]> git.sesse.net Git - bcachefs-tools-debian/blobdiff - libbcachefs/btree_iter.c
New upstream release
[bcachefs-tools-debian] / libbcachefs / btree_iter.c
index ae63ecbc19548a66f8fd9396eca41e650dc02ec5..d18346a5d58d066bafd86509c2aeeb61d6ab41ed 100644 (file)
 #include "replicas.h"
 #include "subvolume.h"
 
+#include <linux/prandom.h>
 #include <linux/prefetch.h>
 #include <trace/events/bcachefs.h>
 
 static void btree_trans_verify_sorted(struct btree_trans *);
-static void btree_path_check_sort(struct btree_trans *, struct btree_path *, int);
+inline void bch2_btree_path_check_sort(struct btree_trans *, struct btree_path *, int);
+static __always_inline void bch2_btree_path_check_sort_fast(struct btree_trans *,
+                                                  struct btree_path *, int);
 
 static inline void btree_path_list_remove(struct btree_trans *, struct btree_path *);
 static inline void btree_path_list_add(struct btree_trans *, struct btree_path *,
@@ -46,7 +49,7 @@ static inline int bch2_trans_cond_resched(struct btree_trans *trans)
        if (need_resched() || race_fault()) {
                bch2_trans_unlock(trans);
                schedule();
-               return bch2_trans_relock(trans) ? 0 : -EINTR;
+               return bch2_trans_relock(trans);
        } else {
                return 0;
        }
@@ -99,12 +102,6 @@ static inline struct bpos bkey_predecessor(struct btree_iter *iter, struct bpos
        return p;
 }
 
-static inline bool is_btree_node(struct btree_path *path, unsigned l)
-{
-       return l < BTREE_MAX_DEPTH &&
-               (unsigned long) path->l[l].b >= 128;
-}
-
 static inline struct bpos btree_iter_search_key(struct btree_iter *iter)
 {
        struct bpos pos = iter->pos;
@@ -135,432 +132,6 @@ static inline bool btree_path_pos_in_node(struct btree_path *path,
                !btree_path_pos_after_node(path, b);
 }
 
-/* Btree node locking: */
-
-void bch2_btree_node_unlock_write(struct btree_trans *trans,
-                       struct btree_path *path, struct btree *b)
-{
-       bch2_btree_node_unlock_write_inlined(trans, path, b);
-}
-
-void __bch2_btree_node_lock_write(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree *b)
-{
-       struct btree_path *linked;
-       unsigned readers = 0;
-
-       trans_for_each_path(trans, linked)
-               if (linked->l[b->c.level].b == b &&
-                   btree_node_read_locked(linked, b->c.level))
-                       readers++;
-
-       /*
-        * Must drop our read locks before calling six_lock_write() -
-        * six_unlock() won't do wakeups until the reader count
-        * goes to 0, and it's safe because we have the node intent
-        * locked:
-        */
-       if (!b->c.lock.readers)
-               atomic64_sub(__SIX_VAL(read_lock, readers),
-                            &b->c.lock.state.counter);
-       else
-               this_cpu_sub(*b->c.lock.readers, readers);
-
-       six_lock_write(&b->c.lock, NULL, NULL);
-
-       if (!b->c.lock.readers)
-               atomic64_add(__SIX_VAL(read_lock, readers),
-                            &b->c.lock.state.counter);
-       else
-               this_cpu_add(*b->c.lock.readers, readers);
-}
-
-bool __bch2_btree_node_relock(struct btree_trans *trans,
-                             struct btree_path *path, unsigned level)
-{
-       struct btree *b = btree_path_node(path, level);
-       int want = __btree_lock_want(path, level);
-
-       if (!is_btree_node(path, level))
-               goto fail;
-
-       if (race_fault())
-               goto fail;
-
-       if (six_relock_type(&b->c.lock, want, path->l[level].lock_seq) ||
-           (btree_node_lock_seq_matches(path, b, level) &&
-            btree_node_lock_increment(trans, b, level, want))) {
-               mark_btree_node_locked(path, level, want);
-               return true;
-       }
-fail:
-       trace_btree_node_relock_fail(trans->fn, _RET_IP_,
-                                    path->btree_id,
-                                    &path->pos,
-                                    (unsigned long) b,
-                                    path->l[level].lock_seq,
-                                    is_btree_node(path, level) ? b->c.lock.state.seq : 0);
-       return false;
-}
-
-bool bch2_btree_node_upgrade(struct btree_trans *trans,
-                            struct btree_path *path, unsigned level)
-{
-       struct btree *b = path->l[level].b;
-
-       if (!is_btree_node(path, level))
-               return false;
-
-       switch (btree_lock_want(path, level)) {
-       case BTREE_NODE_UNLOCKED:
-               BUG_ON(btree_node_locked(path, level));
-               return true;
-       case BTREE_NODE_READ_LOCKED:
-               BUG_ON(btree_node_intent_locked(path, level));
-               return bch2_btree_node_relock(trans, path, level);
-       case BTREE_NODE_INTENT_LOCKED:
-               break;
-       }
-
-       if (btree_node_intent_locked(path, level))
-               return true;
-
-       if (race_fault())
-               return false;
-
-       if (btree_node_locked(path, level)
-           ? six_lock_tryupgrade(&b->c.lock)
-           : six_relock_type(&b->c.lock, SIX_LOCK_intent, path->l[level].lock_seq))
-               goto success;
-
-       if (btree_node_lock_seq_matches(path, b, level) &&
-           btree_node_lock_increment(trans, b, level, BTREE_NODE_INTENT_LOCKED)) {
-               btree_node_unlock(path, level);
-               goto success;
-       }
-
-       return false;
-success:
-       mark_btree_node_intent_locked(path, level);
-       return true;
-}
-
-static inline bool btree_path_get_locks(struct btree_trans *trans,
-                                       struct btree_path *path,
-                                       bool upgrade)
-{
-       unsigned l = path->level;
-       int fail_idx = -1;
-
-       do {
-               if (!btree_path_node(path, l))
-                       break;
-
-               if (!(upgrade
-                     ? bch2_btree_node_upgrade(trans, path, l)
-                     : bch2_btree_node_relock(trans, path, l)))
-                       fail_idx = l;
-
-               l++;
-       } while (l < path->locks_want);
-
-       /*
-        * When we fail to get a lock, we have to ensure that any child nodes
-        * can't be relocked so bch2_btree_path_traverse has to walk back up to
-        * the node that we failed to relock:
-        */
-       if (fail_idx >= 0) {
-               __bch2_btree_path_unlock(path);
-               btree_path_set_dirty(path, BTREE_ITER_NEED_TRAVERSE);
-
-               do {
-                       path->l[fail_idx].b = BTREE_ITER_NO_NODE_GET_LOCKS;
-                       --fail_idx;
-               } while (fail_idx >= 0);
-       }
-
-       if (path->uptodate == BTREE_ITER_NEED_RELOCK)
-               path->uptodate = BTREE_ITER_UPTODATE;
-
-       bch2_trans_verify_locks(trans);
-
-       return path->uptodate < BTREE_ITER_NEED_RELOCK;
-}
-
-static struct bpos btree_node_pos(struct btree_bkey_cached_common *_b,
-                                 bool cached)
-{
-       return !cached
-               ? container_of(_b, struct btree, c)->key.k.p
-               : container_of(_b, struct bkey_cached, c)->key.pos;
-}
-
-/* Slowpath: */
-bool __bch2_btree_node_lock(struct btree_trans *trans,
-                           struct btree_path *path,
-                           struct btree *b,
-                           struct bpos pos, unsigned level,
-                           enum six_lock_type type,
-                           six_lock_should_sleep_fn should_sleep_fn, void *p,
-                           unsigned long ip)
-{
-       struct btree_path *linked;
-       unsigned reason;
-
-       /* Check if it's safe to block: */
-       trans_for_each_path(trans, linked) {
-               if (!linked->nodes_locked)
-                       continue;
-
-               /*
-                * Can't block taking an intent lock if we have _any_ nodes read
-                * locked:
-                *
-                * - Our read lock blocks another thread with an intent lock on
-                *   the same node from getting a write lock, and thus from
-                *   dropping its intent lock
-                *
-                * - And the other thread may have multiple nodes intent locked:
-                *   both the node we want to intent lock, and the node we
-                *   already have read locked - deadlock:
-                */
-               if (type == SIX_LOCK_intent &&
-                   linked->nodes_locked != linked->nodes_intent_locked) {
-                       reason = 1;
-                       goto deadlock;
-               }
-
-               if (linked->btree_id != path->btree_id) {
-                       if (linked->btree_id < path->btree_id)
-                               continue;
-
-                       reason = 3;
-                       goto deadlock;
-               }
-
-               /*
-                * Within the same btree, non-cached paths come before cached
-                * paths:
-                */
-               if (linked->cached != path->cached) {
-                       if (!linked->cached)
-                               continue;
-
-                       reason = 4;
-                       goto deadlock;
-               }
-
-               /*
-                * Interior nodes must be locked before their descendants: if
-                * another path has possible descendants locked of the node
-                * we're about to lock, it must have the ancestors locked too:
-                */
-               if (level > __fls(linked->nodes_locked)) {
-                       reason = 5;
-                       goto deadlock;
-               }
-
-               /* Must lock btree nodes in key order: */
-               if (btree_node_locked(linked, level) &&
-                   bpos_cmp(pos, btree_node_pos((void *) linked->l[level].b,
-                                                linked->cached)) <= 0) {
-                       BUG_ON(trans->in_traverse_all);
-                       reason = 7;
-                       goto deadlock;
-               }
-       }
-
-       return btree_node_lock_type(trans, path, b, pos, level,
-                                   type, should_sleep_fn, p);
-deadlock:
-       trace_trans_restart_would_deadlock(trans->fn, ip,
-                       trans->in_traverse_all, reason,
-                       linked->btree_id,
-                       linked->cached,
-                       &linked->pos,
-                       path->btree_id,
-                       path->cached,
-                       &pos);
-       btree_trans_restart(trans);
-       return false;
-}
-
-/* Btree iterator locking: */
-
-#ifdef CONFIG_BCACHEFS_DEBUG
-
-static void bch2_btree_path_verify_locks(struct btree_path *path)
-{
-       unsigned l;
-
-       if (!path->nodes_locked) {
-               BUG_ON(path->uptodate == BTREE_ITER_UPTODATE &&
-                      btree_path_node(path, path->level));
-               return;
-       }
-
-       for (l = 0; btree_path_node(path, l); l++)
-               BUG_ON(btree_lock_want(path, l) !=
-                      btree_node_locked_type(path, l));
-}
-
-void bch2_trans_verify_locks(struct btree_trans *trans)
-{
-       struct btree_path *path;
-
-       trans_for_each_path(trans, path)
-               bch2_btree_path_verify_locks(path);
-}
-#else
-static inline void bch2_btree_path_verify_locks(struct btree_path *path) {}
-#endif
-
-/* Btree path locking: */
-
-/*
- * Only for btree_cache.c - only relocks intent locks
- */
-bool bch2_btree_path_relock_intent(struct btree_trans *trans,
-                                  struct btree_path *path)
-{
-       unsigned l;
-
-       for (l = path->level;
-            l < path->locks_want && btree_path_node(path, l);
-            l++) {
-               if (!bch2_btree_node_relock(trans, path, l)) {
-                       __bch2_btree_path_unlock(path);
-                       btree_path_set_dirty(path, BTREE_ITER_NEED_TRAVERSE);
-                       trace_trans_restart_relock_path_intent(trans->fn, _RET_IP_,
-                                                  path->btree_id, &path->pos);
-                       btree_trans_restart(trans);
-                       return false;
-               }
-       }
-
-       return true;
-}
-
-__flatten
-static bool bch2_btree_path_relock(struct btree_trans *trans,
-                       struct btree_path *path, unsigned long trace_ip)
-{
-       bool ret = btree_path_get_locks(trans, path, false);
-
-       if (!ret) {
-               trace_trans_restart_relock_path(trans->fn, trace_ip,
-                                               path->btree_id, &path->pos);
-               btree_trans_restart(trans);
-       }
-       return ret;
-}
-
-bool __bch2_btree_path_upgrade(struct btree_trans *trans,
-                              struct btree_path *path,
-                              unsigned new_locks_want)
-{
-       struct btree_path *linked;
-
-       EBUG_ON(path->locks_want >= new_locks_want);
-
-       path->locks_want = new_locks_want;
-
-       if (btree_path_get_locks(trans, path, true))
-               return true;
-
-       /*
-        * XXX: this is ugly - we'd prefer to not be mucking with other
-        * iterators in the btree_trans here.
-        *
-        * On failure to upgrade the iterator, setting iter->locks_want and
-        * calling get_locks() is sufficient to make bch2_btree_path_traverse()
-        * get the locks we want on transaction restart.
-        *
-        * But if this iterator was a clone, on transaction restart what we did
-        * to this iterator isn't going to be preserved.
-        *
-        * Possibly we could add an iterator field for the parent iterator when
-        * an iterator is a copy - for now, we'll just upgrade any other
-        * iterators with the same btree id.
-        *
-        * The code below used to be needed to ensure ancestor nodes get locked
-        * before interior nodes - now that's handled by
-        * bch2_btree_path_traverse_all().
-        */
-       trans_for_each_path(trans, linked)
-               if (linked != path &&
-                   linked->cached == path->cached &&
-                   linked->btree_id == path->btree_id &&
-                   linked->locks_want < new_locks_want) {
-                       linked->locks_want = new_locks_want;
-                       btree_path_get_locks(trans, linked, true);
-               }
-
-       return false;
-}
-
-void __bch2_btree_path_downgrade(struct btree_path *path,
-                                unsigned new_locks_want)
-{
-       unsigned l;
-
-       EBUG_ON(path->locks_want < new_locks_want);
-
-       path->locks_want = new_locks_want;
-
-       while (path->nodes_locked &&
-              (l = __fls(path->nodes_locked)) >= path->locks_want) {
-               if (l > path->level) {
-                       btree_node_unlock(path, l);
-               } else {
-                       if (btree_node_intent_locked(path, l)) {
-                               six_lock_downgrade(&path->l[l].b->c.lock);
-                               path->nodes_intent_locked ^= 1 << l;
-                       }
-                       break;
-               }
-       }
-
-       bch2_btree_path_verify_locks(path);
-}
-
-void bch2_trans_downgrade(struct btree_trans *trans)
-{
-       struct btree_path *path;
-
-       trans_for_each_path(trans, path)
-               bch2_btree_path_downgrade(path);
-}
-
-/* Btree transaction locking: */
-
-bool bch2_trans_relock(struct btree_trans *trans)
-{
-       struct btree_path *path;
-
-       if (unlikely(trans->restarted))
-               return false;
-
-       trans_for_each_path(trans, path)
-               if (path->should_be_locked &&
-                   !bch2_btree_path_relock(trans, path, _RET_IP_)) {
-                       trace_trans_restart_relock(trans->fn, _RET_IP_,
-                                       path->btree_id, &path->pos);
-                       BUG_ON(!trans->restarted);
-                       return false;
-               }
-       return true;
-}
-
-void bch2_trans_unlock(struct btree_trans *trans)
-{
-       struct btree_path *path;
-
-       trans_for_each_path(trans, path)
-               __bch2_btree_path_unlock(path);
-
-       BUG_ON(lock_class_is_held(&bch2_btree_node_lock_key));
-}
-
 /* Btree iterator: */
 
