common_to_text(out, b);
+                               prt_newline(out);
                        }
                }
+       }
 
-               b = READ_ONCE(trans->locking);
-               if (b) {
-                       iter = &trans->iters[trans->locking_iter_idx];
-                       pr_buf(out, "  locking iter %u %c l=%u %s:",
-                              trans->locking_iter_idx,
-                              btree_iter_type(iter) == BTREE_ITER_CACHED ? 'c' : 'b',
-                              trans->locking_level,
-                              bch2_btree_ids[trans->locking_btree_id]);
-                       bch2_bpos_to_text(out, trans->locking_pos);
-
-                       pr_buf(out, " node ");
-                       bch2_btree_iter_node_to_text(out,
-                                       (void *) b,
-                                       btree_iter_type(iter));
-                       pr_buf(out, "\n");
-               }
+       b = READ_ONCE(trans->locking);
+       if (b) {
+               prt_printf(out, "  blocked for %lluus on",
+                          div_u64(local_clock() - trans->locking_wait.start_time,
+                                  1000));
+               prt_newline(out);
+               prt_printf(out, "    %c", lock_types[trans->locking_wait.lock_want]);
+               bch2_btree_bkey_cached_common_to_text(out, b);
+               prt_newline(out);
        }
-       mutex_unlock(&c->btree_trans_lock);
-#endif
 }
 
 void bch2_fs_btree_iter_exit(struct bch_fs *c)
 {
+       struct btree_transaction_stats *s;
+
+       for (s = c->btree_transaction_stats;
+            s < c->btree_transaction_stats + ARRAY_SIZE(c->btree_transaction_stats);
+            s++) {
+               kfree(s->max_paths_text);
+               bch2_time_stats_exit(&s->lock_hold_times);
+       }
+
+       if (c->btree_trans_barrier_initialized)
+               cleanup_srcu_struct(&c->btree_trans_barrier);
        mempool_exit(&c->btree_trans_mem_pool);
-       mempool_exit(&c->btree_iters_pool);
-       cleanup_srcu_struct(&c->btree_trans_barrier);
+       mempool_exit(&c->btree_paths_pool);
 }
 
 int bch2_fs_btree_iter_init(struct bch_fs *c)
 {
+       struct btree_transaction_stats *s;
        unsigned nr = BTREE_ITER_MAX;
+       int ret;
+
+       for (s = c->btree_transaction_stats;
+            s < c->btree_transaction_stats + ARRAY_SIZE(c->btree_transaction_stats);
+            s++) {
+               bch2_time_stats_init(&s->lock_hold_times);
+               mutex_init(&s->lock);
+       }
 
        INIT_LIST_HEAD(&c->btree_trans_list);
        mutex_init(&c->btree_trans_lock);
 
-       return  init_srcu_struct(&c->btree_trans_barrier) ?:
-               mempool_init_kmalloc_pool(&c->btree_iters_pool, 1,
-                       sizeof(u8) * nr +
-                       sizeof(struct btree_iter) * nr +
+       ret   = mempool_init_kmalloc_pool(&c->btree_paths_pool, 1,
+                       sizeof(struct btree_path) * nr +
                        sizeof(struct btree_insert_entry) * nr) ?:
                mempool_init_kmalloc_pool(&c->btree_trans_mem_pool, 1,
-                                         BTREE_TRANS_MEM_MAX);
+                                         BTREE_TRANS_MEM_MAX) ?:
+               init_srcu_struct(&c->btree_trans_barrier);
+       if (!ret)
+               c->btree_trans_barrier_initialized = true;
+       return ret;
 }