]> git.sesse.net Git - bcachefs-tools-debian/blobdiff - libbcachefs/btree_update_interior.c
Update bcachefs sources to 070ec8d07b bcachefs: Snapshot depth, skiplist fields
[bcachefs-tools-debian] / libbcachefs / btree_update_interior.c
index cd214599a03f194fc5212801a92659bffceb6b37..3659b2c08109b71bb09e5d7fc166b6f049e92ab2 100644 (file)
 #include "btree_iter.h"
 #include "btree_locking.h"
 #include "buckets.h"
+#include "clock.h"
 #include "error.h"
 #include "extents.h"
 #include "journal.h"
 #include "journal_reclaim.h"
 #include "keylist.h"
+#include "recovery.h"
 #include "replicas.h"
 #include "super-io.h"
+#include "trace.h"
 
 #include <linux/random.h>
-#include <trace/events/bcachefs.h>
+
+static int bch2_btree_insert_node(struct btree_update *, struct btree_trans *,
+                                 struct btree_path *, struct btree *,
+                                 struct keylist *, unsigned);
+static void bch2_btree_update_add_new_node(struct btree_update *, struct btree *);
+
+static struct btree_path *get_unlocked_mut_path(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                               enum btree_id btree_id,
+                                               unsigned level,
+                                               struct bpos pos)
+{
+       struct btree_path *path;
+
+       path = bch2_path_get(trans, btree_id, pos, level + 1, level,
+                            BTREE_ITER_NOPRESERVE|
+                            BTREE_ITER_INTENT, _RET_IP_);
+       path = bch2_btree_path_make_mut(trans, path, true, _RET_IP_);
+       bch2_btree_path_downgrade(trans, path);
+       __bch2_btree_path_unlock(trans, path);
+       return path;
+}
 
 /* Debug code: */
 
@@ -35,11 +58,11 @@ static void btree_node_interior_verify(struct bch_fs *c, struct btree *b)
        struct bkey_s_c k;
        struct bkey_s_c_btree_ptr_v2 bp;
        struct bkey unpacked;
-       char buf1[100], buf2[100];
+       struct printbuf buf1 = PRINTBUF, buf2 = PRINTBUF;
 
        BUG_ON(!b->c.level);
 
-       if (!test_bit(BCH_FS_BTREE_INTERIOR_REPLAY_DONE, &c->flags))
+       if (!test_bit(JOURNAL_REPLAY_DONE, &c->journal.flags))
                return;
 
        bch2_btree_node_iter_init_from_start(&iter, b);
@@ -50,21 +73,21 @@ static void btree_node_interior_verify(struct bch_fs *c, struct btree *b)
                        break;
                bp = bkey_s_c_to_btree_ptr_v2(k);
 
-               if (bpos_cmp(next_node, bp.v->min_key)) {
+               if (!bpos_eq(next_node, bp.v->min_key)) {
                        bch2_dump_btree_node(c, b);
-                       panic("expected next min_key %s got %s\n",
-                             (bch2_bpos_to_text(&PBUF(buf1), next_node), buf1),
-                             (bch2_bpos_to_text(&PBUF(buf2), bp.v->min_key), buf2));
+                       bch2_bpos_to_text(&buf1, next_node);
+                       bch2_bpos_to_text(&buf2, bp.v->min_key);
+                       panic("expected next min_key %s got %s\n", buf1.buf, buf2.buf);
                }
 
                bch2_btree_node_iter_advance(&iter, b);
 
                if (bch2_btree_node_iter_end(&iter)) {
-                       if (bpos_cmp(k.k->p, b->key.k.p)) {
+                       if (!bpos_eq(k.k->p, b->key.k.p)) {
                                bch2_dump_btree_node(c, b);
-                               panic("expected end %s got %s\n",
-                                     (bch2_bpos_to_text(&PBUF(buf1), b->key.k.p), buf1),
-                                     (bch2_bpos_to_text(&PBUF(buf2), k.k->p), buf2));
+                               bch2_bpos_to_text(&buf1, b->key.k.p);
+                               bch2_bpos_to_text(&buf2, k.k->p);
+                               panic("expected end %s got %s\n", buf1.buf, buf2.buf);
                        }
                        break;
                }
@@ -137,8 +160,9 @@ bool bch2_btree_node_format_fits(struct bch_fs *c, struct btree *b,
 
 static void __btree_node_free(struct bch_fs *c, struct btree *b)
 {
-       trace_btree_node_free(c, b);
+       trace_and_count(c, btree_node_free, c, b);
 
+       BUG_ON(btree_node_write_blocked(b));
        BUG_ON(btree_node_dirty(b));
        BUG_ON(btree_node_need_write(b));
        BUG_ON(b == btree_node_root(c, b));
@@ -148,62 +172,85 @@ static void __btree_node_free(struct bch_fs *c, struct btree *b)
 
        clear_btree_node_noevict(b);
 
-       bch2_btree_node_hash_remove(&c->btree_cache, b);
-
        mutex_lock(&c->btree_cache.lock);
        list_move(&b->list, &c->btree_cache.freeable);
        mutex_unlock(&c->btree_cache.lock);
 }
 
-void bch2_btree_node_free_never_inserted(struct bch_fs *c, struct btree *b)
+static void bch2_btree_node_free_inmem(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                      struct btree_path *path,
+                                      struct btree *b)
 {
-       struct open_buckets ob = b->ob;
-
-       b->ob.nr = 0;
-
-       clear_btree_node_dirty(c, b);
+       struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
+       unsigned level = b->c.level;
 
-       btree_node_lock_type(c, b, SIX_LOCK_write);
+       bch2_btree_node_lock_write_nofail(trans, path, &b->c);
+       bch2_btree_node_hash_remove(&c->btree_cache, b);
        __btree_node_free(c, b);
        six_unlock_write(&b->c.lock);
+       mark_btree_node_locked_noreset(path, level, SIX_LOCK_intent);
 
-       bch2_open_buckets_put(c, &ob);
+       trans_for_each_path(trans, path)
+               if (path->l[level].b == b) {
+                       btree_node_unlock(trans, path, level);
+                       path->l[level].b = ERR_PTR(-BCH_ERR_no_btree_node_init);
+               }
 }
 
-void bch2_btree_node_free_inmem(struct bch_fs *c, struct btree *b,
-                               struct btree_iter *iter)
+static void bch2_btree_node_free_never_used(struct btree_update *as,
+                                           struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                           struct btree *b)
 {
-       struct btree_iter *linked;
+       struct bch_fs *c = as->c;
+       struct prealloc_nodes *p = &as->prealloc_nodes[b->c.lock.readers != NULL];
+       struct btree_path *path;
+       unsigned level = b->c.level;
 
-       trans_for_each_iter(iter->trans, linked)
-               BUG_ON(linked->l[b->c.level].b == b);
+       BUG_ON(!list_empty(&b->write_blocked));
+       BUG_ON(b->will_make_reachable != (1UL|(unsigned long) as));
+
+       b->will_make_reachable = 0;
+       closure_put(&as->cl);
+
+       clear_btree_node_will_make_reachable(b);
+       clear_btree_node_accessed(b);
+       clear_btree_node_dirty_acct(c, b);
+       clear_btree_node_need_write(b);
+
+       mutex_lock(&c->btree_cache.lock);
+       list_del_init(&b->list);
+       bch2_btree_node_hash_remove(&c->btree_cache, b);
+       mutex_unlock(&c->btree_cache.lock);
+
+       BUG_ON(p->nr >= ARRAY_SIZE(p->b));
+       p->b[p->nr++] = b;
 
-       six_lock_write(&b->c.lock, NULL, NULL);
-       __btree_node_free(c, b);
-       six_unlock_write(&b->c.lock);
        six_unlock_intent(&b->c.lock);
+
+       trans_for_each_path(trans, path)
+               if (path->l[level].b == b) {
+                       btree_node_unlock(trans, path, level);
+                       path->l[level].b = ERR_PTR(-BCH_ERR_no_btree_node_init);
+               }
 }
 
-static struct btree *__bch2_btree_node_alloc(struct bch_fs *c,
+static struct btree *__bch2_btree_node_alloc(struct btree_trans *trans,
                                             struct disk_reservation *res,
                                             struct closure *cl,
+                                            bool interior_node,
                                             unsigned flags)
 {
+       struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
        struct write_point *wp;
        struct btree *b;
-       __BKEY_PADDED(k, BKEY_BTREE_PTR_VAL_U64s_MAX) tmp;
+       BKEY_PADDED_ONSTACK(k, BKEY_BTREE_PTR_VAL_U64s_MAX) tmp;
        struct open_buckets ob = { .nr = 0 };
        struct bch_devs_list devs_have = (struct bch_devs_list) { 0 };
-       unsigned nr_reserve;
-       enum alloc_reserve alloc_reserve;
-
-       if (flags & BTREE_INSERT_USE_RESERVE) {
-               nr_reserve      = 0;
-               alloc_reserve   = RESERVE_BTREE_MOVINGGC;
-       } else {
-               nr_reserve      = BTREE_NODE_RESERVE;
-               alloc_reserve   = RESERVE_BTREE;
-       }
+       enum bch_watermark watermark = flags & BCH_WATERMARK_MASK;
+       unsigned nr_reserve = watermark > BCH_WATERMARK_reclaim
+               ? BTREE_NODE_RESERVE
+               : 0;
+       int ret;
 
        mutex_lock(&c->btree_reserve_cache_lock);
        if (c->btree_reserve_cache_nr > nr_reserve) {
@@ -218,7 +265,7 @@ static struct btree *__bch2_btree_node_alloc(struct bch_fs *c,
        mutex_unlock(&c->btree_reserve_cache_lock);
 
 retry:
-       wp = bch2_alloc_sectors_start(c,
+       ret = bch2_alloc_sectors_start_trans(trans,
                                      c->opts.metadata_target ?:
                                      c->opts.foreground_target,
                                      0,
@@ -226,33 +273,31 @@ retry:
                                      &devs_have,
                                      res->nr_replicas,
                                      c->opts.metadata_replicas_required,
-                                     alloc_reserve, 0, cl);
-       if (IS_ERR(wp))
-               return ERR_CAST(wp);
+                                     watermark, 0, cl, &wp);
+       if (unlikely(ret))
+               return ERR_PTR(ret);
 