 #ifdef CONFIG_BCACHEFS_DEBUG
@@ -579,7 +150,7 @@ static void bch2_btree_path_verify_cached(struct btree_trans *trans,
               bkey_cmp(ck->key.pos, path->pos));
 
        if (!locked)
-               btree_node_unlock(path, 0);
+               btree_node_unlock(trans, path, 0);
 }
 
 static void bch2_btree_path_verify_level(struct btree_trans *trans,
@@ -589,7 +160,9 @@ static void bch2_btree_path_verify_level(struct btree_trans *trans,
        struct btree_node_iter tmp;
        bool locked;
        struct bkey_packed *p, *k;
-       char buf1[100], buf2[100], buf3[100];
+       struct printbuf buf1 = PRINTBUF;
+       struct printbuf buf2 = PRINTBUF;
+       struct printbuf buf3 = PRINTBUF;
        const char *msg;
 
        if (!bch2_debug_check_iterators)
@@ -608,7 +181,7 @@ static void bch2_btree_path_verify_level(struct btree_trans *trans,
        if (!btree_path_node(path, level))
                return;
 
-       if (!bch2_btree_node_relock(trans, path, level))
+       if (!bch2_btree_node_relock_notrace(trans, path, level))
                return;
 
        BUG_ON(!btree_path_pos_in_node(path, l->b));
@@ -634,29 +207,30 @@ static void bch2_btree_path_verify_level(struct btree_trans *trans,
        }
 
        if (!locked)
-               btree_node_unlock(path, level);
+               btree_node_unlock(trans, path, level);
        return;
 err:
-       strcpy(buf2, "(none)");
-       strcpy(buf3, "(none)");
-
-       bch2_bpos_to_text(&PBUF(buf1), path->pos);
+       bch2_bpos_to_text(&buf1, path->pos);
 
        if (p) {
                struct bkey uk = bkey_unpack_key(l->b, p);
-               bch2_bkey_to_text(&PBUF(buf2), &uk);
+               bch2_bkey_to_text(&buf2, &uk);
+       } else {
+               prt_printf(&buf2, "(none)");
        }
 
        if (k) {
                struct bkey uk = bkey_unpack_key(l->b, k);
-               bch2_bkey_to_text(&PBUF(buf3), &uk);
+               bch2_bkey_to_text(&buf3, &uk);
+       } else {
+               prt_printf(&buf3, "(none)");
        }
 
        panic("path should be %s key at level %u:\n"
              "path pos %s\n"
              "prev key %s\n"
              "cur  key %s\n",
-             msg, level, buf1, buf2, buf3);
+             msg, level, buf1.buf, buf2.buf, buf3.buf);
 }
 
 static void bch2_btree_path_verify(struct btree_trans *trans,
@@ -754,16 +328,16 @@ static int bch2_btree_iter_verify_ret(struct btree_iter *iter, struct bkey_s_c k
        if (!bkey_cmp(prev.k->p, k.k->p) &&
            bch2_snapshot_is_ancestor(trans->c, iter->snapshot,
                                      prev.k->p.snapshot) > 0) {
-               char buf1[100], buf2[200];
+               struct printbuf buf1 = PRINTBUF, buf2 = PRINTBUF;
 
-               bch2_bkey_to_text(&PBUF(buf1), k.k);
-               bch2_bkey_to_text(&PBUF(buf2), prev.k);
+               bch2_bkey_to_text(&buf1, k.k);
+               bch2_bkey_to_text(&buf2, prev.k);
 
                panic("iter snap %u\n"
                      "k    %s\n"
                      "prev %s\n",
                      iter->snapshot,
-                     buf1, buf2);
+                     buf1.buf, buf2.buf);
        }
 out:
        bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, &copy);
@@ -775,7 +349,7 @@ void bch2_assert_pos_locked(struct btree_trans *trans, enum btree_id id,
 {
        struct btree_path *path;
        unsigned idx;
-       char buf[100];
+       struct printbuf buf = PRINTBUF;
 
        trans_for_each_path_inorder(trans, path, idx) {
                int cmp = cmp_int(path->btree_id, id) ?:
@@ -786,7 +360,7 @@ void bch2_assert_pos_locked(struct btree_trans *trans, enum btree_id id,
                if (cmp < 0)
                        continue;
 
-               if (!(path->nodes_locked & 1) ||
+               if (!btree_node_locked(path, 0) ||
                    !path->should_be_locked)
                        continue;
 
@@ -801,9 +375,10 @@ void bch2_assert_pos_locked(struct btree_trans *trans, enum btree_id id,
        }
 
        bch2_dump_trans_paths_updates(trans);
+       bch2_bpos_to_text(&buf, pos);
+
        panic("not locked: %s %s%s\n",
-             bch2_btree_ids[id],
-             (bch2_bpos_to_text(&PBUF(buf), pos), buf),
+             bch2_btree_ids[id], buf.buf,
              key_cache ? " cached" : "");
 }
 
@@ -1009,27 +584,29 @@ static inline struct bkey_s_c btree_path_level_peek_all(struct bch_fs *c,
                        bch2_btree_node_iter_peek_all(&l->iter, l->b));
 }
 
-static inline struct bkey_s_c btree_path_level_peek(struct bch_fs *c,
+static inline struct bkey_s_c btree_path_level_peek(struct btree_trans *trans,
                                                    struct btree_path *path,
                                                    struct btree_path_level *l,
                                                    struct bkey *u)
 {
-       struct bkey_s_c k = __btree_iter_unpack(c, l, u,
+       struct bkey_s_c k = __btree_iter_unpack(trans->c, l, u,
                        bch2_btree_node_iter_peek(&l->iter, l->b));
 
        path->pos = k.k ? k.k->p : l->b->key.k.p;
+       bch2_btree_path_verify_level(trans, path, l - path->l);
        return k;
 }
 
-static inline struct bkey_s_c btree_path_level_prev(struct bch_fs *c,
+static inline struct bkey_s_c btree_path_level_prev(struct btree_trans *trans,
                                                    struct btree_path *path,
                                                    struct btree_path_level *l,
                                                    struct bkey *u)
 {
-       struct bkey_s_c k = __btree_iter_unpack(c, l, u,
+       struct bkey_s_c k = __btree_iter_unpack(trans->c, l, u,
                        bch2_btree_node_iter_prev(&l->iter, l->b));
 
        path->pos = k.k ? k.k->p : l->b->data->min_key;
+       bch2_btree_path_verify_level(trans, path, l - path->l);
        return k;
 }
 
@@ -1052,61 +629,6 @@ static inline bool btree_path_advance_to_pos(struct btree_path *path,
        return true;
 }
 
-/*
- * Verify that iterator for parent node points to child node:
- */
-static void btree_path_verify_new_node(struct btree_trans *trans,
-                                      struct btree_path *path, struct btree *b)
-{
-       struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
-       struct btree_path_level *l;
-       unsigned plevel;
-       bool parent_locked;
-       struct bkey_packed *k;
-
-       if (!IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_BCACHEFS_DEBUG))
-               return;
-
-       if (!test_bit(JOURNAL_REPLAY_DONE, &c->journal.flags))
-               return;
-
-       plevel = b->c.level + 1;
-       if (!btree_path_node(path, plevel))
-               return;
-
-       parent_locked = btree_node_locked(path, plevel);
-
-       if (!bch2_btree_node_relock(trans, path, plevel))
-               return;
-
-       l = &path->l[plevel];
-       k = bch2_btree_node_iter_peek_all(&l->iter, l->b);
-       if (!k ||
-           bkey_deleted(k) ||
-           bkey_cmp_left_packed(l->b, k, &b->key.k.p)) {
-               char buf1[100];
-               char buf2[100];
-               char buf3[100];
-               char buf4[100];
-               struct bkey uk = bkey_unpack_key(b, k);
-
-               bch2_dump_btree_node(c, l->b);
-               bch2_bpos_to_text(&PBUF(buf1), path->pos);
-               bch2_bkey_to_text(&PBUF(buf2), &uk);
-               bch2_bpos_to_text(&PBUF(buf3), b->data->min_key);
-               bch2_bpos_to_text(&PBUF(buf3), b->data->max_key);
-               panic("parent iter doesn't point to new node:\n"
-                     "iter pos %s %s\n"
-                     "iter key %s\n"
-                     "new node %s-%s\n",
-                     bch2_btree_ids[path->btree_id], buf1,
-                     buf2, buf3, buf4);
-       }
-
-       if (!parent_locked)
-               btree_node_unlock(path, plevel);
-}
-
 static inline void __btree_path_level_init(struct btree_path *path,
                                           unsigned level)
 {
@@ -1122,14 +644,12 @@ static inline void __btree_path_level_init(struct btree_path *path,
                bch2_btree_node_iter_peek(&l->iter, l->b);
 }
 
-static inline void btree_path_level_init(struct btree_trans *trans,
-                                        struct btree_path *path,
-                                        struct btree *b)
+inline void bch2_btree_path_level_init(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                      struct btree_path *path,
+                                      struct btree *b)
 {
        BUG_ON(path->cached);
 
-       btree_path_verify_new_node(trans, path, b);
-
        EBUG_ON(!btree_path_pos_in_node(path, b));
        EBUG_ON(b->c.lock.state.seq & 1);
 
@@ -1149,19 +669,19 @@ void bch2_trans_node_add(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree *b)
        struct btree_path *path;
 
        trans_for_each_path(trans, path)
-               if (!path->cached &&
+               if (path->uptodate == BTREE_ITER_UPTODATE &&
+                   !path->cached &&
                    btree_path_pos_in_node(path, b)) {
                        enum btree_node_locked_type t =
                                btree_lock_want(path, b->c.level);
 
-                       if (path->nodes_locked &&
-                           t != BTREE_NODE_UNLOCKED) {
-                               btree_node_unlock(path, b->c.level);
+                       if (t != BTREE_NODE_UNLOCKED) {
+                               btree_node_unlock(trans, path, b->c.level);
                                six_lock_increment(&b->c.lock, t);
-                               mark_btree_node_locked(path, b->c.level, t);
+                               mark_btree_node_locked(trans, path, b->c.level, t);
                        }
 
-                       btree_path_level_init(trans, path, b);
+                       bch2_btree_path_level_init(trans, path, b);
                }
 }
 
@@ -1179,14 +699,6 @@ void bch2_trans_node_reinit_iter(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree *b)
 
 /* Btree path: traverse, set_pos: */
 
-static int lock_root_check_fn(struct six_lock *lock, void *p)
-{
-       struct btree *b = container_of(lock, struct btree, c.lock);
-       struct btree **rootp = p;
-
-       return b == *rootp ? 0 : -1;
-}
-
 static inline int btree_path_lock_root(struct btree_trans *trans,
                                       struct btree_path *path,
                                       unsigned depth_want,
@@ -1196,6 +708,7 @@ static inline int btree_path_lock_root(struct btree_trans *trans,
        struct btree *b, **rootp = &c->btree_roots[path->btree_id].b;
        enum six_lock_type lock_type;
        unsigned i;
+       int ret;
 
        EBUG_ON(path->nodes_locked);
 