-       if (wp->sectors_free < c->opts.btree_node_size) {
+       if (wp->sectors_free < btree_sectors(c)) {
                struct open_bucket *ob;
                unsigned i;
 
                open_bucket_for_each(c, &wp->ptrs, ob, i)
-                       if (ob->sectors_free < c->opts.btree_node_size)
+                       if (ob->sectors_free < btree_sectors(c))
                                ob->sectors_free = 0;
 
                bch2_alloc_sectors_done(c, wp);
                goto retry;
        }
 
-       if (c->sb.features & (1ULL << BCH_FEATURE_btree_ptr_v2))
-               bkey_btree_ptr_v2_init(&tmp.k);
-       else
-               bkey_btree_ptr_init(&tmp.k);
-
-       bch2_alloc_sectors_append_ptrs(c, wp, &tmp.k, c->opts.btree_node_size);
+       bkey_btree_ptr_v2_init(&tmp.k);
+       bch2_alloc_sectors_append_ptrs(c, wp, &tmp.k, btree_sectors(c), false);
 
        bch2_open_bucket_get(c, wp, &ob);
        bch2_alloc_sectors_done(c, wp);
 mem_alloc:
-       b = bch2_btree_node_mem_alloc(c);
+       b = bch2_btree_node_mem_alloc(trans, interior_node);
+       six_unlock_write(&b->c.lock);
+       six_unlock_intent(&b->c.lock);
 
        /* we hold cannibalize_lock: */
        BUG_ON(IS_ERR(b));
@@ -264,19 +309,25 @@ mem_alloc:
        return b;
 }
 
-static struct btree *bch2_btree_node_alloc(struct btree_update *as, unsigned level)
+static struct btree *bch2_btree_node_alloc(struct btree_update *as,
+                                          struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                          unsigned level)
 {
        struct bch_fs *c = as->c;
        struct btree *b;
+       struct prealloc_nodes *p = &as->prealloc_nodes[!!level];
        int ret;
 
        BUG_ON(level >= BTREE_MAX_DEPTH);
-       BUG_ON(!as->nr_prealloc_nodes);
+       BUG_ON(!p->nr);
+
+       b = p->b[--p->nr];
 
-       b = as->prealloc_nodes[--as->nr_prealloc_nodes];
+       btree_node_lock_nopath_nofail(trans, &b->c, SIX_LOCK_intent);
+       btree_node_lock_nopath_nofail(trans, &b->c, SIX_LOCK_write);
 
        set_btree_node_accessed(b);
-       set_btree_node_dirty(c, b);
+       set_btree_node_dirty_acct(c, b);
        set_btree_node_need_write(b);
 
        bch2_bset_init_first(b, &b->data->keys);
@@ -306,7 +357,8 @@ static struct btree *bch2_btree_node_alloc(struct btree_update *as, unsigned lev
        ret = bch2_btree_node_hash_insert(&c->btree_cache, b, level, as->btree_id);
        BUG_ON(ret);
 
-       trace_btree_node_alloc(c, b);
+       trace_and_count(c, btree_node_alloc, c, b);
+       bch2_increment_clock(c, btree_sectors(c), WRITE);
        return b;
 }
 
@@ -323,13 +375,19 @@ static void btree_set_max(struct btree *b, struct bpos pos)
        b->data->max_key = pos;
 }
 
-struct btree *__bch2_btree_node_alloc_replacement(struct btree_update *as,
-                                                 struct btree *b,
-                                                 struct bkey_format format)
+static struct btree *bch2_btree_node_alloc_replacement(struct btree_update *as,
+                                                      struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                                      struct btree *b)
 {
-       struct btree *n;
+       struct btree *n = bch2_btree_node_alloc(as, trans, b->c.level);
+       struct bkey_format format = bch2_btree_calc_format(b);
 
-       n = bch2_btree_node_alloc(as, b->c.level);
+       /*
+        * The keys might expand with the new format - if they wouldn't fit in
+        * the btree node anymore, use the old format for now:
+        */
+       if (!bch2_btree_node_format_fits(as->c, b, &format))
+               format = b->format;
 
        SET_BTREE_NODE_SEQ(n->data, BTREE_NODE_SEQ(b->data) + 1);
 
@@ -342,116 +400,107 @@ struct btree *__bch2_btree_node_alloc_replacement(struct btree_update *as,
        bch2_btree_sort_into(as->c, n, b);
 
        btree_node_reset_sib_u64s(n);
-
-       n->key.k.p = b->key.k.p;
        return n;
 }
 
-static struct btree *bch2_btree_node_alloc_replacement(struct btree_update *as,
-                                                      struct btree *b)
+static struct btree *__btree_root_alloc(struct btree_update *as,
+                               struct btree_trans *trans, unsigned level)
 {
-       struct bkey_format new_f = bch2_btree_calc_format(b);
-
-       /*
-        * The keys might expand with the new format - if they wouldn't fit in
-        * the btree node anymore, use the old format for now:
-        */
-       if (!bch2_btree_node_format_fits(as->c, b, &new_f))
-               new_f = b->format;
-
-       return __bch2_btree_node_alloc_replacement(as, b, new_f);
-}
-
-static struct btree *__btree_root_alloc(struct btree_update *as, unsigned level)
-{
-       struct btree *b = bch2_btree_node_alloc(as, level);
+       struct btree *b = bch2_btree_node_alloc(as, trans, level);
 
        btree_set_min(b, POS_MIN);
-       btree_set_max(b, POS_MAX);
+       btree_set_max(b, SPOS_MAX);
        b->data->format = bch2_btree_calc_format(b);
 
        btree_node_set_format(b, b->data->format);
        bch2_btree_build_aux_trees(b);
 
-       bch2_btree_update_add_new_node(as, b);
-       six_unlock_write(&b->c.lock);
-
        return b;
 }
 
-static void bch2_btree_reserve_put(struct btree_update *as)
+static void bch2_btree_reserve_put(struct btree_update *as, struct btree_trans *trans)
 {
        struct bch_fs *c = as->c;
+       struct prealloc_nodes *p;
 
-       mutex_lock(&c->btree_reserve_cache_lock);
-
-       while (as->nr_prealloc_nodes) {
-               struct btree *b = as->prealloc_nodes[--as->nr_prealloc_nodes];
+       for (p = as->prealloc_nodes;
+            p < as->prealloc_nodes + ARRAY_SIZE(as->prealloc_nodes);
+            p++) {
+               while (p->nr) {
+                       struct btree *b = p->b[--p->nr];
 
-               six_unlock_write(&b->c.lock);
+                       mutex_lock(&c->btree_reserve_cache_lock);
 
-               if (c->btree_reserve_cache_nr <
-                   ARRAY_SIZE(c->btree_reserve_cache)) {
-                       struct btree_alloc *a =
-                               &c->btree_reserve_cache[c->btree_reserve_cache_nr++];
+                       if (c->btree_reserve_cache_nr <
+                           ARRAY_SIZE(c->btree_reserve_cache)) {
+                               struct btree_alloc *a =
+                                       &c->btree_reserve_cache[c->btree_reserve_cache_nr++];
 
-                       a->ob = b->ob;
-                       b->ob.nr = 0;
-                       bkey_copy(&a->k, &b->key);
-               } else {
-                       bch2_open_buckets_put(c, &b->ob);
-               }
+                               a->ob = b->ob;
+                               b->ob.nr = 0;
+                               bkey_copy(&a->k, &b->key);
+                       } else {
+                               bch2_open_buckets_put(c, &b->ob);
+                       }
 
-               btree_node_lock_type(c, b, SIX_LOCK_write);
-               __btree_node_free(c, b);
-               six_unlock_write(&b->c.lock);
+                       mutex_unlock(&c->btree_reserve_cache_lock);
 
-               six_unlock_intent(&b->c.lock);
+                       btree_node_lock_nopath_nofail(trans, &b->c, SIX_LOCK_intent);
+                       btree_node_lock_nopath_nofail(trans, &b->c, SIX_LOCK_write);
+                       __btree_node_free(c, b);
+                       six_unlock_write(&b->c.lock);
+                       six_unlock_intent(&b->c.lock);
+               }
        }
-
-       mutex_unlock(&c->btree_reserve_cache_lock);
 }
 
-static int bch2_btree_reserve_get(struct btree_update *as, unsigned nr_nodes,
-                                 unsigned flags, struct closure *cl)
+static int bch2_btree_reserve_get(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                 struct btree_update *as,
+                                 unsigned nr_nodes[2],
+                                 unsigned flags,
+                                 struct closure *cl)
 {
        struct bch_fs *c = as->c;
        struct btree *b;
-       int ret;
+       unsigned interior;
+       int ret = 0;
 
-       BUG_ON(nr_nodes > BTREE_RESERVE_MAX);
+       BUG_ON(nr_nodes[0] + nr_nodes[1] > BTREE_RESERVE_MAX);
 
        /*
         * Protects reaping from the btree node cache and using the btree node
         * open bucket reserve:
+        *
+        * BTREE_INSERT_NOWAIT only applies to btree node allocation, not
+        * blocking on this lock:
         */
        ret = bch2_btree_cache_cannibalize_lock(c, cl);
        if (ret)
                return ret;
 
-       while (as->nr_prealloc_nodes < nr_nodes) {
-               b = __bch2_btree_node_alloc(c, &as->disk_res,
-                                           flags & BTREE_INSERT_NOWAIT
-                                           ? NULL : cl, flags);
-               if (IS_ERR(b)) {
-                       ret = PTR_ERR(b);
-                       goto err_free;
-               }
+       for (interior = 0; interior < 2; interior++) {
+               struct prealloc_nodes *p = as->prealloc_nodes + interior;
 
-               as->prealloc_nodes[as->nr_prealloc_nodes++] = b;
-       }
+               while (p->nr < nr_nodes[interior]) {
+                       b = __bch2_btree_node_alloc(trans, &as->disk_res,
+                                       flags & BTREE_INSERT_NOWAIT ? NULL : cl,
+                                       interior, flags);
+                       if (IS_ERR(b)) {
+                               ret = PTR_ERR(b);
+                               goto err;
+                       }
 
+                       p->b[p->nr++] = b;
+               }
+       }
+err:
        bch2_btree_cache_cannibalize_unlock(c);
-       return 0;
-err_free:
-       bch2_btree_cache_cannibalize_unlock(c);
-       trace_btree_reserve_get_fail(c, nr_nodes, cl);
        return ret;
 }
 
 /* Asynchronous interior node update machinery */
 
-static void bch2_btree_update_free(struct btree_update *as)
+static void bch2_btree_update_free(struct btree_update *as, struct btree_trans *trans)
 {
        struct bch_fs *c = as->c;
 
@@ -464,33 +513,39 @@ static void bch2_btree_update_free(struct btree_update *as)
        bch2_journal_pin_drop(&c->journal, &as->journal);
        bch2_journal_pin_flush(&c->journal, &as->journal);
        bch2_disk_reservation_put(c, &as->disk_res);
-       bch2_btree_reserve_put(as);
+       bch2_btree_reserve_put(as, trans);
+
+       bch2_time_stats_update(&c->times[BCH_TIME_btree_interior_update_total],
+                              as->start_time);
 
        mutex_lock(&c->btree_interior_update_lock);
        list_del(&as->unwritten_list);
        list_del(&as->list);
-       mutex_unlock(&c->btree_interior_update_lock);
 
        closure_debug_destroy(&as->cl);
        mempool_free(as, &c->btree_interior_update_pool);
 
+       /*
+        * Have to do the wakeup with btree_interior_update_lock still held,
+        * since being on btree_interior_update_list is our ref on @c:
+        */
        closure_wake_up(&c->btree_interior_update_wait);
+
+       mutex_unlock(&c->btree_interior_update_lock);
 }
 
-static void btree_update_will_delete_key(struct btree_update *as,
-                                        struct bkey_i *k)
+static void btree_update_add_key(struct btree_update *as,
+                                struct keylist *keys, struct btree *b)
 {
-       BUG_ON(bch2_keylist_u64s(&as->old_keys) + k->k.u64s >
+       struct bkey_i *k = &b->key;
+
+       BUG_ON(bch2_keylist_u64s(keys) + k->k.u64s >
               ARRAY_SIZE(as->_old_keys));
-       bch2_keylist_add(&as->old_keys, k);
-}
 
-static void btree_update_will_add_key(struct btree_update *as,
-                                     struct bkey_i *k)
-{
-       BUG_ON(bch2_keylist_u64s(&as->new_keys) + k->k.u64s >
-              ARRAY_SIZE(as->_new_keys));
-       bch2_keylist_add(&as->new_keys, k);
+       bkey_copy(keys->top, k);
+       bkey_i_to_btree_ptr_v2(keys->top)->v.mem_ptr = b->c.level + 1;
+
+       bch2_keylist_push(keys);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -503,24 +558,29 @@ static int btree_update_nodes_written_trans(struct btree_trans *trans,
        struct bkey_i *k;
        int ret;
 
-       trans->extra_journal_entries = (void *) &as->journal_entries[0];
-       trans->extra_journal_entry_u64s = as->journal_u64s;
+       ret = darray_make_room(&trans->extra_journal_entries, as->journal_u64s);
+       if (ret)
+               return ret;
+
+       memcpy(&darray_top(trans->extra_journal_entries),
+              as->journal_entries,
+              as->journal_u64s * sizeof(u64));
+       trans->extra_journal_entries.nr += as->journal_u64s;
+
        trans->journal_pin = &as->journal;
 
-       for_each_keylist_key(&as->new_keys, k) {
-               ret = bch2_trans_mark_key(trans,
-                                         bkey_s_c_null,
-                                         bkey_i_to_s_c(k),
-                                         BTREE_TRIGGER_INSERT);
+       for_each_keylist_key(&as->old_keys, k) {
+               unsigned level = bkey_i_to_btree_ptr_v2(k)->v.mem_ptr;
+
+               ret = bch2_trans_mark_old(trans, as->btree_id, level, bkey_i_to_s_c(k), 0);
                if (ret)
                        return ret;
        }
 
-       for_each_keylist_key(&as->old_keys, k) {
-               ret = bch2_trans_mark_key(trans,
-                                         bkey_i_to_s_c(k),
-                                         bkey_s_c_null,
-                                         BTREE_TRIGGER_OVERWRITE);
+       for_each_keylist_key(&as->new_keys, k) {
+               unsigned level = bkey_i_to_btree_ptr_v2(k)->v.mem_ptr;
+
+               ret = bch2_trans_mark_new(trans, as->btree_id, level, k, 0);
                if (ret)
                        return ret;
        }
@@ -531,12 +591,13 @@ static int btree_update_nodes_written_trans(struct btree_trans *trans,
 static void btree_update_nodes_written(struct btree_update *as)
 {
        struct bch_fs *c = as->c;
-       struct btree *b = as->b;
+       struct btree *b;
        struct btree_trans trans;
        u64 journal_seq = 0;
        unsigned i;
        int ret;
 
+       bch2_trans_init(&trans, c, 0, 512);
        /*
         * If we're already in an error state, it might be because a btree node
         * was never written, and we might be trying to free that same btree
@@ -548,22 +609,22 @@ static void btree_update_nodes_written(struct btree_update *as)
        if (ret)
                goto err;
 
-       BUG_ON(!journal_pin_active(&as->journal));
-
        /*
         * Wait for any in flight writes to finish before we free the old nodes
         * on disk:
         */
        for (i = 0; i < as->nr_old_nodes; i++) {
-               struct btree *old = as->old_nodes[i];
                __le64 seq;
 
-               six_lock_read(&old->c.lock, NULL, NULL);
-               seq = old->data ? old->data->keys.seq : 0;
-               six_unlock_read(&old->c.lock);
+               b = as->old_nodes[i];
+
+               btree_node_lock_nopath_nofail(&trans, &b->c, SIX_LOCK_read);
+               seq = b->data ? b->data->keys.seq : 0;
+               six_unlock_read(&b->c.lock);
 
                if (seq == as->old_nodes_seq[i])
-                       btree_node_wait_on_io(old);
+                       wait_on_bit_io(&b->flags, BTREE_NODE_write_in_flight_inner,
+                                      TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE);
        }
 
        /*
@@ -579,19 +640,22 @@ static void btree_update_nodes_written(struct btree_update *as)
         * journal reclaim does btree updates when flushing bkey_cached entries,
         * which may require allocations as well.
         */
-       bch2_trans_init(&trans, c, 0, 512);
-       ret = __bch2_trans_do(&trans, &as->disk_res, &journal_seq,
-                             BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL|
-                             BTREE_INSERT_NOCHECK_RW|
-                             BTREE_INSERT_JOURNAL_RECLAIM|
-                             BTREE_INSERT_JOURNAL_RESERVED,
-                             btree_update_nodes_written_trans(&trans, as));
-       bch2_trans_exit(&trans);
+       ret = commit_do(&trans, &as->disk_res, &journal_seq,
+                       BCH_WATERMARK_reclaim|
+                       BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL|
+                       BTREE_INSERT_NOCHECK_RW|
+                       BTREE_INSERT_JOURNAL_RECLAIM,
+                       btree_update_nodes_written_trans(&trans, as));
+       bch2_trans_unlock(&trans);
 
        bch2_fs_fatal_err_on(ret && !bch2_journal_error(&c->journal), c,
-                            "error %i in btree_update_nodes_written()", ret);
+                            "%s(): error %s", __func__, bch2_err_str(ret));
 err:
-       if (b) {
+       if (as->b) {
+               struct btree_path *path;
+
+               b = as->b;
+               path = get_unlocked_mut_path(&trans, as->btree_id, b->c.level, b->key.k.p);
                /*
                 * @b is the node we did the final insert into:
                 *
@@ -604,11 +668,29 @@ err:
                 * we're in journal error state:
                 */
 
-               btree_node_lock_type(c, b, SIX_LOCK_intent);
-               btree_node_lock_type(c, b, SIX_LOCK_write);
+               /*
+                * Ensure transaction is unlocked before using
+                * btree_node_lock_nopath() (the use of which is always suspect,
+                * we need to work on removing this in the future)
+                *
+                * It should be, but get_unlocked_mut_path() -> bch2_path_get()
+                * calls bch2_path_upgrade(), before we call path_make_mut(), so
+                * we may rarely end up with a locked path besides the one we
+                * have here:
+                */
+               bch2_trans_unlock(&trans);
+               btree_node_lock_nopath_nofail(&trans, &b->c, SIX_LOCK_intent);
+               mark_btree_node_locked(&trans, path, b->c.level, SIX_LOCK_intent);
+               path->l[b->c.level].lock_seq = six_lock_seq(&b->c.lock);
+               path->l[b->c.level].b = b;
+
+               bch2_btree_node_lock_write_nofail(&trans, path, &b->c);
+
                mutex_lock(&c->btree_interior_update_lock);
 
                list_del(&as->write_blocked_list);
+               if (list_empty(&b->write_blocked))
+                       clear_btree_node_write_blocked(b);
 
                /*
                 * Node might have been freed, recheck under
@@ -622,8 +704,8 @@ err:
 
                        if (!ret) {
                                i->journal_seq = cpu_to_le64(
-                                       max(journal_seq,
-                                           le64_to_cpu(i->journal_seq)));
+                                                            max(journal_seq,
+                                                                le64_to_cpu(i->journal_seq)));
 
                                bch2_btree_add_journal_pin(c, b, journal_seq);
                        } else {
@@ -637,10 +719,13 @@ err:
                }
 
                mutex_unlock(&c->btree_interior_update_lock);
+
+               mark_btree_node_locked_noreset(path, b->c.level, SIX_LOCK_intent);
                six_unlock_write(&b->c.lock);
 
                btree_node_write_if_need(c, b, SIX_LOCK_intent);
-               six_unlock_intent(&b->c.lock);
+               btree_node_unlock(&trans, path, b->c.level);
+               bch2_path_put(&trans, path, true);
        }
 
        bch2_journal_pin_drop(&c->journal, &as->journal);
@@ -653,13 +738,14 @@ err:
 
                BUG_ON(b->will_make_reachable != (unsigned long) as);
                b->will_make_reachable = 0;
+               clear_btree_node_will_make_reachable(b);
        }
        mutex_unlock(&c->btree_interior_update_lock);
 
        for (i = 0; i < as->nr_new_nodes; i++) {
                b = as->new_nodes[i];
 
-               btree_node_lock_type(c, b, SIX_LOCK_read);
+               btree_node_lock_nopath_nofail(&trans, &b->c, SIX_LOCK_read);
                btree_node_write_if_need(c, b, SIX_LOCK_read);
                six_unlock_read(&b->c.lock);
        }
@@ -667,7 +753,8 @@ err:
        for (i = 0; i < as->nr_open_buckets; i++)
                bch2_open_bucket_put(c, c->open_buckets + as->open_buckets[i]);
 
-       bch2_btree_update_free(as);
+       bch2_btree_update_free(as, &trans);
+       bch2_trans_exit(&trans);
 }
 
 static void btree_interior_update_work(struct work_struct *work)
@@ -716,9 +803,12 @@ static void btree_update_updated_node(struct btree_update *as, struct btree *b)
 