@@ -1217,26 +730,27 @@ static inline int btree_path_lock_root(struct btree_trans *trans,
                }
 
                lock_type = __btree_lock_want(path, path->level);
-               if (unlikely(!btree_node_lock(trans, path, b, SPOS_MAX,
-                                             path->level, lock_type,
-                                             lock_root_check_fn, rootp,
-                                             trace_ip))) {
-                       if (trans->restarted)
-                               return -EINTR;
-                       continue;
+               ret = btree_node_lock(trans, path, &b->c,
+                                     path->level, lock_type, trace_ip);
+               if (unlikely(ret)) {
+                       if (bch2_err_matches(ret, BCH_ERR_lock_fail_root_changed))
+                               continue;
+                       if (bch2_err_matches(ret, BCH_ERR_transaction_restart))
+                               return ret;
+                       BUG();
                }
 
                if (likely(b == READ_ONCE(*rootp) &&
                           b->c.level == path->level &&
                           !race_fault())) {
                        for (i = 0; i < path->level; i++)
-                               path->l[i].b = BTREE_ITER_NO_NODE_LOCK_ROOT;
+                               path->l[i].b = ERR_PTR(-BCH_ERR_no_btree_node_lock_root);
                        path->l[path->level].b = b;
                        for (i = path->level + 1; i < BTREE_MAX_DEPTH; i++)
                                path->l[i].b = NULL;
 
-                       mark_btree_node_locked(path, path->level, lock_type);
-                       btree_path_level_init(trans, path, b);
+                       mark_btree_node_locked(trans, path, path->level, lock_type);
+                       bch2_btree_path_level_init(trans, path, b);
                        return 0;
                }
 
@@ -1260,7 +774,7 @@ static int btree_path_prefetch(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_path *pat
 
        bch2_bkey_buf_init(&tmp);
 
-       while (nr && !ret) {
+       while (nr-- && !ret) {
                if (!bch2_btree_node_relock(trans, path, path->level))
                        break;
 
@@ -1275,7 +789,7 @@ static int btree_path_prefetch(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_path *pat
        }
 
        if (!was_locked)
-               btree_node_unlock(path, path->level);
+               btree_node_unlock(trans, path, path->level);
 
        bch2_bkey_buf_exit(&tmp, c);
        return ret;
@@ -1295,7 +809,7 @@ static int btree_path_prefetch_j(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_path *p
 
        bch2_bkey_buf_init(&tmp);
 
-       while (nr && !ret) {
+       while (nr-- && !ret) {
                if (!bch2_btree_node_relock(trans, path, path->level))
                        break;
 
@@ -1310,7 +824,7 @@ static int btree_path_prefetch_j(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_path *p
        }
 
        if (!was_locked)
-               btree_node_unlock(path, path->level);
+               btree_node_unlock(trans, path, path->level);
 
        bch2_bkey_buf_exit(&tmp, c);
        return ret;
@@ -1335,7 +849,7 @@ static noinline void btree_node_mem_ptr_set(struct btree_trans *trans,
        bp->mem_ptr = (unsigned long)b;
 
        if (!locked)
-               btree_node_unlock(path, plevel);
+               btree_node_unlock(trans, path, plevel);
 }
 
 static noinline int btree_node_iter_and_journal_peek(struct btree_trans *trans,
@@ -1400,16 +914,16 @@ static __always_inline int btree_path_down(struct btree_trans *trans,
        if (unlikely(ret))
                goto err;
 
-       mark_btree_node_locked(path, level, lock_type);
-       btree_path_level_init(trans, path, b);
-
        if (likely(replay_done && tmp.k->k.type == KEY_TYPE_btree_ptr_v2) &&
            unlikely(b != btree_node_mem_ptr(tmp.k)))
                btree_node_mem_ptr_set(trans, path, level + 1, b);
 
        if (btree_node_read_locked(path, level + 1))
-               btree_node_unlock(path, level + 1);
+               btree_node_unlock(trans, path, level + 1);
+
+       mark_btree_node_locked(trans, path, level, lock_type);
        path->level = level;
+       bch2_btree_path_level_init(trans, path, b);
 
        bch2_btree_path_verify_locks(path);
 err:
@@ -1420,40 +934,30 @@ err:
 static int btree_path_traverse_one(struct btree_trans *, struct btree_path *,
                                   unsigned, unsigned long);
 
-static int __btree_path_traverse_all(struct btree_trans *trans, int ret,
-                                    unsigned long trace_ip)
+static int bch2_btree_path_traverse_all(struct btree_trans *trans)
 {
        struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
        struct btree_path *path;
-       int i;
+       unsigned long trace_ip = _RET_IP_;
+       int ret = 0;
 
        if (trans->in_traverse_all)
-               return -EINTR;
+               return -BCH_ERR_transaction_restart_in_traverse_all;
 
        trans->in_traverse_all = true;
 retry_all:
-       trans->restarted = false;
+       trans->restarted = 0;
+       trans->traverse_all_idx = U8_MAX;
 
        trans_for_each_path(trans, path)
                path->should_be_locked = false;
 
        btree_trans_verify_sorted(trans);
 
-       for (i = trans->nr_sorted - 2; i >= 0; --i) {
-               struct btree_path *path1 = trans->paths + trans->sorted[i];
-               struct btree_path *path2 = trans->paths + trans->sorted[i + 1];
-
-               if (path1->btree_id == path2->btree_id &&
-                   path1->locks_want < path2->locks_want)
-                       __bch2_btree_path_upgrade(trans, path1, path2->locks_want);
-               else if (!path1->locks_want && path2->locks_want)
-                       __bch2_btree_path_upgrade(trans, path1, 1);
-       }
-
        bch2_trans_unlock(trans);
        cond_resched();
 
-       if (unlikely(ret == -ENOMEM)) {
+       if (unlikely(trans->memory_allocation_failure)) {
                struct closure cl;
 
                closure_init_stack(&cl);
@@ -1464,15 +968,10 @@ retry_all:
                } while (ret);
        }
 
-       if (unlikely(ret == -EIO))
-               goto out;
-
-       BUG_ON(ret && ret != -EINTR);
-
        /* Now, redo traversals in correct order: */
-       i = 0;
-       while (i < trans->nr_sorted) {
-               path = trans->paths + trans->sorted[i];
+       trans->traverse_all_idx = 0;
+       while (trans->traverse_all_idx < trans->nr_sorted) {
+               path = trans->paths + trans->sorted[trans->traverse_all_idx];
 
                /*
                 * Traversing a path can cause another path to be added at about
@@ -1480,10 +979,14 @@ retry_all:
                 */
                if (path->uptodate) {
                        ret = btree_path_traverse_one(trans, path, 0, _THIS_IP_);
-                       if (ret)
+                       if (bch2_err_matches(ret, BCH_ERR_transaction_restart) ||
+                           ret == -ENOMEM)
                                goto retry_all;
+                       if (ret)
+                               goto err;
+                       BUG_ON(path->uptodate);
                } else {
-                       i++;
+                       trans->traverse_all_idx++;
                }
        }
 
@@ -1494,62 +997,83 @@ retry_all:
         */
        trans_for_each_path(trans, path)
                BUG_ON(path->uptodate >= BTREE_ITER_NEED_TRAVERSE);
-out:
+err:
        bch2_btree_cache_cannibalize_unlock(c);
 
        trans->in_traverse_all = false;
 
-       trace_trans_traverse_all(trans->fn, trace_ip);
+       trace_and_count(c, trans_traverse_all, trans, trace_ip);
        return ret;
 }
 
-static int bch2_btree_path_traverse_all(struct btree_trans *trans)
+static inline bool btree_path_check_pos_in_node(struct btree_path *path,
+                                               unsigned l, int check_pos)
 {
-       return __btree_path_traverse_all(trans, 0, _RET_IP_);
+       if (check_pos < 0 && btree_path_pos_before_node(path, path->l[l].b))
+               return false;
+       if (check_pos > 0 && btree_path_pos_after_node(path, path->l[l].b))
+               return false;
+       return true;
 }
 
 static inline bool btree_path_good_node(struct btree_trans *trans,
                                        struct btree_path *path,
                                        unsigned l, int check_pos)
 {
-       if (!is_btree_node(path, l) ||
-           !bch2_btree_node_relock(trans, path, l))
-               return false;
+       return is_btree_node(path, l) &&
+               bch2_btree_node_relock(trans, path, l) &&
+               btree_path_check_pos_in_node(path, l, check_pos);
+}
 
-       if (check_pos < 0 && btree_path_pos_before_node(path, path->l[l].b))
-               return false;
-       if (check_pos > 0 && btree_path_pos_after_node(path, path->l[l].b))
-               return false;
-       return true;
+static void btree_path_set_level_down(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                     struct btree_path *path,
+                                     unsigned new_level)
+{
+       unsigned l;
+
+       path->level = new_level;
+
+       for (l = path->level + 1; l < BTREE_MAX_DEPTH; l++)
+               if (btree_lock_want(path, l) == BTREE_NODE_UNLOCKED)
+                       btree_node_unlock(trans, path, l);
+
+       btree_path_set_dirty(path, BTREE_ITER_NEED_TRAVERSE);
+       bch2_btree_path_verify(trans, path);
 }
 
-static inline unsigned btree_path_up_until_good_node(struct btree_trans *trans,
-                                                    struct btree_path *path,
-                                                    int check_pos)
+static noinline unsigned __btree_path_up_until_good_node(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                                        struct btree_path *path,
+                                                        int check_pos)
 {
        unsigned i, l = path->level;
-
+again:
        while (btree_path_node(path, l) &&
-              !btree_path_good_node(trans, path, l, check_pos)) {
-               btree_node_unlock(path, l);
-               path->l[l].b = BTREE_ITER_NO_NODE_UP;
-               l++;
-       }
+              !btree_path_good_node(trans, path, l, check_pos))
+               __btree_path_set_level_up(trans, path, l++);
 
        /* If we need intent locks, take them too: */
        for (i = l + 1;
             i < path->locks_want && btree_path_node(path, i);
             i++)
-               if (!bch2_btree_node_relock(trans, path, i))
-                       while (l <= i) {
-                               btree_node_unlock(path, l);
-                               path->l[l].b = BTREE_ITER_NO_NODE_UP;
-                               l++;
-                       }
+               if (!bch2_btree_node_relock(trans, path, i)) {
+                       while (l <= i)
+                               __btree_path_set_level_up(trans, path, l++);
+                       goto again;
+               }
 
        return l;
 }
 
+static inline unsigned btree_path_up_until_good_node(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                                    struct btree_path *path,
+                                                    int check_pos)
+{
+       return likely(btree_node_locked(path, path->level) &&
+                     btree_path_check_pos_in_node(path, path->level, check_pos))
+               ? path->level
+               : __btree_path_up_until_good_node(trans, path, check_pos);
+}
+
 /*
  * This is the main state machine for walking down the btree - walks down to a
  * specified depth
@@ -1565,19 +1089,17 @@ static int btree_path_traverse_one(struct btree_trans *trans,
                                   unsigned long trace_ip)
 {
        unsigned depth_want = path->level;
-       int ret = 0;
+       int ret = trans->restarted;
 
-       if (unlikely(trans->restarted)) {
-               ret = -EINTR;
+       if (unlikely(ret))
                goto out;
-       }
 
        /*
         * Ensure we obey path->should_be_locked: if it's set, we can't unlock
         * and re-traverse the path without a transaction restart:
         */
        if (path->should_be_locked) {
-               ret = bch2_btree_path_relock(trans, path, trace_ip) ? 0 : -EINTR;
+               ret = bch2_btree_path_relock(trans, path, trace_ip);
                goto out;
        }
 
@@ -1591,6 +1113,9 @@ static int btree_path_traverse_one(struct btree_trans *trans,
 
        path->level = btree_path_up_until_good_node(trans, path, 0);
 
+       EBUG_ON(btree_path_node(path, path->level) &&
+               !btree_node_locked(path, path->level));
+
        /*
         * Note: path->nodes[path->level] may be temporarily NULL here - that
         * would indicate to other code that we got to the end of the btree,
@@ -1611,31 +1136,33 @@ static int btree_path_traverse_one(struct btree_trans *trans,
                                goto out;
                        }
 
-                       __bch2_btree_path_unlock(path);
+                       __bch2_btree_path_unlock(trans, path);
                        path->level = depth_want;
-
-                       if (ret == -EIO)
-                               path->l[path->level].b =
-                                       BTREE_ITER_NO_NODE_ERROR;
-                       else
-                               path->l[path->level].b =
-                                       BTREE_ITER_NO_NODE_DOWN;
+                       path->l[path->level].b = ERR_PTR(ret);
                        goto out;
                }
        }
 
        path->uptodate = BTREE_ITER_UPTODATE;
 out:
-       BUG_ON((ret == -EINTR) != !!trans->restarted);
+       BUG_ON(bch2_err_matches(ret, BCH_ERR_transaction_restart) != !!trans->restarted);
        bch2_btree_path_verify(trans, path);
        return ret;
 }
 
-static int __btree_path_traverse_all(struct btree_trans *, int, unsigned long);
-
 int __must_check bch2_btree_path_traverse(struct btree_trans *trans,
                                          struct btree_path *path, unsigned flags)
 {
+       if (0 && IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_BCACHEFS_DEBUG)) {
+               unsigned restart_probability_bits = 4 << min(trans->restart_count, 32U);
+               u64 mask = ~(~0ULL << restart_probability_bits);
+
+               if ((prandom_u32() & mask) == mask) {
+                       trace_and_count(trans->c, trans_restart_injected, trans, _RET_IP_);
+                       return btree_trans_restart(trans, BCH_ERR_transaction_restart_fault_inject);
+               }
+       }
+
        if (path->uptodate < BTREE_ITER_NEED_RELOCK)
                return 0;
 