        BUG_ON(as->mode != BTREE_INTERIOR_NO_UPDATE);
        BUG_ON(!btree_node_dirty(b));
+       BUG_ON(!b->c.level);
 
        as->mode        = BTREE_INTERIOR_UPDATING_NODE;
        as->b           = b;
+
+       set_btree_node_write_blocked(b);
        list_add(&as->write_blocked_list, &b->write_blocked);
 
        mutex_unlock(&c->btree_interior_update_lock);
@@ -772,7 +862,7 @@ static void btree_update_updated_root(struct btree_update *as, struct btree *b)
  * And it adds @b to the list of @as's new nodes, so that we can update sector
  * counts in bch2_btree_update_nodes_written:
  */
-void bch2_btree_update_add_new_node(struct btree_update *as, struct btree *b)
+static void bch2_btree_update_add_new_node(struct btree_update *as, struct btree *b)
 {
        struct bch_fs *c = as->c;
 
@@ -784,10 +874,19 @@ void bch2_btree_update_add_new_node(struct btree_update *as, struct btree *b)
 
        as->new_nodes[as->nr_new_nodes++] = b;
        b->will_make_reachable = 1UL|(unsigned long) as;
+       set_btree_node_will_make_reachable(b);
 
        mutex_unlock(&c->btree_interior_update_lock);
 
-       btree_update_will_add_key(as, &b->key);
+       btree_update_add_key(as, &as->new_keys, b);
+
+       if (b->key.k.type == KEY_TYPE_btree_ptr_v2) {
+               unsigned bytes = vstruct_end(&b->data->keys) - (void *) b->data;
+               unsigned sectors = round_up(bytes, block_bytes(c)) >> 9;
+
+               bkey_i_to_btree_ptr_v2(&b->key)->v.sectors_written =
+                       cpu_to_le16(sectors);
+       }
 }
 
 /*
@@ -806,6 +905,7 @@ static void btree_update_drop_new_node(struct bch_fs *c, struct btree *b)
         * xchg() is for synchronization with bch2_btree_complete_write:
         */
        v = xchg(&b->will_make_reachable, 0);
+       clear_btree_node_will_make_reachable(b);
        as = (struct btree_update *) (v & ~1UL);
 
        if (!as) {
@@ -826,7 +926,7 @@ found:
                closure_put(&as->cl);
 }
 
-void bch2_btree_update_get_open_buckets(struct btree_update *as, struct btree *b)
+static void bch2_btree_update_get_open_buckets(struct btree_update *as, struct btree *b)
 {
        while (b->ob.nr)
                as->open_buckets[as->nr_open_buckets++] =
@@ -838,8 +938,8 @@ void bch2_btree_update_get_open_buckets(struct btree_update *as, struct btree *b
  * nodes and thus outstanding btree_updates - redirect @b's
  * btree_updates to point to this btree_update:
  */
-void bch2_btree_interior_update_will_free_node(struct btree_update *as,
-                                              struct btree *b)
+static void bch2_btree_interior_update_will_free_node(struct btree_update *as,
+                                                     struct btree *b)
 {
        struct bch_fs *c = as->c;
        struct btree_update *p, *n;
@@ -871,8 +971,9 @@ void bch2_btree_interior_update_will_free_node(struct btree_update *as,
                closure_wake_up(&c->btree_interior_update_wait);
        }
 
-       clear_btree_node_dirty(c, b);
+       clear_btree_node_dirty_acct(c, b);
        clear_btree_node_need_write(b);
+       clear_btree_node_write_blocked(b);
 
        /*
         * Does this node have unwritten data that has a pin on the journal?
@@ -903,87 +1004,104 @@ void bch2_btree_interior_update_will_free_node(struct btree_update *as,
         */
        btree_update_drop_new_node(c, b);
 
-       btree_update_will_delete_key(as, &b->key);
+       btree_update_add_key(as, &as->old_keys, b);
 
        as->old_nodes[as->nr_old_nodes] = b;
        as->old_nodes_seq[as->nr_old_nodes] = b->data->keys.seq;
        as->nr_old_nodes++;
 }
 
-void bch2_btree_update_done(struct btree_update *as)
+static void bch2_btree_update_done(struct btree_update *as, struct btree_trans *trans)
 {
+       struct bch_fs *c = as->c;
+       u64 start_time = as->start_time;
+
        BUG_ON(as->mode == BTREE_INTERIOR_NO_UPDATE);
 
        if (as->took_gc_lock)
                up_read(&as->c->gc_lock);
        as->took_gc_lock = false;
 
-       bch2_btree_reserve_put(as);
+       bch2_btree_reserve_put(as, trans);
 
        continue_at(&as->cl, btree_update_set_nodes_written,
                    as->c->btree_interior_update_worker);
+
+       bch2_time_stats_update(&c->times[BCH_TIME_btree_interior_update_foreground],
+                              start_time);
 }
 
-struct btree_update *
-bch2_btree_update_start(struct btree_iter *iter, unsigned level,
-                       unsigned nr_nodes, unsigned flags)
+static struct btree_update *
+bch2_btree_update_start(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_path *path,
+                       unsigned level, bool split, unsigned flags)
 {
-       struct btree_trans *trans = iter->trans;
        struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
        struct btree_update *as;
-       struct closure cl;
+       u64 start_time = local_clock();
        int disk_res_flags = (flags & BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL)
                ? BCH_DISK_RESERVATION_NOFAIL : 0;
-       int journal_flags = 0;
+       unsigned nr_nodes[2] = { 0, 0 };
+       unsigned update_level = level;
+       enum bch_watermark watermark = flags & BCH_WATERMARK_MASK;
+       unsigned journal_flags = 0;
        int ret = 0;
+       u32 restart_count = trans->restart_count;
 
-       BUG_ON(!iter->should_be_locked);
+       BUG_ON(!path->should_be_locked);
 
-       if (flags & BTREE_INSERT_JOURNAL_RESERVED)
-               journal_flags |= JOURNAL_RES_GET_RESERVED;
+       if (watermark == BCH_WATERMARK_copygc)
+               watermark = BCH_WATERMARK_btree_copygc;
+       if (watermark < BCH_WATERMARK_btree)
+               watermark = BCH_WATERMARK_btree;
 
-       closure_init_stack(&cl);
-retry:
-       /*
-        * This check isn't necessary for correctness - it's just to potentially
-        * prevent us from doing a lot of work that'll end up being wasted:
-        */
-       ret = bch2_journal_error(&c->journal);
-       if (ret)
-               return ERR_PTR(ret);
+       flags &= ~BCH_WATERMARK_MASK;
+       flags |= watermark;
 
-       /*
-        * XXX: figure out how far we might need to split,
-        * instead of locking/reserving all the way to the root:
-        */
-       if (!bch2_btree_iter_upgrade(iter, U8_MAX)) {
-               trace_trans_restart_iter_upgrade(trans->ip, _RET_IP_,
-                                                iter->btree_id,
-                                                &iter->real_pos);
-               return ERR_PTR(-EINTR);
+       if (flags & BTREE_INSERT_JOURNAL_RECLAIM)
+               journal_flags |= JOURNAL_RES_GET_NONBLOCK;
+       journal_flags |= watermark;
+
+       while (1) {
+               nr_nodes[!!update_level] += 1 + split;
+               update_level++;
+
+               ret = bch2_btree_path_upgrade(trans, path, update_level + 1);
+               if (ret)
+                       return ERR_PTR(ret);
+
+               if (!btree_path_node(path, update_level)) {
+                       /* Allocating new root? */
+                       nr_nodes[1] += split;
+                       update_level = BTREE_MAX_DEPTH;
+                       break;
+               }
+
+               if (bch2_btree_node_insert_fits(c, path->l[update_level].b,
+                                       BKEY_BTREE_PTR_U64s_MAX * (1 + split)))
+                       break;
+
+               split = path->l[update_level].b->nr.live_u64s > BTREE_SPLIT_THRESHOLD(c);
        }
 
        if (flags & BTREE_INSERT_GC_LOCK_HELD)
                lockdep_assert_held(&c->gc_lock);
        else if (!down_read_trylock(&c->gc_lock)) {
-               if (flags & BTREE_INSERT_NOUNLOCK)
-                       return ERR_PTR(-EINTR);
-
-               bch2_trans_unlock(trans);
-               down_read(&c->gc_lock);
-               if (!bch2_trans_relock(trans)) {
+               ret = drop_locks_do(trans, (down_read(&c->gc_lock), 0));
+               if (ret) {
                        up_read(&c->gc_lock);
-                       return ERR_PTR(-EINTR);
+                       return ERR_PTR(ret);
                }
        }
 
-       as = mempool_alloc(&c->btree_interior_update_pool, GFP_NOIO);
+       as = mempool_alloc(&c->btree_interior_update_pool, GFP_NOFS);
        memset(as, 0, sizeof(*as));
        closure_init(&as->cl, NULL);
        as->c           = c;
+       as->start_time  = start_time;
        as->mode        = BTREE_INTERIOR_NO_UPDATE;
        as->took_gc_lock = !(flags & BTREE_INSERT_GC_LOCK_HELD);
-       as->btree_id    = iter->btree_id;
+       as->btree_id    = path->btree_id;
+       as->update_level = update_level;
        INIT_LIST_HEAD(&as->list);
        INIT_LIST_HEAD(&as->unwritten_list);
        INIT_LIST_HEAD(&as->write_blocked_list);
@@ -991,76 +1109,90 @@ retry:
        bch2_keylist_init(&as->new_keys, as->_new_keys);
        bch2_keylist_init(&as->parent_keys, as->inline_keys);
 
+       mutex_lock(&c->btree_interior_update_lock);
+       list_add_tail(&as->list, &c->btree_interior_update_list);
+       mutex_unlock(&c->btree_interior_update_lock);
+
+       /*
+        * We don't want to allocate if we're in an error state, that can cause
+        * deadlock on emergency shutdown due to open buckets getting stuck in
+        * the btree_reserve_cache after allocator shutdown has cleared it out.
+        * This check needs to come after adding us to the btree_interior_update
+        * list but before calling bch2_btree_reserve_get, to synchronize with
+        * __bch2_fs_read_only().
+        */
+       ret = bch2_journal_error(&c->journal);
+       if (ret)
+               goto err;
+
        ret = bch2_journal_preres_get(&c->journal, &as->journal_preres,
                                      BTREE_UPDATE_JOURNAL_RES,
                                      journal_flags|JOURNAL_RES_GET_NONBLOCK);
-       if (ret == -EAGAIN) {
-               /*
-                * this would be cleaner if bch2_journal_preres_get() took a
-                * closure argument
-                */
-               if (flags & BTREE_INSERT_NOUNLOCK) {
-                       trace_trans_restart_journal_preres_get(trans->ip, _RET_IP_);
-                       ret = -EINTR;
-                       goto err;
-               }
-
-               bch2_trans_unlock(trans);
-
+       if (ret) {
                if (flags & BTREE_INSERT_JOURNAL_RECLAIM) {
-                       bch2_btree_update_free(as);
-                       return ERR_PTR(ret);
-               }
-
-               ret = bch2_journal_preres_get(&c->journal, &as->journal_preres,
-                               BTREE_UPDATE_JOURNAL_RES,
-                               journal_flags);
-               if (ret) {
-                       trace_trans_restart_journal_preres_get(trans->ip, _RET_IP_);
+                       ret = -BCH_ERR_journal_reclaim_would_deadlock;
                        goto err;
                }
 