@@ -1646,17 +1173,22 @@ int __must_check bch2_btree_path_traverse(struct btree_trans *trans,
 static void btree_path_copy(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_path *dst,
                            struct btree_path *src)
 {
-       unsigned i;
+       unsigned i, offset = offsetof(struct btree_path, pos);
+       int cmp = btree_path_cmp(dst, src);
 
-       memcpy(&dst->pos, &src->pos,
-              sizeof(struct btree_path) - offsetof(struct btree_path, pos));
+       memcpy((void *) dst + offset,
+              (void *) src + offset,
+              sizeof(struct btree_path) - offset);
 
-       for (i = 0; i < BTREE_MAX_DEPTH; i++)
-               if (btree_node_locked(dst, i))
-                       six_lock_increment(&dst->l[i].b->c.lock,
-                                          __btree_lock_want(dst, i));
+       for (i = 0; i < BTREE_MAX_DEPTH; i++) {
+               unsigned t = btree_node_locked_type(dst, i);
 
-       btree_path_check_sort(trans, dst, 0);
+               if (t != BTREE_NODE_UNLOCKED)
+                       six_lock_increment(&dst->l[i].b->c.lock, t);
+       }
+
+       if (cmp)
+               bch2_btree_path_check_sort_fast(trans, dst, cmp);
 }
 
 static struct btree_path *btree_path_clone(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_path *src,
@@ -1669,8 +1201,7 @@ static struct btree_path *btree_path_clone(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btr
        return new;
 }
 
-inline struct btree_path * __must_check
-bch2_btree_path_make_mut(struct btree_trans *trans,
+struct btree_path *__bch2_btree_path_make_mut(struct btree_trans *trans,
                         struct btree_path *path, bool intent,
                         unsigned long ip)
 {
@@ -1684,6 +1215,7 @@ bch2_btree_path_make_mut(struct btree_trans *trans,
                btree_trans_verify_sorted(trans);
        }
 
+       path->should_be_locked = false;
        return path;
 }
 
@@ -1703,14 +1235,13 @@ bch2_btree_path_set_pos(struct btree_trans *trans,
 
        path = bch2_btree_path_make_mut(trans, path, intent, ip);
 
-       path->pos               = new_pos;
-       path->should_be_locked  = false;
+       path->pos = new_pos;
 
-       btree_path_check_sort(trans, path, cmp);
+       bch2_btree_path_check_sort_fast(trans, path, cmp);
 
        if (unlikely(path->cached)) {
-               btree_node_unlock(path, 0);
-               path->l[0].b = BTREE_ITER_NO_NODE_CACHED;
+               btree_node_unlock(trans, path, 0);
+               path->l[0].b = ERR_PTR(-BCH_ERR_no_btree_node_up);
                btree_path_set_dirty(path, BTREE_ITER_NEED_TRAVERSE);
                goto out;
        }
@@ -1718,6 +1249,7 @@ bch2_btree_path_set_pos(struct btree_trans *trans,
        l = btree_path_up_until_good_node(trans, path, cmp);
 
        if (btree_path_node(path, l)) {
+               BUG_ON(!btree_node_locked(path, l));
                /*
                 * We might have to skip over many keys, or just a few: try
                 * advancing the node iterator, and if we have to skip over too
@@ -1729,9 +1261,9 @@ bch2_btree_path_set_pos(struct btree_trans *trans,
                        __btree_path_level_init(path, l);
        }
 
-       if (l != path->level) {
+       if (unlikely(l != path->level)) {
                btree_path_set_dirty(path, BTREE_ITER_NEED_TRAVERSE);
-               __bch2_btree_path_unlock(path);
+               __bch2_btree_path_unlock(trans, path);
        }
 out:
        bch2_btree_path_verify(trans, path);
@@ -1742,37 +1274,37 @@ out:
 
 static struct btree_path *have_path_at_pos(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_path *path)
 {
-       struct btree_path *next;
+       struct btree_path *sib;
 
-       next = prev_btree_path(trans, path);
-       if (next && !btree_path_cmp(next, path))
-               return next;
+       sib = prev_btree_path(trans, path);
+       if (sib && !btree_path_cmp(sib, path))
+               return sib;
 
-       next = next_btree_path(trans, path);
-       if (next && !btree_path_cmp(next, path))
-               return next;
+       sib = next_btree_path(trans, path);
+       if (sib && !btree_path_cmp(sib, path))
+               return sib;
 
        return NULL;
 }
 
 static struct btree_path *have_node_at_pos(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_path *path)
 {
-       struct btree_path *next;
+       struct btree_path *sib;
 
-       next = prev_btree_path(trans, path);
-       if (next && next->level == path->level && path_l(next)->b == path_l(path)->b)
-               return next;
+       sib = prev_btree_path(trans, path);
+       if (sib && sib->level == path->level && path_l(sib)->b == path_l(path)->b)
+               return sib;
 
-       next = next_btree_path(trans, path);
-       if (next && next->level == path->level && path_l(next)->b == path_l(path)->b)
-               return next;
+       sib = next_btree_path(trans, path);
+       if (sib && sib->level == path->level && path_l(sib)->b == path_l(path)->b)
+               return sib;
 
        return NULL;
 }
 
 static inline void __bch2_path_free(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_path *path)
 {
-       __bch2_btree_path_unlock(path);
+       __bch2_btree_path_unlock(trans, path);
        btree_path_list_remove(trans, path);
        trans->paths_allocated &= ~(1ULL << path->idx);
 }
@@ -1787,88 +1319,165 @@ void bch2_path_put(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_path *path, bool inte
        if (!__btree_path_put(path, intent))
                return;
 
-       /*
-        * Perhaps instead we should check for duplicate paths in traverse_all:
-        */
-       if (path->preserve &&
-           (dup = have_path_at_pos(trans, path))) {
-               dup->preserve = true;
-               path->preserve = false;
-               goto free;
-       }
+       dup = path->preserve
+               ? have_path_at_pos(trans, path)
+               : have_node_at_pos(trans, path);
+
+       if (!dup && !(!path->preserve && !is_btree_node(path, path->level)))
+               return;
 
-       if (!path->preserve &&
-           (dup = have_node_at_pos(trans, path)))
-               goto free;
-       return;
-free:
        if (path->should_be_locked &&
-           !btree_node_locked(dup, path->level))
+           !trans->restarted &&
+           (!dup || !bch2_btree_path_relock_norestart(trans, dup, _THIS_IP_)))
                return;
 
-       dup->should_be_locked |= path->should_be_locked;
-       __bch2_path_free(trans, path);
+       if (dup) {
+               dup->preserve           |= path->preserve;
+               dup->should_be_locked   |= path->should_be_locked;
+       }
+
+       __bch2_path_free(trans, path);
+}
+
+static void bch2_path_put_nokeep(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_path *path,
+                                bool intent)
+{
+       EBUG_ON(trans->paths + path->idx != path);
+       EBUG_ON(!path->ref);
+
+       if (!__btree_path_put(path, intent))
+               return;
+
+       __bch2_path_free(trans, path);
+}
+
+void bch2_trans_updates_to_text(struct printbuf *buf, struct btree_trans *trans)
+{
+       struct btree_insert_entry *i;
+
+       prt_printf(buf, "transaction updates for %s journal seq %llu",
+              trans->fn, trans->journal_res.seq);
+       prt_newline(buf);
+       printbuf_indent_add(buf, 2);
+
+       trans_for_each_update(trans, i) {
+               struct bkey_s_c old = { &i->old_k, i->old_v };
+
+               prt_printf(buf, "update: btree=%s cached=%u %pS",
+                      bch2_btree_ids[i->btree_id],
+                      i->cached,
+                      (void *) i->ip_allocated);
+               prt_newline(buf);
+
+               prt_printf(buf, "  old ");
+               bch2_bkey_val_to_text(buf, trans->c, old);
+               prt_newline(buf);
+
+               prt_printf(buf, "  new ");
+               bch2_bkey_val_to_text(buf, trans->c, bkey_i_to_s_c(i->k));
+               prt_newline(buf);
+       }
+
+       printbuf_indent_sub(buf, 2);
+}
+
+noinline __cold
+void bch2_dump_trans_updates(struct btree_trans *trans)
+{
+       struct printbuf buf = PRINTBUF;
+
+       bch2_trans_updates_to_text(&buf, trans);
+       bch2_print_string_as_lines(KERN_ERR, buf.buf);
+       printbuf_exit(&buf);
+}
+
+void bch2_btree_path_to_text(struct printbuf *out, struct btree_path *path)
+{
+       prt_printf(out, "path: idx %2u ref %u:%u %c %c btree=%s l=%u pos ",
+                  path->idx, path->ref, path->intent_ref,
+                  path->preserve ? 'P' : ' ',
+                  path->should_be_locked ? 'S' : ' ',
+                  bch2_btree_ids[path->btree_id],
+                  path->level);
+       bch2_bpos_to_text(out, path->pos);
+
+       prt_printf(out, " locks %u", path->nodes_locked);
+#ifdef CONFIG_BCACHEFS_DEBUG
+       prt_printf(out, " %pS", (void *) path->ip_allocated);
+#endif
+       prt_newline(out);
+}
+
+void bch2_trans_paths_to_text(struct printbuf *out, struct btree_trans *trans)
+{
+       struct btree_path *path;
+       unsigned idx;
+
+       trans_for_each_path_inorder(trans, path, idx)
+               bch2_btree_path_to_text(out, path);
 }
 
 noinline __cold
 void bch2_dump_trans_paths_updates(struct btree_trans *trans)
 {
-       struct btree_path *path;
-       struct btree_insert_entry *i;
-       unsigned idx;
-       char buf1[300], buf2[300];
+       struct printbuf buf = PRINTBUF;
 
-       btree_trans_verify_sorted(trans);
+       bch2_trans_paths_to_text(&buf, trans);
+       bch2_trans_updates_to_text(&buf, trans);
 
-       trans_for_each_path_inorder(trans, path, idx)
-               printk(KERN_ERR "path: idx %u ref %u:%u%s%s btree %s pos %s locks %u %pS\n",
-                      path->idx, path->ref, path->intent_ref,
-                      path->should_be_locked ? " S" : "",
-                      path->preserve ? " P" : "",
-                      bch2_btree_ids[path->btree_id],
-                      (bch2_bpos_to_text(&PBUF(buf1), path->pos), buf1),
-                      path->nodes_locked,
-#ifdef CONFIG_BCACHEFS_DEBUG
-                      (void *) path->ip_allocated
-#else
-                      NULL
-#endif
-                      );
+       bch2_print_string_as_lines(KERN_ERR, buf.buf);
+       printbuf_exit(&buf);
+}
 
-       trans_for_each_update(trans, i) {
-               struct bkey u;
-               struct bkey_s_c old = bch2_btree_path_peek_slot(i->path, &u);
+noinline
+static void bch2_trans_update_max_paths(struct btree_trans *trans)
+{
+       struct btree_transaction_stats *s = btree_trans_stats(trans);
+       struct printbuf buf = PRINTBUF;
 
-               printk(KERN_ERR "update: btree %s %pS\n  old %s\n  new %s",
-                      bch2_btree_ids[i->btree_id],
-                      (void *) i->ip_allocated,
-                      (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&PBUF(buf1), trans->c, old), buf1),
-                      (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&PBUF(buf2), trans->c, bkey_i_to_s_c(i->k)), buf2));
+       bch2_trans_paths_to_text(&buf, trans);
+
+       if (!buf.allocation_failure) {
+               mutex_lock(&s->lock);
+               if (s->nr_max_paths < hweight64(trans->paths_allocated)) {
+                       s->nr_max_paths = trans->nr_max_paths =
+                               hweight64(trans->paths_allocated);
+                       swap(s->max_paths_text, buf.buf);
+               }
+               mutex_unlock(&s->lock);
        }
+
+       printbuf_exit(&buf);
+}
+
+static noinline void btree_path_overflow(struct btree_trans *trans)
+{
+       bch2_dump_trans_paths_updates(trans);
+       panic("trans path oveflow\n");
 }
 
-static struct btree_path *btree_path_alloc(struct btree_trans *trans,
-                                          struct btree_path *pos)
+static inline struct btree_path *btree_path_alloc(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                                 struct btree_path *pos)
 {
        struct btree_path *path;
        unsigned idx;
 
        if (unlikely(trans->paths_allocated ==
-                    ~((~0ULL << 1) << (BTREE_ITER_MAX - 1)))) {
-               bch2_dump_trans_paths_updates(trans);
-               panic("trans path oveflow\n");
-       }
+                    ~((~0ULL << 1) << (BTREE_ITER_MAX - 1))))
+               btree_path_overflow(trans);
 
        idx = __ffs64(~trans->paths_allocated);
        trans->paths_allocated |= 1ULL << idx;
 
+       if (unlikely(idx > trans->nr_max_paths))
+               bch2_trans_update_max_paths(trans);
+
        path = &trans->paths[idx];
 
        path->idx               = idx;
        path->ref               = 0;
        path->intent_ref        = 0;
        path->nodes_locked      = 0;
-       path->nodes_intent_locked = 0;
 
        btree_path_list_add(trans, pos, path);
        return path;
@@ -1885,6 +1494,8 @@ struct btree_path *bch2_path_get(struct btree_trans *trans,
        int i;
 
        BUG_ON(trans->restarted);
+       btree_trans_verify_sorted(trans);
+       bch2_trans_verify_locks(trans);
 
        trans_for_each_path_inorder(trans, path, i) {
                if (__btree_path_cmp(path,
@@ -1916,9 +1527,8 @@ struct btree_path *bch2_path_get(struct btree_trans *trans,
                path->level                     = level;
                path->locks_want                = locks_want;
                path->nodes_locked              = 0;
-               path->nodes_intent_locked       = 0;
                for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(path->l); i++)
-                       path->l[i].b            = BTREE_ITER_NO_NODE_INIT;
+                       path->l[i].b            = ERR_PTR(-BCH_ERR_no_btree_node_init);
 #ifdef CONFIG_BCACHEFS_DEBUG
                path->ip_allocated              = ip;
 #endif
@@ -1940,10 +1550,8 @@ struct btree_path *bch2_path_get(struct btree_trans *trans,
         */
 
        locks_want = min(locks_want, BTREE_MAX_DEPTH);
-       if (locks_want > path->locks_want) {
-               path->locks_want = locks_want;
-               btree_path_get_locks(trans, path, true);
-       }
+       if (locks_want > path->locks_want)
+               bch2_btree_path_upgrade_noupgrade_sibs(trans, path, locks_want);
 
        return path;
 }
@@ -1951,14 +1559,17 @@ struct btree_path *bch2_path_get(struct btree_trans *trans,
 inline struct bkey_s_c bch2_btree_path_peek_slot(struct btree_path *path, struct bkey *u)
 {
 
+       struct btree_path_level *l = path_l(path);
+       struct bkey_packed *_k;
        struct bkey_s_c k;
 
-       if (!path->cached) {
-               struct btree_path_level *l = path_l(path);
-               struct bkey_packed *_k;
+       if (unlikely(!l->b))
+               return bkey_s_c_null;
 
-               EBUG_ON(path->uptodate != BTREE_ITER_UPTODATE);
+       EBUG_ON(path->uptodate != BTREE_ITER_UPTODATE);
+       EBUG_ON(!btree_node_locked(path, path->level));
 
+       if (!path->cached) {
                _k = bch2_btree_node_iter_peek_all(&l->iter, l->b);
                k = _k ? bkey_disassemble(l->b, _k, u) : bkey_s_c_null;
 
@@ -1972,13 +1583,9 @@ inline struct bkey_s_c bch2_btree_path_peek_slot(struct btree_path *path, struct
                EBUG_ON(ck &&
                        (path->btree_id != ck->key.btree_id ||
                         bkey_cmp(path->pos, ck->key.pos)));
+               EBUG_ON(!ck || !ck->valid);
 
-               /* BTREE_ITER_CACHED_NOFILL|BTREE_ITER_CACHED_NOCREATE? */
-               if (unlikely(!ck || !ck->valid))
-                       return bkey_s_c_null;
-
-               EBUG_ON(path->uptodate != BTREE_ITER_UPTODATE);
-
+               *u = ck->k->k;
                k = bkey_i_to_s_c(ck->k);
        }
 
@@ -2011,7 +1618,7 @@ bch2_btree_iter_traverse(struct btree_iter *iter)
        if (ret)
                return ret;
 
-       iter->path->should_be_locked = true;
+       btree_path_set_should_be_locked(iter->path);
        return 0;
 }
 
@@ -2042,8 +1649,7 @@ struct btree *bch2_btree_iter_peek_node(struct btree_iter *iter)
        iter->path = bch2_btree_path_set_pos(trans, iter->path, b->key.k.p,
                                        iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_INTENT,
                                        btree_iter_ip_allocated(iter));
-       iter->path->should_be_locked = true;
-       BUG_ON(iter->path->uptodate);
+       btree_path_set_should_be_locked(iter->path);
 out:
        bch2_btree_iter_verify_entry_exit(iter);
        bch2_btree_iter_verify(iter);
@@ -2059,7 +1665,6 @@ struct btree *bch2_btree_iter_next_node(struct btree_iter *iter)
        struct btree_trans *trans = iter->trans;
        struct btree_path *path = iter->path;
        struct btree *b = NULL;
-       unsigned l;
        int ret;
 
        BUG_ON(trans->restarted);
@@ -2072,29 +1677,24 @@ struct btree *bch2_btree_iter_next_node(struct btree_iter *iter)
 
        /* got to end? */
        if (!btree_path_node(path, path->level + 1)) {
-               btree_node_unlock(path, path->level);
-               path->l[path->level].b = BTREE_ITER_NO_NODE_UP;
-               path->level++;
+               btree_path_set_level_up(trans, path);
                return NULL;
        }
 
        if (!bch2_btree_node_relock(trans, path, path->level + 1)) {
-               __bch2_btree_path_unlock(path);
-               path->l[path->level].b = BTREE_ITER_NO_NODE_GET_LOCKS;
-               path->l[path->level + 1].b = BTREE_ITER_NO_NODE_GET_LOCKS;
-               trace_trans_restart_relock_next_node(trans->fn, _THIS_IP_,
-                                          path->btree_id, &path->pos);
-               btree_trans_restart(trans);
-               ret = -EINTR;
+               __bch2_btree_path_unlock(trans, path);
+               path->l[path->level].b          = ERR_PTR(-BCH_ERR_no_btree_node_relock);
+               path->l[path->level + 1].b      = ERR_PTR(-BCH_ERR_no_btree_node_relock);
+               btree_path_set_dirty(path, BTREE_ITER_NEED_TRAVERSE);
+               trace_and_count(trans->c, trans_restart_relock_next_node, trans, _THIS_IP_, path);
+               ret = btree_trans_restart(trans, BCH_ERR_transaction_restart_relock);
                goto err;
        }
 
        b = btree_path_node(path, path->level + 1);
 
        if (!bpos_cmp(iter->pos, b->key.k.p)) {
-               btree_node_unlock(path, path->level);
-               path->l[path->level].b = BTREE_ITER_NO_NODE_UP;
-               path->level++;
+               __btree_path_set_level_up(trans, path, path->level++);
        } else {
                /*
                 * Haven't gotten to the end of the parent node: go back down to
@@ -2105,14 +1705,7 @@ struct btree *bch2_btree_iter_next_node(struct btree_iter *iter)
                                           iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_INTENT,
                                           btree_iter_ip_allocated(iter));
 
-               path->level = iter->min_depth;
-
-               for (l = path->level + 1; l < BTREE_MAX_DEPTH; l++)
-                       if (btree_lock_want(path, l) == BTREE_NODE_UNLOCKED)
-                               btree_node_unlock(path, l);
-
-               btree_path_set_dirty(path, BTREE_ITER_NEED_TRAVERSE);
-               bch2_btree_iter_verify(iter);
+               btree_path_set_level_down(trans, path, iter->min_depth);
 
                ret = bch2_btree_path_traverse(trans, path, iter->flags);
                if (ret)
@@ -2127,7 +1720,7 @@ struct btree *bch2_btree_iter_next_node(struct btree_iter *iter)
        iter->path = bch2_btree_path_set_pos(trans, iter->path, b->key.k.p,
                                        iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_INTENT,
                                        btree_iter_ip_allocated(iter));
-       iter->path->should_be_locked = true;
+       btree_path_set_should_be_locked(iter->path);
        BUG_ON(iter->path->uptodate);
 out:
        bch2_btree_iter_verify_entry_exit(iter);
@@ -2143,15 +1736,23 @@ err:
 
 inline bool bch2_btree_iter_advance(struct btree_iter *iter)
 {
-       struct bpos pos = iter->k.p;
-       bool ret = (iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS
-                   ? bpos_cmp(pos, SPOS_MAX)
-                   : bkey_cmp(pos, SPOS_MAX)) != 0;
+       if (likely(!(iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_ALL_LEVELS))) {
+               struct bpos pos = iter->k.p;
+               bool ret = (iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS
+                           ? bpos_cmp(pos, SPOS_MAX)
+                           : bkey_cmp(pos, SPOS_MAX)) != 0;
 
-       if (ret && !(iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_IS_EXTENTS))
-               pos = bkey_successor(iter, pos);
-       bch2_btree_iter_set_pos(iter, pos);
-       return ret;
+               if (ret && !(iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_IS_EXTENTS))
+                       pos = bkey_successor(iter, pos);
+               bch2_btree_iter_set_pos(iter, pos);
+               return ret;
+       } else {
+               if (!btree_path_node(iter->path, iter->path->level))
+                       return true;
+
+               iter->advanced = true;
+               return false;
+       }
 }
 
 inline bool bch2_btree_iter_rewind(struct btree_iter *iter)
@@ -2172,34 +1773,47 @@ static inline struct bkey_i *btree_trans_peek_updates(struct btree_trans *trans,
                                                      struct bpos pos)
 {
        struct btree_insert_entry *i;
+       struct bkey_i *ret = NULL;
 
-       trans_for_each_update(trans, i)
-               if ((cmp_int(btree_id,  i->btree_id) ?:
-                    bpos_cmp(pos,      i->k->k.p)) <= 0) {
-                       if (btree_id == i->btree_id)
-                               return i->k;
+       trans_for_each_update(trans, i) {
+               if (i->btree_id < btree_id)
+                       continue;
+               if (i->btree_id > btree_id)
                        break;
-               }
+               if (bpos_cmp(i->k->k.p, pos) < 0)
+                       continue;
+               if (i->key_cache_already_flushed)
+                       continue;
+               if (!ret || bpos_cmp(i->k->k.p, ret->k.p) < 0)
+                       ret = i->k;
+       }
 
-       return NULL;
+       return ret;
 }
 
-static noinline
-struct bkey_i *__btree_trans_peek_journal(struct btree_trans *trans,
-                                         struct btree_path *path)
+struct bkey_i *bch2_btree_journal_peek(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                      struct btree_iter *iter,
+                                      struct bpos start_pos,
+                                      struct bpos end_pos)
 {
-       struct journal_keys *keys = &trans->c->journal_keys;
-       size_t idx = bch2_journal_key_search(keys, path->btree_id,
-                                            path->level, path->pos);
+       struct bkey_i *k;
+
+       if (bpos_cmp(start_pos, iter->journal_pos) < 0)
+               iter->journal_idx = 0;
+
+       k = bch2_journal_keys_peek_upto(trans->c, iter->btree_id, 0,
+                                       start_pos, end_pos,
+                                       &iter->journal_idx);
 
-       while (idx < keys->nr && keys->d[idx].overwritten)
-               idx++;
+       iter->journal_pos = k ? k->k.p : end_pos;
+       return k;
+}
 
-       return (idx < keys->nr &&
-               keys->d[idx].btree_id   == path->btree_id &&
-               keys->d[idx].level      == path->level)
-               ? keys->d[idx].k
-               : NULL;
+struct bkey_i *bch2_btree_journal_peek_slot(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                           struct btree_iter *iter,
+                                           struct bpos pos)
+{
+       return bch2_btree_journal_peek(trans, iter, pos, pos);
 }
 
 static noinline
@@ -2208,11 +1822,10 @@ struct bkey_s_c btree_trans_peek_journal(struct btree_trans *trans,
                                         struct bkey_s_c k)
 {
        struct bkey_i *next_journal =
-               __btree_trans_peek_journal(trans, iter->path);
+               bch2_btree_journal_peek(trans, iter, iter->path->pos,
+                               k.k ? k.k->p : iter->path->l[0].b->key.k.p);
 
-       if (next_journal &&
-           bpos_cmp(next_journal->k.p,
-                    k.k ? k.k->p : iter->path->l[0].b->key.k.p) <= 0) {
+       if (next_journal) {
                iter->k = next_journal->k;
                k = bkey_i_to_s_c(next_journal);
        }
@@ -2225,7 +1838,7 @@ struct bkey_s_c btree_trans_peek_journal(struct btree_trans *trans,
  * bkey_s_c_null:
  */
 static noinline
-struct bkey_s_c btree_trans_peek_key_cache(struct btree_iter *iter, struct bpos pos)
+struct bkey_s_c __btree_trans_peek_key_cache(struct btree_iter *iter, struct bpos pos)
 {
        struct btree_trans *trans = iter->trans;
        struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
@@ -2249,11 +1862,20 @@ struct bkey_s_c btree_trans_peek_key_cache(struct btree_iter *iter, struct bpos
        if (unlikely(ret))
                return bkey_s_c_err(ret);
 
-       iter->key_cache_path->should_be_locked = true;
+       btree_path_set_should_be_locked(iter->key_cache_path);
 
        return bch2_btree_path_peek_slot(iter->key_cache_path, &u);
 }
 
+static noinline
+struct bkey_s_c btree_trans_peek_key_cache(struct btree_iter *iter, struct bpos pos)
+{
+       struct bkey_s_c ret = __btree_trans_peek_key_cache(iter, pos);
+       int err = bkey_err(ret) ?: bch2_btree_path_relock(iter->trans, iter->path, _THIS_IP_);
+
+       return err ? bkey_s_c_err(err) : ret;
+}
+
 static struct bkey_s_c __bch2_btree_iter_peek(struct btree_iter *iter, struct bpos search_key)
 {
        struct btree_trans *trans = iter->trans;
@@ -2261,10 +1883,12 @@ static struct bkey_s_c __bch2_btree_iter_peek(struct btree_iter *iter, struct bp
        struct bkey_s_c k, k2;
        int ret;
 
-       EBUG_ON(iter->path->cached || iter->path->level);
+       EBUG_ON(iter->path->cached);
        bch2_btree_iter_verify(iter);
 
        while (1) {
+               struct btree_path_level *l;
+
                iter->path = bch2_btree_path_set_pos(trans, iter->path, search_key,
                                        iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_INTENT,
                                        btree_iter_ip_allocated(iter));
@@ -2277,22 +1901,28 @@ static struct bkey_s_c __bch2_btree_iter_peek(struct btree_iter *iter, struct bp
                        goto out;
                }
 