-               if (!bch2_trans_relock(trans)) {
-                       ret = -EINTR;
-                       goto err;
+               ret = drop_locks_do(trans,
+                       bch2_journal_preres_get(&c->journal, &as->journal_preres,
+                                             BTREE_UPDATE_JOURNAL_RES,
+                                             journal_flags));
+               if (ret == -BCH_ERR_journal_preres_get_blocked) {
+                       trace_and_count(c, trans_restart_journal_preres_get, trans, _RET_IP_, journal_flags);
+                       ret = btree_trans_restart(trans, BCH_ERR_transaction_restart_journal_preres_get);
                }
+               if (ret)
+                       goto err;
        }
 
        ret = bch2_disk_reservation_get(c, &as->disk_res,
-                       nr_nodes * c->opts.btree_node_size,
+                       (nr_nodes[0] + nr_nodes[1]) * btree_sectors(c),
                        c->opts.metadata_replicas,
                        disk_res_flags);
        if (ret)
                goto err;
 
-       ret = bch2_btree_reserve_get(as, nr_nodes, flags,
-               !(flags & BTREE_INSERT_NOUNLOCK) ? &cl : NULL);
-       if (ret)
-               goto err;
+       ret = bch2_btree_reserve_get(trans, as, nr_nodes, flags, NULL);
+       if (bch2_err_matches(ret, ENOSPC) ||
+           bch2_err_matches(ret, ENOMEM)) {
+               struct closure cl;
 
-       bch2_journal_pin_add(&c->journal,
-                            atomic64_read(&c->journal.seq),
-                            &as->journal, NULL);
+               /*
+                * XXX: this should probably be a separate BTREE_INSERT_NONBLOCK
+                * flag
+                */
+               if (bch2_err_matches(ret, ENOSPC) &&
+                   (flags & BTREE_INSERT_JOURNAL_RECLAIM) &&
+                   watermark != BCH_WATERMARK_reclaim) {
+                       ret = -BCH_ERR_journal_reclaim_would_deadlock;
+                       goto err;
+               }
 
-       mutex_lock(&c->btree_interior_update_lock);
-       list_add_tail(&as->list, &c->btree_interior_update_list);
-       mutex_unlock(&c->btree_interior_update_lock);
+               closure_init_stack(&cl);
 
-       return as;
-err:
-       bch2_btree_update_free(as);
+               do {
+                       ret = bch2_btree_reserve_get(trans, as, nr_nodes, flags, &cl);
 
-       if (ret == -EAGAIN) {
-               BUG_ON(flags & BTREE_INSERT_NOUNLOCK);
+                       bch2_trans_unlock(trans);
+                       closure_sync(&cl);
+               } while (bch2_err_matches(ret, BCH_ERR_operation_blocked));
+       }
 
-               bch2_trans_unlock(trans);
-               closure_sync(&cl);
-               ret = -EINTR;
+       if (ret) {
+               trace_and_count(c, btree_reserve_get_fail, trans->fn,
+                               _RET_IP_, nr_nodes[0] + nr_nodes[1], ret);
+               goto err;
        }
 
-       if (ret == -EINTR && bch2_trans_relock(trans))
-               goto retry;
+       ret = bch2_trans_relock(trans);
+       if (ret)
+               goto err;
 
+       bch2_trans_verify_not_restarted(trans, restart_count);
+       return as;
+err:
+       bch2_btree_update_free(as, trans);
        return ERR_PTR(ret);
 }
 
@@ -1073,17 +1205,12 @@ static void bch2_btree_set_root_inmem(struct bch_fs *c, struct btree *b)
        list_del_init(&b->list);
        mutex_unlock(&c->btree_cache.lock);
 
-       if (b->c.level)
-               six_lock_pcpu_alloc(&b->c.lock);
-       else
-               six_lock_pcpu_free(&b->c.lock);
-
        mutex_lock(&c->btree_root_lock);
        BUG_ON(btree_node_root(c, b) &&
               (b->c.level < btree_node_root(c, b)->c.level ||
                !btree_node_dying(btree_node_root(c, b))));
 
-       btree_node_root(c, b) = b;
+       bch2_btree_id_root(c, b->c.btree_id)->b = b;
        mutex_unlock(&c->btree_root_lock);
 
        bch2_recalc_btree_reserve(c);
@@ -1101,15 +1228,15 @@ static void bch2_btree_set_root_inmem(struct bch_fs *c, struct btree *b)
  * is nothing new to be done.  This just guarantees that there is a
  * journal write.
  */
-static void bch2_btree_set_root(struct btree_update *as, struct btree *b,
-                               struct btree_iter *iter)
+static void bch2_btree_set_root(struct btree_update *as,
+                               struct btree_trans *trans,
+                               struct btree_path *path,
+                               struct btree *b)
 {
        struct bch_fs *c = as->c;
        struct btree *old;
 
-       trace_btree_set_root(c, b);
-       BUG_ON(!b->written &&
-              !test_bit(BCH_FS_HOLD_BTREE_WRITES, &c->flags));
+       trace_and_count(c, btree_node_set_root, c, b);
 
        old = btree_node_root(c, b);
 
@@ -1117,7 +1244,7 @@ static void bch2_btree_set_root(struct btree_update *as, struct btree *b,
         * Ensure no one is using the old root while we switch to the
         * new root:
         */
-       bch2_btree_node_lock_write(old, iter);
+       bch2_btree_node_lock_write_nofail(trans, path, &old->c);
 
        bch2_btree_set_root_inmem(c, b);
 
@@ -1130,27 +1257,41 @@ static void bch2_btree_set_root(struct btree_update *as, struct btree *b,
         * an intent lock on the new root, and any updates that would
         * depend on the new root would have to update the new root.
         */
-       bch2_btree_node_unlock_write(old, iter);
+       bch2_btree_node_unlock_write(trans, path, old);
 }
 
 /* Interior node updates: */
 
-static void bch2_insert_fixup_btree_ptr(struct btree_update *as, struct btree *b,
-                                       struct btree_iter *iter,
-                                       struct bkey_i *insert,
-                                       struct btree_node_iter *node_iter)
+static void bch2_insert_fixup_btree_ptr(struct btree_update *as,
+                                       struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                       struct btree_path *path,
+                                       struct btree *b,
+                                       struct btree_node_iter *node_iter,
+                                       struct bkey_i *insert)
 {
        struct bch_fs *c = as->c;
        struct bkey_packed *k;
-       const char *invalid;
-
-       invalid = bch2_bkey_invalid(c, bkey_i_to_s_c(insert), btree_node_type(b)) ?:
-               bch2_bkey_in_btree_node(b, bkey_i_to_s_c(insert));
-       if (invalid) {
-               char buf[160];
-
-               bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&PBUF(buf), c, bkey_i_to_s_c(insert));
-               bch2_fs_inconsistent(c, "inserting invalid bkey %s: %s", buf, invalid);
+       struct printbuf buf = PRINTBUF;
+       unsigned long old, new, v;
+
+       BUG_ON(insert->k.type == KEY_TYPE_btree_ptr_v2 &&
+              !btree_ptr_sectors_written(insert));
+
+       if (unlikely(!test_bit(JOURNAL_REPLAY_DONE, &c->journal.flags)))
+               bch2_journal_key_overwritten(c, b->c.btree_id, b->c.level, insert->k.p);
+
+       if (bch2_bkey_invalid(c, bkey_i_to_s_c(insert),
+                             btree_node_type(b), WRITE, &buf) ?:
+           bch2_bkey_in_btree_node(b, bkey_i_to_s_c(insert), &buf)) {
+               printbuf_reset(&buf);
+               prt_printf(&buf, "inserting invalid bkey\n  ");
+               bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, bkey_i_to_s_c(insert));
+               prt_printf(&buf, "\n  ");
+               bch2_bkey_invalid(c, bkey_i_to_s_c(insert),
+                                 btree_node_type(b), WRITE, &buf);
+               bch2_bkey_in_btree_node(b, bkey_i_to_s_c(insert), &buf);
+
+               bch2_fs_inconsistent(c, "%s", buf.buf);
                dump_stack();
        }
 
@@ -1167,15 +1308,28 @@ static void bch2_insert_fixup_btree_ptr(struct btree_update *as, struct btree *b
               bkey_iter_pos_cmp(b, k, &insert->k.p) < 0)
                bch2_btree_node_iter_advance(node_iter, b);
 
-       bch2_btree_bset_insert_key(iter, b, node_iter, insert);
-       set_btree_node_dirty(c, b);
-       set_btree_node_need_write(b);
+       bch2_btree_bset_insert_key(trans, path, b, node_iter, insert);
+       set_btree_node_dirty_acct(c, b);
+
+       v = READ_ONCE(b->flags);
+       do {
+               old = new = v;
+
+               new &= ~BTREE_WRITE_TYPE_MASK;
+               new |= BTREE_WRITE_interior;
+               new |= 1 << BTREE_NODE_need_write;
+       } while ((v = cmpxchg(&b->flags, old, new)) != old);
+
+       printbuf_exit(&buf);
 }
 
 static void
-__bch2_btree_insert_keys_interior(struct btree_update *as, struct btree *b,
-                                 struct btree_iter *iter, struct keylist *keys,
-                                 struct btree_node_iter node_iter)
+__bch2_btree_insert_keys_interior(struct btree_update *as,
+                                 struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                 struct btree_path *path,
+                                 struct btree *b,
+                                 struct btree_node_iter node_iter,
+                                 struct keylist *keys)
 {
        struct bkey_i *insert = bch2_keylist_front(keys);
        struct bkey_packed *k;
@@ -1187,8 +1341,12 @@ __bch2_btree_insert_keys_interior(struct btree_update *as, struct btree *b,
                ;
 
        while (!bch2_keylist_empty(keys)) {
-               bch2_insert_fixup_btree_ptr(as, b, iter,
-                               bch2_keylist_front(keys), &node_iter);
+               struct bkey_i *k = bch2_keylist_front(keys);
+
+               if (bpos_gt(k->k.p, b->key.k.p))
+                       break;
+
+               bch2_insert_fixup_btree_ptr(as, trans, path, b, &node_iter, k);
                bch2_keylist_pop_front(keys);
        }
 }
@@ -1197,110 +1355,91 @@ __bch2_btree_insert_keys_interior(struct btree_update *as, struct btree *b,
  * Move keys from n1 (original replacement node, now lower node) to n2 (higher
  * node)
  */
-static struct btree *__btree_split_node(struct btree_update *as,
-                                       struct btree *n1,
-                                       struct btree_iter *iter)
+static void __btree_split_node(struct btree_update *as,
+                              struct btree_trans *trans,
+                              struct btree *b,
+                              struct btree *n[2])
 {
-       struct bkey_format_state s;
-       size_t nr_packed = 0, nr_unpacked = 0;
-       struct btree *n2;
-       struct bset *set1, *set2;
-       struct bkey_packed *k, *set2_start, *set2_end, *out, *prev = NULL;
-       struct bpos n1_pos;
+       struct bkey_packed *k;
+       struct bpos n1_pos = POS_MIN;
+       struct btree_node_iter iter;
+       struct bset *bsets[2];
+       struct bkey_format_state format[2];
+       struct bkey_packed *out[2];
+       struct bkey uk;
+       unsigned u64s, n1_u64s = (b->nr.live_u64s * 3) / 5;
+       int i;
 
-       n2 = bch2_btree_node_alloc(as, n1->c.level);
-       bch2_btree_update_add_new_node(as, n2);
+       for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+               BUG_ON(n[i]->nsets != 1);
 
-       n2->data->max_key       = n1->data->max_key;
-       n2->data->format        = n1->format;
-       SET_BTREE_NODE_SEQ(n2->data, BTREE_NODE_SEQ(n1->data));
-       n2->key.k.p = n1->key.k.p;
+               bsets[i] = btree_bset_first(n[i]);
+               out[i] = bsets[i]->start;
 
-       set1 = btree_bset_first(n1);
-       set2 = btree_bset_first(n2);
+               SET_BTREE_NODE_SEQ(n[i]->data, BTREE_NODE_SEQ(b->data) + 1);
+               bch2_bkey_format_init(&format[i]);
+       }
 
-       /*
-        * Has to be a linear search because we don't have an auxiliary
-        * search tree yet
-        */
-       k = set1->start;
-       while (1) {
-               struct bkey_packed *n = bkey_next(k);
+       u64s = 0;
+       for_each_btree_node_key(b, k, &iter) {
+               if (bkey_deleted(k))
+                       continue;
+
+               i = u64s >= n1_u64s;
+               u64s += k->u64s;
+               uk = bkey_unpack_key(b, k);
+               if (!i)
+                       n1_pos = uk.p;
+               bch2_bkey_format_add_key(&format[i], &uk);
+       }
 
-               if (n == vstruct_last(set1))
-                       break;
-               if (k->_data - set1->_data >= (le16_to_cpu(set1->u64s) * 3) / 5)
-                       break;
+       btree_set_min(n[0], b->data->min_key);
+       btree_set_max(n[0], n1_pos);
+       btree_set_min(n[1], bpos_successor(n1_pos));
+       btree_set_max(n[1], b->data->max_key);
 
-               if (bkey_packed(k))
-                       nr_packed++;
-               else
-                       nr_unpacked++;
+       for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+               bch2_bkey_format_add_pos(&format[i], n[i]->data->min_key);
+               bch2_bkey_format_add_pos(&format[i], n[i]->data->max_key);
 
-               prev = k;
-               k = n;
+               n[i]->data->format = bch2_bkey_format_done(&format[i]);
+               btree_node_set_format(n[i], n[i]->data->format);
        }
 
-       BUG_ON(!prev);
-       set2_start      = k;
-       set2_end        = vstruct_last(set1);
+       u64s = 0;
+       for_each_btree_node_key(b, k, &iter) {
+               if (bkey_deleted(k))
+                       continue;
 
-       set1->u64s = cpu_to_le16((u64 *) set2_start - set1->_data);
-       set_btree_bset_end(n1, n1->set);
+               i = u64s >= n1_u64s;
+               u64s += k->u64s;
 
-       n1->nr.live_u64s        = le16_to_cpu(set1->u64s);
-       n1->nr.bset_u64s[0]     = le16_to_cpu(set1->u64s);
-       n1->nr.packed_keys      = nr_packed;
-       n1->nr.unpacked_keys    = nr_unpacked;
-
-       n1_pos = bkey_unpack_pos(n1, prev);
-       if (as->c->sb.version < bcachefs_metadata_version_snapshot)
-               n1_pos.snapshot = U32_MAX;
+               if (bch2_bkey_transform(&n[i]->format, out[i], bkey_packed(k)
+                                       ? &b->format: &bch2_bkey_format_current, k))
+                       out[i]->format = KEY_FORMAT_LOCAL_BTREE;
+               else
+                       bch2_bkey_unpack(b, (void *) out[i], k);
 
-       btree_set_max(n1, n1_pos);
-       btree_set_min(n2, bpos_successor(n1->key.k.p));
+               out[i]->needs_whiteout = false;
 
-       bch2_bkey_format_init(&s);
-       bch2_bkey_format_add_pos(&s, n2->data->min_key);
-       bch2_bkey_format_add_pos(&s, n2->data->max_key);
-
-       for (k = set2_start; k != set2_end; k = bkey_next(k)) {
-               struct bkey uk = bkey_unpack_key(n1, k);
-               bch2_bkey_format_add_key(&s, &uk);
+               btree_keys_account_key_add(&n[i]->nr, 0, out[i]);
+               out[i] = bkey_p_next(out[i]);
        }
 
-       n2->data->format = bch2_bkey_format_done(&s);
-       btree_node_set_format(n2, n2->data->format);
-
-       out = set2->start;
-       memset(&n2->nr, 0, sizeof(n2->nr));
-
-       for (k = set2_start; k != set2_end; k = bkey_next(k)) {
-               BUG_ON(!bch2_bkey_transform(&n2->format, out, bkey_packed(k)
-                                      ? &n1->format : &bch2_bkey_format_current, k));
-               out->format = KEY_FORMAT_LOCAL_BTREE;
-               btree_keys_account_key_add(&n2->nr, 0, out);
-               out = bkey_next(out);
-       }
+       for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+               bsets[i]->u64s = cpu_to_le16((u64 *) out[i] - bsets[i]->_data);
 
-       set2->u64s = cpu_to_le16((u64 *) out - set2->_data);
-       set_btree_bset_end(n2, n2->set);
+               BUG_ON(!bsets[i]->u64s);
 
-       BUG_ON(!set1->u64s);
-       BUG_ON(!set2->u64s);
+               set_btree_bset_end(n[i], n[i]->set);
 
-       btree_node_reset_sib_u64s(n1);
-       btree_node_reset_sib_u64s(n2);
+               btree_node_reset_sib_u64s(n[i]);
 
-       bch2_verify_btree_nr_keys(n1);
-       bch2_verify_btree_nr_keys(n2);
+               bch2_verify_btree_nr_keys(n[i]);
 
-       if (n1->c.level) {
-               btree_node_interior_verify(as->c, n1);
-               btree_node_interior_verify(as->c, n2);
+               if (b->c.level)
+                       btree_node_interior_verify(as->c, n[i]);
        }
-
-       return n2;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1314,78 +1453,73 @@ static struct btree *__btree_split_node(struct btree_update *as,
  * nodes that were coalesced, and thus in the middle of a child node post
  * coalescing:
  */
-static void btree_split_insert_keys(struct btree_update *as, struct btree *b,
-                                   struct btree_iter *iter,
+static void btree_split_insert_keys(struct btree_update *as,
+                                   struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                   struct btree_path *path,
+                                   struct btree *b,
                                    struct keylist *keys)
 {
-       struct btree_node_iter node_iter;
-       struct bkey_i *k = bch2_keylist_front(keys);
-       struct bkey_packed *src, *dst, *n;
-       struct bset *i;
+       if (!bch2_keylist_empty(keys) &&
+           bpos_le(bch2_keylist_front(keys)->k.p, b->data->max_key)) {
+               struct btree_node_iter node_iter;
 
-       bch2_btree_node_iter_init(&node_iter, b, &k->k.p);
+               bch2_btree_node_iter_init(&node_iter, b, &bch2_keylist_front(keys)->k.p);
 
-       __bch2_btree_insert_keys_interior(as, b, iter, keys, node_iter);
+               __bch2_btree_insert_keys_interior(as, trans, path, b, node_iter, keys);
 
-       /*
-        * We can't tolerate whiteouts here - with whiteouts there can be
-        * duplicate keys, and it would be rather bad if we picked a duplicate
-        * for the pivot:
-        */
-       i = btree_bset_first(b);
-       src = dst = i->start;
-       while (src != vstruct_last(i)) {
-               n = bkey_next(src);
-               if (!bkey_deleted(src)) {
-                       memmove_u64s_down(dst, src, src->u64s);
-                       dst = bkey_next(dst);
-               }
-               src = n;
+               btree_node_interior_verify(as->c, b);
        }
-
-       /* Also clear out the unwritten whiteouts area: */
-       b->whiteout_u64s = 0;
-
-       i->u64s = cpu_to_le16((u64 *) dst - i->_data);
-       set_btree_bset_end(b, b->set);
-
-       BUG_ON(b->nsets != 1 ||
-              b->nr.live_u64s != le16_to_cpu(btree_bset_first(b)->u64s));
-
-       btree_node_interior_verify(as->c, b);
 }
 
-static void btree_split(struct btree_update *as, struct btree *b,
-                       struct btree_iter *iter, struct keylist *keys,
-                       unsigned flags)
+static int btree_split(struct btree_update *as, struct btree_trans *trans,
+                      struct btree_path *path, struct btree *b,
+                      struct keylist *keys, unsigned flags)
 {
        struct bch_fs *c = as->c;
-       struct btree *parent = btree_node_parent(iter, b);
+       struct btree *parent = btree_node_parent(path, b);
        struct btree *n1, *n2 = NULL, *n3 = NULL;
+       struct btree_path *path1 = NULL, *path2 = NULL;
        u64 start_time = local_clock();
+       int ret = 0;
 