-               iter->path->should_be_locked = true;
+               l = path_l(iter->path);
+
+               if (unlikely(!l->b)) {
+                       /* No btree nodes at requested level: */
+                       bch2_btree_iter_set_pos(iter, SPOS_MAX);
+                       k = bkey_s_c_null;
+                       goto out;
+               }
+
+               btree_path_set_should_be_locked(iter->path);
 
-               k = btree_path_level_peek_all(trans->c, &iter->path->l[0], &iter->k);
+               k = btree_path_level_peek_all(trans->c, l, &iter->k);
 
                if (unlikely(iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_WITH_KEY_CACHE) &&
                    k.k &&
                    (k2 = btree_trans_peek_key_cache(iter, k.k->p)).k) {
-                       ret = bkey_err(k2);
+                       k = k2;
+                       ret = bkey_err(k);
                        if (ret) {
-                               k = k2;
                                bch2_btree_iter_set_pos(iter, iter->pos);
                                goto out;
                        }
-
-                       k = k2;
-                       iter->k = *k.k;
                }
 
                if (unlikely(iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_WITH_JOURNAL))
@@ -2303,7 +1933,7 @@ static struct bkey_s_c __bch2_btree_iter_peek(struct btree_iter *iter, struct bp
                        : NULL;
                if (next_update &&
                    bpos_cmp(next_update->k.p,
-                            k.k ? k.k->p : iter->path->l[0].b->key.k.p) <= 0) {
+                            k.k ? k.k->p : l->b->key.k.p) <= 0) {
                        iter->k = next_update->k;
                        k = bkey_i_to_s_c(next_update);
                }
@@ -2324,9 +1954,9 @@ static struct bkey_s_c __bch2_btree_iter_peek(struct btree_iter *iter, struct bp
 
                if (likely(k.k)) {
                        break;
-               } else if (likely(bpos_cmp(iter->path->l[0].b->key.k.p, SPOS_MAX))) {
+               } else if (likely(bpos_cmp(l->b->key.k.p, SPOS_MAX))) {
                        /* Advance to next leaf node: */
-                       search_key = bpos_successor(iter->path->l[0].b->key.k.p);
+                       search_key = bpos_successor(l->b->key.k.p);
                } else {
                        /* End of btree: */
                        bch2_btree_iter_set_pos(iter, SPOS_MAX);
@@ -2344,16 +1974,19 @@ out:
  * bch2_btree_iter_peek: returns first key greater than or equal to iterator's
  * current position
  */
-struct bkey_s_c bch2_btree_iter_peek(struct btree_iter *iter)
+struct bkey_s_c bch2_btree_iter_peek_upto(struct btree_iter *iter, struct bpos end)
 {
        struct btree_trans *trans = iter->trans;
        struct bpos search_key = btree_iter_search_key(iter);
        struct bkey_s_c k;
+       struct bpos iter_pos;
        int ret;
 
+       EBUG_ON(iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_ALL_LEVELS);
+
        if (iter->update_path) {
-               bch2_path_put(trans, iter->update_path,
-                             iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_INTENT);
+               bch2_path_put_nokeep(trans, iter->update_path,
+                                    iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_INTENT);
                iter->update_path = NULL;
        }
 
@@ -2362,12 +1995,30 @@ struct bkey_s_c bch2_btree_iter_peek(struct btree_iter *iter)
        while (1) {
                k = __bch2_btree_iter_peek(iter, search_key);
                if (!k.k || bkey_err(k))
-                       goto out;
+                       goto out_no_locked;
+
+               /*
+                * iter->pos should be mononotically increasing, and always be
+                * equal to the key we just returned - except extents can
+                * straddle iter->pos:
+                */
+               if (!(iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_IS_EXTENTS))
+                       iter_pos = k.k->p;
+               else if (bkey_cmp(bkey_start_pos(k.k), iter->pos) > 0)
+                       iter_pos = bkey_start_pos(k.k);
+               else
+                       iter_pos = iter->pos;
+
+               if (bkey_cmp(iter_pos, end) > 0) {
+                       bch2_btree_iter_set_pos(iter, end);
+                       k = bkey_s_c_null;
+                       goto out_no_locked;
+               }
 
                if (iter->update_path &&
                    bkey_cmp(iter->update_path->pos, k.k->p)) {
-                       bch2_path_put(trans, iter->update_path,
-                                     iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_INTENT);
+                       bch2_path_put_nokeep(trans, iter->update_path,
+                                            iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_INTENT);
                        iter->update_path = NULL;
                }
 
@@ -2394,10 +2045,7 @@ struct bkey_s_c bch2_btree_iter_peek(struct btree_iter *iter)
                        iter->update_path = bch2_btree_path_set_pos(trans,
                                                iter->update_path, pos,
                                                iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_INTENT,
-                                               btree_iter_ip_allocated(iter));
-
-                       BUG_ON(!(iter->update_path->nodes_locked & 1));
-                       iter->update_path->should_be_locked = true;
+                                               _THIS_IP_);
                }
 
                /*
@@ -2421,25 +2069,21 @@ struct bkey_s_c bch2_btree_iter_peek(struct btree_iter *iter)
                break;
        }
 
-       /*
-        * iter->pos should be mononotically increasing, and always be equal to
-        * the key we just returned - except extents can straddle iter->pos:
-        */
-       if (!(iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_IS_EXTENTS))
-               iter->pos = k.k->p;
-       else if (bkey_cmp(bkey_start_pos(k.k), iter->pos) > 0)
-               iter->pos = bkey_start_pos(k.k);
+       iter->pos = iter_pos;
 
        iter->path = bch2_btree_path_set_pos(trans, iter->path, k.k->p,
                                iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_INTENT,
                                btree_iter_ip_allocated(iter));
-       BUG_ON(!iter->path->nodes_locked);
-out:
+
+       btree_path_set_should_be_locked(iter->path);
+out_no_locked:
        if (iter->update_path) {
-               BUG_ON(!(iter->update_path->nodes_locked & 1));
-               iter->update_path->should_be_locked = true;
+               if (iter->update_path->uptodate &&
+                   (ret = bch2_btree_path_relock(trans, iter->update_path, _THIS_IP_)))
+                       k = bkey_s_c_err(ret);
+               else
+                       btree_path_set_should_be_locked(iter->update_path);
        }
-       iter->path->should_be_locked = true;
 
        if (!(iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS))
                iter->pos.snapshot = iter->snapshot;
@@ -2455,6 +2099,100 @@ out:
        return k;
 }
 
+/**
+ * bch2_btree_iter_peek_all_levels: returns the first key greater than or equal
+ * to iterator's current position, returning keys from every level of the btree.
+ * For keys at different levels of the btree that compare equal, the key from
+ * the lower level (leaf) is returned first.
+ */
+struct bkey_s_c bch2_btree_iter_peek_all_levels(struct btree_iter *iter)
+{
+       struct btree_trans *trans = iter->trans;
+       struct bkey_s_c k;
+       int ret;
+
+       EBUG_ON(iter->path->cached);
+       bch2_btree_iter_verify(iter);
+       BUG_ON(iter->path->level < iter->min_depth);
+       BUG_ON(!(iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS));
+       EBUG_ON(!(iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_ALL_LEVELS));
+
+       while (1) {
+               iter->path = bch2_btree_path_set_pos(trans, iter->path, iter->pos,
+                                       iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_INTENT,
+                                       btree_iter_ip_allocated(iter));
+
+               ret = bch2_btree_path_traverse(trans, iter->path, iter->flags);
+               if (unlikely(ret)) {
+                       /* ensure that iter->k is consistent with iter->pos: */
+                       bch2_btree_iter_set_pos(iter, iter->pos);
+                       k = bkey_s_c_err(ret);
+                       goto out_no_locked;
+               }
+
+               /* Already at end? */
+               if (!btree_path_node(iter->path, iter->path->level)) {
+                       k = bkey_s_c_null;
+                       goto out_no_locked;
+               }
+
+               k = btree_path_level_peek_all(trans->c,
+                               &iter->path->l[iter->path->level], &iter->k);
+
+               /* Check if we should go up to the parent node: */
+               if (!k.k ||
+                   (iter->advanced &&
+                    !bpos_cmp(path_l(iter->path)->b->key.k.p, iter->pos))) {
+                       iter->pos = path_l(iter->path)->b->key.k.p;
+                       btree_path_set_level_up(trans, iter->path);
+                       iter->advanced = false;
+                       continue;
+               }
+
+               /*
+                * Check if we should go back down to a leaf:
+                * If we're not in a leaf node, we only return the current key
+                * if it exactly matches iter->pos - otherwise we first have to
+                * go back to the leaf:
+                */
+               if (iter->path->level != iter->min_depth &&
+                   (iter->advanced ||
+                    !k.k ||
+                    bpos_cmp(iter->pos, k.k->p))) {
+                       btree_path_set_level_down(trans, iter->path, iter->min_depth);
+                       iter->pos = bpos_successor(iter->pos);
+                       iter->advanced = false;
+                       continue;
+               }
+
+               /* Check if we should go to the next key: */
+               if (iter->path->level == iter->min_depth &&
+                   iter->advanced &&
+                   k.k &&
+                   !bpos_cmp(iter->pos, k.k->p)) {
+                       iter->pos = bpos_successor(iter->pos);
+                       iter->advanced = false;
+                       continue;
+               }
+
+               if (iter->advanced &&
+                   iter->path->level == iter->min_depth &&
+                   bpos_cmp(k.k->p, iter->pos))
+                       iter->advanced = false;
+
+               BUG_ON(iter->advanced);
+               BUG_ON(!k.k);
+               break;
+       }
+
+       iter->pos = k.k->p;
+       btree_path_set_should_be_locked(iter->path);
+out_no_locked:
+       bch2_btree_iter_verify(iter);
+
+       return k;
+}
+
 /**
  * bch2_btree_iter_next: returns first key greater than iterator's current
  * position
@@ -2503,19 +2241,19 @@ struct bkey_s_c bch2_btree_iter_peek_prev(struct btree_iter *iter)
                        /* ensure that iter->k is consistent with iter->pos: */
                        bch2_btree_iter_set_pos(iter, iter->pos);
                        k = bkey_s_c_err(ret);
-                       goto out;
+                       goto out_no_locked;
                }
 
-               k = btree_path_level_peek(trans->c, iter->path,
+               k = btree_path_level_peek(trans, iter->path,
                                          &iter->path->l[0], &iter->k);
                if (!k.k ||
                    ((iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_IS_EXTENTS)
                     ? bpos_cmp(bkey_start_pos(k.k), search_key) >= 0
                     : bpos_cmp(k.k->p, search_key) > 0))
-                       k = btree_path_level_prev(trans->c, iter->path,
+                       k = btree_path_level_prev(trans, iter->path,
                                                  &iter->path->l[0], &iter->k);
 
-               btree_path_check_sort(trans, iter->path, 0);
+               bch2_btree_path_check_sort(trans, iter->path, 0);
 
                if (likely(k.k)) {
                        if (iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_FILTER_SNAPSHOTS) {
@@ -2528,7 +2266,7 @@ struct bkey_s_c bch2_btree_iter_peek_prev(struct btree_iter *iter)
                                 * that candidate
                                 */
                                if (saved_path && bkey_cmp(k.k->p, saved_k.p)) {
-                                       bch2_path_put(trans, iter->path,
+                                       bch2_path_put_nokeep(trans, iter->path,
                                                      iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_INTENT);
                                        iter->path = saved_path;
                                        saved_path = NULL;
@@ -2541,7 +2279,7 @@ struct bkey_s_c bch2_btree_iter_peek_prev(struct btree_iter *iter)
                                                              iter->snapshot,
                                                              k.k->p.snapshot)) {
                                        if (saved_path)
-                                               bch2_path_put(trans, saved_path,
+                                               bch2_path_put_nokeep(trans, saved_path,
                                                      iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_INTENT);
                                        saved_path = btree_path_clone(trans, iter->path,
                                                                iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_INTENT);
@@ -2569,7 +2307,7 @@ got_key:
                        /* Start of btree: */
                        bch2_btree_iter_set_pos(iter, POS_MIN);
                        k = bkey_s_c_null;
-                       goto out;
+                       goto out_no_locked;
                }
        }
 
@@ -2581,10 +2319,11 @@ got_key:
 
        if (iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_FILTER_SNAPSHOTS)
                iter->pos.snapshot = iter->snapshot;
-out:
+
+       btree_path_set_should_be_locked(iter->path);
+out_no_locked:
        if (saved_path)
-               bch2_path_put(trans, saved_path, iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_INTENT);
-       iter->path->should_be_locked = true;
+               bch2_path_put_nokeep(trans, saved_path, iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_INTENT);
 
        bch2_btree_iter_verify_entry_exit(iter);
        bch2_btree_iter_verify(iter);
@@ -2611,9 +2350,10 @@ struct bkey_s_c bch2_btree_iter_peek_slot(struct btree_iter *iter)
        struct bkey_s_c k;
        int ret;
 
-       EBUG_ON(iter->path->level);
        bch2_btree_iter_verify(iter);
        bch2_btree_iter_verify_entry_exit(iter);
+       EBUG_ON(iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_ALL_LEVELS);
+       EBUG_ON(iter->path->level && (iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_WITH_KEY_CACHE));
 
        /* extents can't span inode numbers: */
        if ((iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_IS_EXTENTS) &&
@@ -2630,8 +2370,10 @@ struct bkey_s_c bch2_btree_iter_peek_slot(struct btree_iter *iter)
                                        btree_iter_ip_allocated(iter));
 
        ret = bch2_btree_path_traverse(trans, iter->path, iter->flags);
-       if (unlikely(ret))
-               return bkey_s_c_err(ret);
+       if (unlikely(ret)) {
+               k = bkey_s_c_err(ret);
+               goto out_no_locked;
+       }
 
        if ((iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_CACHED) ||
            !(iter->flags & (BTREE_ITER_IS_EXTENTS|BTREE_ITER_FILTER_SNAPSHOTS))) {
@@ -2647,29 +2389,38 @@ struct bkey_s_c bch2_btree_iter_peek_slot(struct btree_iter *iter)
                }
 
                if (unlikely(iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_WITH_JOURNAL) &&
-                   (next_update = __btree_trans_peek_journal(trans, iter->path)) &&
-                   !bpos_cmp(next_update->k.p, iter->pos)) {
+                   (next_update = bch2_btree_journal_peek_slot(trans,
+                                       iter, iter->pos))) {
                        iter->k = next_update->k;
                        k = bkey_i_to_s_c(next_update);
                        goto out;
                }
 
                if (unlikely(iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_WITH_KEY_CACHE) &&
-                   (k = btree_trans_peek_key_cache(iter, iter->pos)).k) {
+                   (k = __btree_trans_peek_key_cache(iter, iter->pos)).k) {
                        if (!bkey_err(k))
                                iter->k = *k.k;
-                       goto out;
+                       /* We're not returning a key from iter->path: */
+                       goto out_no_locked;
                }
 
                k = bch2_btree_path_peek_slot(iter->path, &iter->k);
+               if (unlikely(!k.k))
+                       goto out_no_locked;
        } else {
                struct bpos next;
 
+               EBUG_ON(iter->path->level);
+
                if (iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_INTENT) {
                        struct btree_iter iter2;
+                       struct bpos end = iter->pos;
+
+                       if (iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_IS_EXTENTS)
+                               end.offset = U64_MAX;
 
                        bch2_trans_copy_iter(&iter2, iter);
-                       k = bch2_btree_iter_peek(&iter2);
+                       k = bch2_btree_iter_peek_upto(&iter2, end);
 
                        if (k.k && !bkey_err(k)) {
                                iter->k = iter2.k;
@@ -2680,11 +2431,14 @@ struct bkey_s_c bch2_btree_iter_peek_slot(struct btree_iter *iter)
                        struct bpos pos = iter->pos;
 
                        k = bch2_btree_iter_peek(iter);
-                       iter->pos = pos;
+                       if (unlikely(bkey_err(k)))
+                               bch2_btree_iter_set_pos(iter, pos);
+                       else
+                               iter->pos = pos;
                }
 
                if (unlikely(bkey_err(k)))
-                       return k;
+                       goto out_no_locked;
 
                next = k.k ? bkey_start_pos(k.k) : POS_MAX;
 
@@ -2706,8 +2460,8 @@ struct bkey_s_c bch2_btree_iter_peek_slot(struct btree_iter *iter)
                }
        }
 out:
-       iter->path->should_be_locked = true;
-
+       btree_path_set_should_be_locked(iter->path);
+out_no_locked:
        bch2_btree_iter_verify_entry_exit(iter);
        bch2_btree_iter_verify(iter);
        ret = bch2_btree_iter_verify_ret(iter, k);
@@ -2759,8 +2513,14 @@ static void btree_trans_verify_sorted(struct btree_trans *trans)
        struct btree_path *path, *prev = NULL;
        unsigned i;
 
+       if (!bch2_debug_check_iterators)
+               return;
+
        trans_for_each_path_inorder(trans, path, i) {
-               BUG_ON(prev && btree_path_cmp(prev, path) > 0);
+               if (prev && btree_path_cmp(prev, path) > 0) {
+                       bch2_dump_trans_paths_updates(trans);
+                       panic("trans paths out of order!\n");
+               }
                prev = path;
        }
 #endif
@@ -2777,8 +2537,27 @@ static inline void btree_path_swap(struct btree_trans *trans,
        btree_path_verify_sorted_ref(trans, r);
 }
 
-static void btree_path_check_sort(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_path *path,
-                                 int cmp)
+static __always_inline void bch2_btree_path_check_sort_fast(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                                  struct btree_path *path,
+                                                  int cmp)
+{
+       struct btree_path *n;
+       int cmp2;
+
+       EBUG_ON(!cmp);
+
+       while ((n = cmp < 0
+               ? prev_btree_path(trans, path)
+               : next_btree_path(trans, path)) &&
+              (cmp2 = btree_path_cmp(n, path)) &&
+              cmp2 != cmp)
+               btree_path_swap(trans, n, path);
+
+       btree_trans_verify_sorted(trans);
+}
+
+inline void bch2_btree_path_check_sort(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_path *path,
+                                      int cmp)
 {
        struct btree_path *n;
 
@@ -2834,6 +2613,11 @@ static inline void btree_path_list_add(struct btree_trans *trans,
 
        path->sorted_idx = pos ? pos->sorted_idx + 1 : 0;
 
+       if (trans->in_traverse_all &&
+           trans->traverse_all_idx != U8_MAX &&
+           trans->traverse_all_idx >= path->sorted_idx)
+               trans->traverse_all_idx++;
+
        array_insert_item(trans->sorted, trans->nr_sorted, path->sorted_idx, path->idx);
 
        for (i = path->sorted_idx; i < trans->nr_sorted; i++)
@@ -2848,7 +2632,7 @@ void bch2_trans_iter_exit(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_iter *iter)
                bch2_path_put(trans, iter->path,
                              iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_INTENT);
        if (iter->update_path)
-               bch2_path_put(trans, iter->update_path,
+               bch2_path_put_nokeep(trans, iter->update_path,
                              iter->flags & BTREE_ITER_INTENT);
        if (iter->key_cache_path)
                bch2_path_put(trans, iter->key_cache_path,
@@ -2858,15 +2642,21 @@ void bch2_trans_iter_exit(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_iter *iter)
        iter->key_cache_path = NULL;
 }
 
-static void __bch2_trans_iter_init(struct btree_trans *trans,
-                                  struct btree_iter *iter,
-                                  unsigned btree_id, struct bpos pos,
-                                  unsigned locks_want,
-                                  unsigned depth,
-                                  unsigned flags,
-                                  unsigned long ip)
+static inline void __bch2_trans_iter_init(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                         struct btree_iter *iter,
+                                         unsigned btree_id, struct bpos pos,
+                                         unsigned locks_want,
+                                         unsigned depth,
+                                         unsigned flags,
+                                         unsigned long ip)
 {
-       EBUG_ON(trans->restarted);
+       if (unlikely(trans->restarted))
+               panic("bch2_trans_iter_init(): in transaction restart, %s by %pS\n",
+                     bch2_err_str(trans->restarted),
+                     (void *) trans->last_restarted_ip);
+
+       if (flags & BTREE_ITER_ALL_LEVELS)
+               flags |= BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS|__BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS;
 
        if (!(flags & (BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS|BTREE_ITER_NOT_EXTENTS)) &&
            btree_node_type_is_extents(btree_id))
@@ -2880,15 +2670,9 @@ static void __bch2_trans_iter_init(struct btree_trans *trans,
            btree_type_has_snapshots(btree_id))
                flags |= BTREE_ITER_FILTER_SNAPSHOTS;
 
-       if (!test_bit(JOURNAL_REPLAY_DONE, &trans->c->journal.flags))
+       if (trans->journal_replay_not_finished)
                flags |= BTREE_ITER_WITH_JOURNAL;
 
-       if (!btree_id_cached(trans->c, btree_id)) {
-               flags &= ~BTREE_ITER_CACHED;
-               flags &= ~BTREE_ITER_WITH_KEY_CACHE;
-       } else if (!(flags & BTREE_ITER_CACHED))
-               flags |= BTREE_ITER_WITH_KEY_CACHE;
-
        iter->trans     = trans;
        iter->path      = NULL;
        iter->update_path = NULL;
@@ -2901,6 +2685,8 @@ static void __bch2_trans_iter_init(struct btree_trans *trans,
        iter->k.type    = KEY_TYPE_deleted;
        iter->k.p       = pos;
        iter->k.size    = 0;
+       iter->journal_idx = 0;
+       iter->journal_pos = POS_MIN;
 #ifdef CONFIG_BCACHEFS_DEBUG
        iter->ip_allocated = ip;
 #endif
@@ -2914,6 +2700,12 @@ void bch2_trans_iter_init(struct btree_trans *trans,
                          unsigned btree_id, struct bpos pos,
                          unsigned flags)
 {
+       if (!btree_id_cached(trans->c, btree_id)) {
+               flags &= ~BTREE_ITER_CACHED;
+               flags &= ~BTREE_ITER_WITH_KEY_CACHE;
+       } else if (!(flags & BTREE_ITER_CACHED))
+               flags |= BTREE_ITER_WITH_KEY_CACHE;
+
        __bch2_trans_iter_init(trans, iter, btree_id, pos,
                               0, 0, flags, _RET_IP_);
 }
@@ -2946,36 +2738,34 @@ void bch2_trans_copy_iter(struct btree_iter *dst, struct btree_iter *src)
        dst->key_cache_path = NULL;
 }
 
-void *bch2_trans_kmalloc(struct btree_trans *trans, size_t size)
+void *__bch2_trans_kmalloc(struct btree_trans *trans, size_t size)
 {
-       size_t new_top = trans->mem_top + size;
+       unsigned new_top = trans->mem_top + size;
+       size_t old_bytes = trans->mem_bytes;
+       size_t new_bytes = roundup_pow_of_two(new_top);
+       void *new_mem;
        void *p;
 
-       if (new_top > trans->mem_bytes) {
-               size_t old_bytes = trans->mem_bytes;
-               size_t new_bytes = roundup_pow_of_two(new_top);
-               void *new_mem;
+       trans->mem_max = max(trans->mem_max, new_top);
 
-               WARN_ON_ONCE(new_bytes > BTREE_TRANS_MEM_MAX);
+       WARN_ON_ONCE(new_bytes > BTREE_TRANS_MEM_MAX);
 
-               new_mem = krealloc(trans->mem, new_bytes, GFP_NOFS);
-               if (!new_mem && new_bytes <= BTREE_TRANS_MEM_MAX) {
-                       new_mem = mempool_alloc(&trans->c->btree_trans_mem_pool, GFP_KERNEL);
-                       new_bytes = BTREE_TRANS_MEM_MAX;
-                       kfree(trans->mem);
-               }
+       new_mem = krealloc(trans->mem, new_bytes, GFP_NOFS);
+       if (!new_mem && new_bytes <= BTREE_TRANS_MEM_MAX) {
+               new_mem = mempool_alloc(&trans->c->btree_trans_mem_pool, GFP_KERNEL);
+               new_bytes = BTREE_TRANS_MEM_MAX;
+               kfree(trans->mem);
+       }
 
-               if (!new_mem)
-                       return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
+       if (!new_mem)
+               return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
 
-               trans->mem = new_mem;
-               trans->mem_bytes = new_bytes;
+       trans->mem = new_mem;
+       trans->mem_bytes = new_bytes;
 
-               if (old_bytes) {
-                       trace_trans_restart_mem_realloced(trans->fn, _RET_IP_, new_bytes);
-                       btree_trans_restart(trans);
-                       return ERR_PTR(-EINTR);
-               }
+       if (old_bytes) {
+               trace_and_count(trans->c, trans_restart_mem_realloced, trans, _RET_IP_, new_bytes);
+               return ERR_PTR(btree_trans_restart(trans, BCH_ERR_transaction_restart_mem_realloced));
        }
 
        p = trans->mem + trans->mem_top;
@@ -2988,30 +2778,23 @@ void *bch2_trans_kmalloc(struct btree_trans *trans, size_t size)
  * bch2_trans_begin() - reset a transaction after a interrupted attempt
  * @trans: transaction to reset
  *
- * While iterating over nodes or updating nodes a attempt to lock a btree
- * node may return EINTR when the trylock fails. When this occurs
- * bch2_trans_begin() should be called and the transaction retried.
+ * While iterating over nodes or updating nodes a attempt to lock a btree node
+ * may return BCH_ERR_transaction_restart when the trylock fails. When this
+ * occurs bch2_trans_begin() should be called and the transaction retried.
  */
-void bch2_trans_begin(struct btree_trans *trans)
+u32 bch2_trans_begin(struct btree_trans *trans)
 {
-       struct btree_insert_entry *i;
        struct btree_path *path;
 
-       trans_for_each_update(trans, i)
-               __btree_path_put(i->path, true);
+       bch2_trans_reset_updates(trans);
 
-       memset(&trans->journal_res, 0, sizeof(trans->journal_res));
-       trans->extra_journal_res        = 0;
-       trans->nr_updates               = 0;
+       trans->restart_count++;
        trans->mem_top                  = 0;
 