        BUG_ON(!parent && (b != btree_node_root(c, b)));
-       BUG_ON(!btree_node_intent_locked(iter, btree_node_root(c, b)->c.level));
+       BUG_ON(parent && !btree_node_intent_locked(path, b->c.level + 1));
 
        bch2_btree_interior_update_will_free_node(as, b);
 
-       n1 = bch2_btree_node_alloc_replacement(as, b);
-       bch2_btree_update_add_new_node(as, n1);
+       if (b->nr.live_u64s > BTREE_SPLIT_THRESHOLD(c)) {
+               struct btree *n[2];
+
+               trace_and_count(c, btree_node_split, c, b);
 
-       if (keys)
-               btree_split_insert_keys(as, n1, iter, keys);
+               n[0] = n1 = bch2_btree_node_alloc(as, trans, b->c.level);
+               n[1] = n2 = bch2_btree_node_alloc(as, trans, b->c.level);
 
-       if (bset_u64s(&n1->set[0]) > BTREE_SPLIT_THRESHOLD(c)) {
-               trace_btree_split(c, b);
+               __btree_split_node(as, trans, b, n);
 
-               n2 = __btree_split_node(as, n1, iter);
+               if (keys) {
+                       btree_split_insert_keys(as, trans, path, n1, keys);
+                       btree_split_insert_keys(as, trans, path, n2, keys);
+                       BUG_ON(!bch2_keylist_empty(keys));
+               }
 
                bch2_btree_build_aux_trees(n2);
                bch2_btree_build_aux_trees(n1);
+
+               bch2_btree_update_add_new_node(as, n1);
+               bch2_btree_update_add_new_node(as, n2);
                six_unlock_write(&n2->c.lock);
                six_unlock_write(&n1->c.lock);
 
-               bch2_btree_node_write(c, n2, SIX_LOCK_intent);
+               path1 = get_unlocked_mut_path(trans, path->btree_id, n1->c.level, n1->key.k.p);
+               six_lock_increment(&n1->c.lock, SIX_LOCK_intent);
+               mark_btree_node_locked(trans, path1, n1->c.level, SIX_LOCK_intent);
+               bch2_btree_path_level_init(trans, path1, n1);
+
+               path2 = get_unlocked_mut_path(trans, path->btree_id, n2->c.level, n2->key.k.p);
+               six_lock_increment(&n2->c.lock, SIX_LOCK_intent);
+               mark_btree_node_locked(trans, path2, n2->c.level, SIX_LOCK_intent);
+               bch2_btree_path_level_init(trans, path2, n2);
 
                /*
                 * Note that on recursive parent_keys == keys, so we
@@ -1397,54 +1531,69 @@ static void btree_split(struct btree_update *as, struct btree *b,
 
                if (!parent) {
                        /* Depth increases, make a new root */
-                       n3 = __btree_root_alloc(as, b->c.level + 1);
+                       n3 = __btree_root_alloc(as, trans, b->c.level + 1);
+
+                       bch2_btree_update_add_new_node(as, n3);
+                       six_unlock_write(&n3->c.lock);
+
+                       path2->locks_want++;
+                       BUG_ON(btree_node_locked(path2, n3->c.level));
+                       six_lock_increment(&n3->c.lock, SIX_LOCK_intent);
+                       mark_btree_node_locked(trans, path2, n3->c.level, SIX_LOCK_intent);
+                       bch2_btree_path_level_init(trans, path2, n3);
 
                        n3->sib_u64s[0] = U16_MAX;
                        n3->sib_u64s[1] = U16_MAX;
 
-                       btree_split_insert_keys(as, n3, iter, &as->parent_keys);
-
-                       bch2_btree_node_write(c, n3, SIX_LOCK_intent);
+                       btree_split_insert_keys(as, trans, path, n3, &as->parent_keys);
                }
        } else {
-               trace_btree_compact(c, b);
+               trace_and_count(c, btree_node_compact, c, b);
+
+               n1 = bch2_btree_node_alloc_replacement(as, trans, b);
+
+               if (keys) {
+                       btree_split_insert_keys(as, trans, path, n1, keys);
+                       BUG_ON(!bch2_keylist_empty(keys));
+               }
 
                bch2_btree_build_aux_trees(n1);
+               bch2_btree_update_add_new_node(as, n1);
                six_unlock_write(&n1->c.lock);
 
+               path1 = get_unlocked_mut_path(trans, path->btree_id, n1->c.level, n1->key.k.p);
+               six_lock_increment(&n1->c.lock, SIX_LOCK_intent);
+               mark_btree_node_locked(trans, path1, n1->c.level, SIX_LOCK_intent);
+               bch2_btree_path_level_init(trans, path1, n1);
+
                if (parent)
                        bch2_keylist_add(&as->parent_keys, &n1->key);
        }
 
-       bch2_btree_node_write(c, n1, SIX_LOCK_intent);
-
        /* New nodes all written, now make them visible: */
 
        if (parent) {
                /* Split a non root node */
-               bch2_btree_insert_node(as, parent, iter, &as->parent_keys, flags);
+               ret = bch2_btree_insert_node(as, trans, path, parent, &as->parent_keys, flags);
+               if (ret)
+                       goto err;
        } else if (n3) {
-               bch2_btree_set_root(as, n3, iter);
+               bch2_btree_set_root(as, trans, path, n3);
        } else {
                /* Root filled up but didn't need to be split */
-               bch2_btree_set_root(as, n1, iter);
+               bch2_btree_set_root(as, trans, path, n1);
        }
 
-       bch2_btree_update_get_open_buckets(as, n1);
-       if (n2)
-               bch2_btree_update_get_open_buckets(as, n2);
-       if (n3)
+       if (n3) {
                bch2_btree_update_get_open_buckets(as, n3);
-
-       /* Successful split, update the iterator to point to the new nodes: */
-
-       six_lock_increment(&b->c.lock, SIX_LOCK_intent);
-       bch2_btree_iter_node_drop(iter, b);
-       if (n3)
-               bch2_btree_iter_node_replace(iter, n3);
-       if (n2)
-               bch2_btree_iter_node_replace(iter, n2);
-       bch2_btree_iter_node_replace(iter, n1);
+               bch2_btree_node_write(c, n3, SIX_LOCK_intent, 0);
+       }
+       if (n2) {
+               bch2_btree_update_get_open_buckets(as, n2);
+               bch2_btree_node_write(c, n2, SIX_LOCK_intent, 0);
+       }
+       bch2_btree_update_get_open_buckets(as, n1);
+       bch2_btree_node_write(c, n1, SIX_LOCK_intent, 0);
 
        /*
         * The old node must be freed (in memory) _before_ unlocking the new
@@ -1452,34 +1601,63 @@ static void btree_split(struct btree_update *as, struct btree *b,
         * node after another thread has locked and updated the new node, thus
         * seeing stale data:
         */
-       bch2_btree_node_free_inmem(c, b, iter);
+       bch2_btree_node_free_inmem(trans, path, b);
+
+       if (n3)
+               bch2_trans_node_add(trans, n3);
+       if (n2)
+               bch2_trans_node_add(trans, n2);
+       bch2_trans_node_add(trans, n1);
 
        if (n3)
                six_unlock_intent(&n3->c.lock);
        if (n2)
                six_unlock_intent(&n2->c.lock);
        six_unlock_intent(&n1->c.lock);
+out:
+       if (path2) {
+               __bch2_btree_path_unlock(trans, path2);
+               bch2_path_put(trans, path2, true);
+       }
+       if (path1) {
+               __bch2_btree_path_unlock(trans, path1);
+               bch2_path_put(trans, path1, true);
+       }
 
-       bch2_btree_trans_verify_locks(iter->trans);
+       bch2_trans_verify_locks(trans);
 
-       bch2_time_stats_update(&c->times[BCH_TIME_btree_node_split],
+       bch2_time_stats_update(&c->times[n2
+                              ? BCH_TIME_btree_node_split
+                              : BCH_TIME_btree_node_compact],
                               start_time);
+       return ret;
+err:
+       if (n3)
+               bch2_btree_node_free_never_used(as, trans, n3);
+       if (n2)
+               bch2_btree_node_free_never_used(as, trans, n2);
+       bch2_btree_node_free_never_used(as, trans, n1);
+       goto out;
 }
 
 static void
-bch2_btree_insert_keys_interior(struct btree_update *as, struct btree *b,
-                               struct btree_iter *iter, struct keylist *keys)
+bch2_btree_insert_keys_interior(struct btree_update *as,
+                               struct btree_trans *trans,
+                               struct btree_path *path,
+                               struct btree *b,
+                               struct keylist *keys)
 {
-       struct btree_iter *linked;
+       struct btree_path *linked;
 
-       __bch2_btree_insert_keys_interior(as, b, iter, keys, iter->l[b->c.level].iter);
+       __bch2_btree_insert_keys_interior(as, trans, path, b,
+                                         path->l[b->c.level].iter, keys);
 
        btree_update_updated_node(as, b);
 
-       trans_for_each_iter_with_node(iter->trans, b, linked)
+       trans_for_each_path_with_node(trans, b, linked)
                bch2_btree_node_iter_peek(&linked->l[b->c.level].iter, b);
 
-       bch2_btree_trans_verify_iters(iter->trans, b);
+       bch2_trans_verify_paths(trans);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -1494,31 +1672,36 @@ bch2_btree_insert_keys_interior(struct btree_update *as, struct btree *b,
  * If a split occurred, this function will return early. This can only happen
  * for leaf nodes -- inserts into interior nodes have to be atomic.
  */
-void bch2_btree_insert_node(struct btree_update *as, struct btree *b,
-                           struct btree_iter *iter, struct keylist *keys,
-                           unsigned flags)
+static int bch2_btree_insert_node(struct btree_update *as, struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                 struct btree_path *path, struct btree *b,
+                                 struct keylist *keys, unsigned flags)
 {
        struct bch_fs *c = as->c;
        int old_u64s = le16_to_cpu(btree_bset_last(b)->u64s);
        int old_live_u64s = b->nr.live_u64s;
        int live_u64s_added, u64s_added;
+       int ret;
 
        lockdep_assert_held(&c->gc_lock);
-       BUG_ON(!btree_node_intent_locked(iter, btree_node_root(c, b)->c.level));
+       BUG_ON(!btree_node_intent_locked(path, b->c.level));
        BUG_ON(!b->c.level);
        BUG_ON(!as || as->b);
        bch2_verify_keylist_sorted(keys);
 