-       trans->hooks                    = NULL;
-       trans->extra_journal_entries    = NULL;
-       trans->extra_journal_entry_u64s = 0;
-
        if (trans->fs_usage_deltas) {
                trans->fs_usage_deltas->used = 0;
-               memset(&trans->fs_usage_deltas->memset_start, 0,
+               memset((void *) trans->fs_usage_deltas +
+                      offsetof(struct replicas_delta_list, memset_start), 0,
                       (void *) &trans->fs_usage_deltas->memset_end -
                       (void *) &trans->fs_usage_deltas->memset_start);
        }
@@ -3019,6 +2802,14 @@ void bch2_trans_begin(struct btree_trans *trans)
        trans_for_each_path(trans, path) {
                path->should_be_locked = false;
 
+               /*
+                * If the transaction wasn't restarted, we're presuming to be
+                * doing something new: dont keep iterators excpt the ones that
+                * are in use - except for the subvolumes btree:
+                */
+               if (!trans->restarted && path->btree_id != BTREE_ID_subvolumes)
+                       path->preserve = false;
+
                /*
                 * XXX: we probably shouldn't be doing this if the transaction
                 * was restarted, but currently we still overflow transaction
@@ -3026,16 +2817,32 @@ void bch2_trans_begin(struct btree_trans *trans)
                 */
                if (!path->ref && !path->preserve)
                        __bch2_path_free(trans, path);
-               else if (!path->ref)
+               else
                        path->preserve = false;
        }
 
-       bch2_trans_cond_resched(trans);
+       if (!trans->restarted &&
+           (need_resched() ||
+            local_clock() - trans->last_begin_time > BTREE_TRANS_MAX_LOCK_HOLD_TIME_NS)) {
+               bch2_trans_unlock(trans);
+               cond_resched();
+               bch2_trans_relock(trans);
+       }
 
+       trans->last_restarted_ip = _RET_IP_;
        if (trans->restarted)
                bch2_btree_path_traverse_all(trans);
 
-       trans->restarted = false;
+       trans->last_begin_time = local_clock();
+       return trans->restart_count;
+}
+
+void bch2_trans_verify_not_restarted(struct btree_trans *trans, u32 restart_count)
+{
+       if (trans_was_restarted(trans, restart_count))
+               panic("trans->restart_count %u, should be %u, last restarted by %pS\n",
+                     trans->restart_count, restart_count,
+                     (void *) trans->last_restarted_ip);
 }
 
 static void bch2_trans_alloc_paths(struct btree_trans *trans, struct bch_fs *c)
@@ -3047,7 +2854,7 @@ static void bch2_trans_alloc_paths(struct btree_trans *trans, struct bch_fs *c)
        BUG_ON(trans->used_mempool);
 
 #ifdef __KERNEL__
-       p = this_cpu_xchg(c->btree_paths_bufs->path , NULL);
+       p = this_cpu_xchg(c->btree_paths_bufs->path, NULL);
 #endif
        if (!p)
                p = mempool_alloc(&trans->c->btree_paths_pool, GFP_NOFS);
@@ -3056,35 +2863,71 @@ static void bch2_trans_alloc_paths(struct btree_trans *trans, struct bch_fs *c)
        trans->updates          = p; p += updates_bytes;
 }
 
-void __bch2_trans_init(struct btree_trans *trans, struct bch_fs *c,
-                      unsigned expected_nr_iters,
-                      size_t expected_mem_bytes,
-                      const char *fn)
+const char *bch2_btree_transaction_fns[BCH_TRANSACTIONS_NR];
+
+unsigned bch2_trans_get_fn_idx(const char *fn)
+{
+       unsigned i;
+
+       for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(bch2_btree_transaction_fns); i++)
+               if (!bch2_btree_transaction_fns[i] ||
+                   bch2_btree_transaction_fns[i] == fn) {
+                       bch2_btree_transaction_fns[i] = fn;
+                       return i;
+               }
+
+       pr_warn_once("BCH_TRANSACTIONS_NR not big enough!");
+       return i;
+}
+
+void __bch2_trans_init(struct btree_trans *trans, struct bch_fs *c, unsigned fn_idx)
        __acquires(&c->btree_trans_barrier)
 {
+       struct btree_transaction_stats *s;
+       struct btree_trans *pos;
+
        BUG_ON(lock_class_is_held(&bch2_btree_node_lock_key));
 
        memset(trans, 0, sizeof(*trans));
        trans->c                = c;
-       trans->fn               = fn;
+       trans->fn               = fn_idx < ARRAY_SIZE(bch2_btree_transaction_fns)
+               ? bch2_btree_transaction_fns[fn_idx] : NULL;
+       trans->last_begin_time  = local_clock();
+       trans->fn_idx           = fn_idx;
+       trans->locking_wait.task = current;
+       trans->journal_replay_not_finished =
+               !test_bit(JOURNAL_REPLAY_DONE, &c->journal.flags);
+       closure_init_stack(&trans->ref);
 
        bch2_trans_alloc_paths(trans, c);
 
-       if (expected_mem_bytes) {
-               trans->mem_bytes = roundup_pow_of_two(expected_mem_bytes);
-               trans->mem = kmalloc(trans->mem_bytes, GFP_KERNEL|__GFP_NOFAIL);
+       s = btree_trans_stats(trans);
+       if (s) {
+               unsigned expected_mem_bytes = roundup_pow_of_two(s->max_mem);
+
+               trans->mem = kmalloc(expected_mem_bytes, GFP_KERNEL);
 
                if (!unlikely(trans->mem)) {
                        trans->mem = mempool_alloc(&c->btree_trans_mem_pool, GFP_KERNEL);
                        trans->mem_bytes = BTREE_TRANS_MEM_MAX;
+               } else {
+                       trans->mem_bytes = expected_mem_bytes;
                }
+
+               trans->nr_max_paths = s->nr_max_paths;
        }
 
        trans->srcu_idx = srcu_read_lock(&c->btree_trans_barrier);
 
-       trans->pid = current->pid;
        mutex_lock(&c->btree_trans_lock);
-       list_add(&trans->list, &c->btree_trans_list);
+       list_for_each_entry(pos, &c->btree_trans_list, list) {
+               if (trans->locking_wait.task->pid < pos->locking_wait.task->pid) {
+                       list_add_tail(&trans->list, &pos->list);
+                       goto list_add_done;
+               }
+       }
+       list_add_tail(&trans->list, &c->btree_trans_list);
+list_add_done:
        mutex_unlock(&c->btree_trans_lock);
 }
 
@@ -3115,9 +2958,15 @@ void bch2_trans_exit(struct btree_trans *trans)
 {
        struct btree_insert_entry *i;
        struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
+       struct btree_transaction_stats *s = btree_trans_stats(trans);
 
        bch2_trans_unlock(trans);
 
+       closure_sync(&trans->ref);
+
+       if (s)
+               s->max_mem = max(s->max_mem, trans->mem_max);
+
        trans_for_each_update(trans, i)
                __btree_path_put(i->path, true);
        trans->nr_updates               = 0;
@@ -3132,6 +2981,8 @@ void bch2_trans_exit(struct btree_trans *trans)
 
        bch2_journal_preres_put(&c->journal, &trans->journal_preres);
 
+       kfree(trans->extra_journal_entries.data);
+
        if (trans->fs_usage_deltas) {
                if (trans->fs_usage_deltas->size + sizeof(trans->fs_usage_deltas) ==
                    REPLICAS_DELTA_LIST_MAX)
@@ -3161,86 +3012,84 @@ void bch2_trans_exit(struct btree_trans *trans)
 }
 
 static void __maybe_unused
-bch2_btree_path_node_to_text(struct printbuf *out,
-                            struct btree_bkey_cached_common *_b,
-                            bool cached)
+bch2_btree_bkey_cached_common_to_text(struct printbuf *out,
+                                     struct btree_bkey_cached_common *b)
 {
-       pr_buf(out, "    l=%u %s:",
-              _b->level, bch2_btree_ids[_b->btree_id]);
-       bch2_bpos_to_text(out, btree_node_pos(_b, cached));
-}
+       struct six_lock_count c = six_lock_counts(&b->lock);
+       struct task_struct *owner;
+       pid_t pid;
 
-static bool trans_has_locks(struct btree_trans *trans)
-{
-       struct btree_path *path;
+       rcu_read_lock();
+       owner = READ_ONCE(b->lock.owner);
+       pid = owner ? owner->pid : 0;
+       rcu_read_unlock();
 
-       trans_for_each_path(trans, path)
-               if (path->nodes_locked)
-                       return true;
-       return false;
+       prt_tab(out);
+       prt_printf(out, "%px %c l=%u %s:", b, b->cached ? 'c' : 'b',
+                  b->level, bch2_btree_ids[b->btree_id]);
+       bch2_bpos_to_text(out, btree_node_pos(b));
+
+       prt_tab(out);
+       prt_printf(out, " locks %u:%u:%u held by pid %u",
+                  c.n[0], c.n[1], c.n[2], pid);
 }
 
-void bch2_btree_trans_to_text(struct printbuf *out, struct bch_fs *c)
+void bch2_btree_trans_to_text(struct printbuf *out, struct btree_trans *trans)
 {
-       struct btree_trans *trans;
        struct btree_path *path;
-       struct btree *b;
+       struct btree_bkey_cached_common *b;
        static char lock_types[] = { 'r', 'i', 'w' };
        unsigned l;
 
-       mutex_lock(&c->btree_trans_lock);
-       list_for_each_entry(trans, &c->btree_trans_list, list) {
-               if (!trans_has_locks(trans))
-                       continue;
+       if (!out->nr_tabstops) {
+               printbuf_tabstop_push(out, 16);
+               printbuf_tabstop_push(out, 32);
+       }
 
-               pr_buf(out, "%i %s\n", trans->pid, trans->fn);
+       prt_printf(out, "%i %s\n", trans->locking_wait.task->pid, trans->fn);
 
-               trans_for_each_path(trans, path) {
-                       if (!path->nodes_locked)
-                               continue;
+       trans_for_each_path(trans, path) {
+               if (!path->nodes_locked)
+                       continue;
 
-                       pr_buf(out, "  path %u %c l=%u %s:",
-                              path->idx,
-                              path->cached ? 'c' : 'b',
-                              path->level,
-                              bch2_btree_ids[path->btree_id]);
-                       bch2_bpos_to_text(out, path->pos);
-                       pr_buf(out, "\n");
-
-                       for (l = 0; l < BTREE_MAX_DEPTH; l++) {
-                               if (btree_node_locked(path, l)) {
-                                       pr_buf(out, "    %s l=%u ",
-                                              btree_node_intent_locked(path, l) ? "i" : "r", l);
-                                       bch2_btree_path_node_to_text(out,
-                                                       (void *) path->l[l].b,
-                                                       path->cached);
-                                       pr_buf(out, "\n");
-                               }
+               prt_printf(out, "  path %u %c l=%u %s:",
+                      path->idx,
+                      path->cached ? 'c' : 'b',
+                      path->level,
+                      bch2_btree_ids[path->btree_id]);
+               bch2_bpos_to_text(out, path->pos);
+               prt_newline(out);
+
+               for (l = 0; l < BTREE_MAX_DEPTH; l++) {
+                       if (btree_node_locked(path, l) &&
+                           !IS_ERR_OR_NULL(b = (void *) READ_ONCE(path->l[l].b))) {
+                               prt_printf(out, "    %c l=%u ",
+                                          lock_types[btree_node_locked_type(path, l)], l);
+                               bch2_btree_bkey_cached_common_to_text(out, b);
+                               prt_newline(out);
                        }
                }
+       }
 
-               b = READ_ONCE(trans->locking);
-               if (b) {
-                       path = &trans->paths[trans->locking_path_idx];
-                       pr_buf(out, "  locking path %u %c l=%u %c %s:",
-                              trans->locking_path_idx,
-                              path->cached ? 'c' : 'b',
-                              trans->locking_level,
-                              lock_types[trans->locking_lock_type],
-                              bch2_btree_ids[trans->locking_btree_id]);
-                       bch2_bpos_to_text(out, trans->locking_pos);
-
-                       pr_buf(out, " node ");
-                       bch2_btree_path_node_to_text(out,
-                                       (void *) b, path->cached);
-                       pr_buf(out, "\n");
-               }
+       b = READ_ONCE(trans->locking);
+       if (b) {
+               prt_str(out, "  want");
+               prt_newline(out);
+               prt_printf(out, "    %c", lock_types[trans->locking_wait.lock_want]);
+               bch2_btree_bkey_cached_common_to_text(out, b);
+               prt_newline(out);
        }
-       mutex_unlock(&c->btree_trans_lock);
 }
 
 void bch2_fs_btree_iter_exit(struct bch_fs *c)
 {
+       struct btree_transaction_stats *s;
+
+       for (s = c->btree_transaction_stats;
+            s < c->btree_transaction_stats + ARRAY_SIZE(c->btree_transaction_stats);
+            s++)
+               kfree(s->max_paths_text);
+
        if (c->btree_trans_barrier_initialized)
                cleanup_srcu_struct(&c->btree_trans_barrier);
        mempool_exit(&c->btree_trans_mem_pool);
@@ -3249,9 +3098,12 @@ void bch2_fs_btree_iter_exit(struct bch_fs *c)
 
 int bch2_fs_btree_iter_init(struct bch_fs *c)
 {
-       unsigned nr = BTREE_ITER_MAX;
+       unsigned i, nr = BTREE_ITER_MAX;
        int ret;
 
+       for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(c->btree_transaction_stats); i++)
+               mutex_init(&c->btree_transaction_stats[i].lock);
+
        INIT_LIST_HEAD(&c->btree_trans_list);
        mutex_init(&c->btree_trans_lock);