-       bch2_btree_node_lock_for_insert(c, b, iter);
+       ret = bch2_btree_node_lock_write(trans, path, &b->c);
+       if (ret)
+               return ret;
+
+       bch2_btree_node_prep_for_write(trans, path, b);
 
        if (!bch2_btree_node_insert_fits(c, b, bch2_keylist_u64s(keys))) {
-               bch2_btree_node_unlock_write(b, iter);
+               bch2_btree_node_unlock_write(trans, path, b);
                goto split;
        }
 
        btree_node_interior_verify(c, b);
 
-       bch2_btree_insert_keys_interior(as, b, iter, keys);
+       bch2_btree_insert_keys_interior(as, trans, path, b, keys);
 
        live_u64s_added = (int) b->nr.live_u64s - old_live_u64s;
        u64s_added = (int) le16_to_cpu(btree_bset_last(b)->u64s) - old_u64s;
@@ -1530,46 +1713,61 @@ void bch2_btree_insert_node(struct btree_update *as, struct btree *b,
 
        if (u64s_added > live_u64s_added &&
            bch2_maybe_compact_whiteouts(c, b))
-               bch2_btree_iter_reinit_node(iter, b);
+               bch2_trans_node_reinit_iter(trans, b);
 
-       bch2_btree_node_unlock_write(b, iter);
+       bch2_btree_node_unlock_write(trans, path, b);
 
        btree_node_interior_verify(c, b);
-       return;
+       return 0;
 split:
-       btree_split(as, b, iter, keys, flags);
+       /*
+        * We could attempt to avoid the transaction restart, by calling
+        * bch2_btree_path_upgrade() and allocating more nodes:
+        */
+       if (b->c.level >= as->update_level) {
+               trace_and_count(c, trans_restart_split_race, trans, _THIS_IP_, b);
+               return btree_trans_restart(trans, BCH_ERR_transaction_restart_split_race);
+       }
+
+       return btree_split(as, trans, path, b, keys, flags);
 }
 
-int bch2_btree_split_leaf(struct bch_fs *c, struct btree_iter *iter,
+int bch2_btree_split_leaf(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                         struct btree_path *path,
                          unsigned flags)
 {
-       struct btree *b = iter_l(iter)->b;
+       struct btree *b = path_l(path)->b;
        struct btree_update *as;
        unsigned l;
        int ret = 0;
 
-       as = bch2_btree_update_start(iter, iter->level,
-               btree_update_reserve_required(c, b), flags);
+       as = bch2_btree_update_start(trans, path, path->level,
+                                    true, flags);
        if (IS_ERR(as))
                return PTR_ERR(as);
 
-       btree_split(as, b, iter, NULL, flags);
-       bch2_btree_update_done(as);
+       ret = btree_split(as, trans, path, b, NULL, flags);
+       if (ret) {
+               bch2_btree_update_free(as, trans);
+               return ret;
+       }
 
-       for (l = iter->level + 1; btree_iter_node(iter, l) && !ret; l++)
-               ret = bch2_foreground_maybe_merge(c, iter, l, flags);
+       bch2_btree_update_done(as, trans);
+
+       for (l = path->level + 1; btree_node_intent_locked(path, l) && !ret; l++)
+               ret = bch2_foreground_maybe_merge(trans, path, l, flags);
 
        return ret;
 }
 
-int __bch2_foreground_maybe_merge(struct bch_fs *c,
-                                 struct btree_iter *iter,
+int __bch2_foreground_maybe_merge(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                 struct btree_path *path,
                                  unsigned level,
                                  unsigned flags,
                                  enum btree_node_sibling sib)
 {
-       struct btree_trans *trans = iter->trans;
-       struct btree_iter *sib_iter = NULL;
+       struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
+       struct btree_path *sib_path = NULL, *new_path = NULL;
        struct btree_update *as;
        struct bkey_format_state new_s;
        struct bkey_format new_f;
@@ -1577,39 +1775,36 @@ int __bch2_foreground_maybe_merge(struct bch_fs *c,
        struct btree *b, *m, *n, *prev, *next, *parent;
        struct bpos sib_pos;
        size_t sib_u64s;
-       int ret = 0, ret2 = 0;
-
-       BUG_ON(!btree_node_locked(iter, level));
-retry:
-       ret = bch2_btree_iter_traverse(iter);
-       if (ret)
-               goto err;
+       u64 start_time = local_clock();
+       int ret = 0;
 
-       BUG_ON(!btree_node_locked(iter, level));
+       BUG_ON(!path->should_be_locked);
+       BUG_ON(!btree_node_locked(path, level));
 
-       b = iter->l[level].b;
+       b = path->l[level].b;
 
-       if ((sib == btree_prev_sib && !bpos_cmp(b->data->min_key, POS_MIN)) ||
-           (sib == btree_next_sib && !bpos_cmp(b->data->max_key, POS_MAX))) {
+       if ((sib == btree_prev_sib && bpos_eq(b->data->min_key, POS_MIN)) ||
+           (sib == btree_next_sib && bpos_eq(b->data->max_key, SPOS_MAX))) {
                b->sib_u64s[sib] = U16_MAX;
-               goto out;
+               return 0;
        }
 
        sib_pos = sib == btree_prev_sib
                ? bpos_predecessor(b->data->min_key)
                : bpos_successor(b->data->max_key);
 
-       sib_iter = bch2_trans_get_node_iter(trans, iter->btree_id,
-                                           sib_pos, U8_MAX, level,
-                                           BTREE_ITER_INTENT);
-       ret = bch2_btree_iter_traverse(sib_iter);
+       sib_path = bch2_path_get(trans, path->btree_id, sib_pos,
+                                U8_MAX, level, BTREE_ITER_INTENT, _THIS_IP_);
+       ret = bch2_btree_path_traverse(trans, sib_path, false);
        if (ret)
                goto err;
 
-       m = sib_iter->l[level].b;
+       btree_path_set_should_be_locked(sib_path);
+
+       m = sib_path->l[level].b;
 
-       if (btree_node_parent(iter, b) !=
-           btree_node_parent(sib_iter, m)) {
+       if (btree_node_parent(path, b) !=
+           btree_node_parent(sib_path, m)) {
                b->sib_u64s[sib] = U16_MAX;
                goto out;
        }
@@ -1622,16 +1817,18 @@ retry:
                next = m;
        }
 
-       if (bkey_cmp(bpos_successor(prev->data->max_key), next->data->min_key)) {
-               char buf1[100], buf2[100];
+       if (!bpos_eq(bpos_successor(prev->data->max_key), next->data->min_key)) {
+               struct printbuf buf1 = PRINTBUF, buf2 = PRINTBUF;
 
-               bch2_bpos_to_text(&PBUF(buf1), prev->data->max_key);
-               bch2_bpos_to_text(&PBUF(buf2), next->data->min_key);
+               bch2_bpos_to_text(&buf1, prev->data->max_key);
+               bch2_bpos_to_text(&buf2, next->data->min_key);
                bch_err(c,
-                       "btree topology error in btree merge:\n"
+                       "%s(): btree topology error:\n"
                        "  prev ends at   %s\n"
                        "  next starts at %s",
-                       buf1, buf2);
+                       __func__, buf1.buf, buf2.buf);
+               printbuf_exit(&buf1);
+               printbuf_exit(&buf2);
                bch2_topology_error(c);
                ret = -EIO;
                goto err;
@@ -1660,200 +1857,219 @@ retry:
        if (b->sib_u64s[sib] > c->btree_foreground_merge_threshold)
                goto out;
 
-       parent = btree_node_parent(iter, b);
-       as = bch2_btree_update_start(iter, level,
-                        btree_update_reserve_required(c, parent) + 1,
-                        flags|
-                        BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL|
-                        BTREE_INSERT_USE_RESERVE);
+       parent = btree_node_parent(path, b);
+       as = bch2_btree_update_start(trans, path, level, false,
+                                    BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL|flags);
        ret = PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(as);
        if (ret)
                goto err;
 
-       trace_btree_merge(c, b);
+       trace_and_count(c, btree_node_merge, c, b);
 
        bch2_btree_interior_update_will_free_node(as, b);
        bch2_btree_interior_update_will_free_node(as, m);
 
-       n = bch2_btree_node_alloc(as, b->c.level);
-       bch2_btree_update_add_new_node(as, n);
+       n = bch2_btree_node_alloc(as, trans, b->c.level);
+
+       SET_BTREE_NODE_SEQ(n->data,
+                          max(BTREE_NODE_SEQ(b->data),
+                              BTREE_NODE_SEQ(m->data)) + 1);
 
        btree_set_min(n, prev->data->min_key);
        btree_set_max(n, next->data->max_key);
-       n->data->format         = new_f;
 
+       n->data->format  = new_f;
        btree_node_set_format(n, new_f);
 
        bch2_btree_sort_into(c, n, prev);
        bch2_btree_sort_into(c, n, next);
 
        bch2_btree_build_aux_trees(n);
+       bch2_btree_update_add_new_node(as, n);
        six_unlock_write(&n->c.lock);
 
+       new_path = get_unlocked_mut_path(trans, path->btree_id, n->c.level, n->key.k.p);
+       six_lock_increment(&n->c.lock, SIX_LOCK_intent);
+       mark_btree_node_locked(trans, new_path, n->c.level, SIX_LOCK_intent);
+       bch2_btree_path_level_init(trans, new_path, n);
+
        bkey_init(&delete.k);
        delete.k.p = prev->key.k.p;
        bch2_keylist_add(&as->parent_keys, &delete);
        bch2_keylist_add(&as->parent_keys, &n->key);
 
-       bch2_btree_node_write(c, n, SIX_LOCK_intent);
+       bch2_trans_verify_paths(trans);
 
-       bch2_btree_insert_node(as, parent, iter, &as->parent_keys, flags);
+       ret = bch2_btree_insert_node(as, trans, path, parent, &as->parent_keys, flags);
+       if (ret)
+               goto err_free_update;
 
-       bch2_btree_update_get_open_buckets(as, n);
+       bch2_trans_verify_paths(trans);
 
-       six_lock_increment(&b->c.lock, SIX_LOCK_intent);
-       six_lock_increment(&m->c.lock, SIX_LOCK_intent);
-       bch2_btree_iter_node_drop(iter, b);
-       bch2_btree_iter_node_drop(iter, m);
+       bch2_btree_update_get_open_buckets(as, n);
+       bch2_btree_node_write(c, n, SIX_LOCK_intent, 0);
 
-       bch2_btree_iter_node_replace(iter, n);
+       bch2_btree_node_free_inmem(trans, path, b);
+       bch2_btree_node_free_inmem(trans, sib_path, m);
 
-       bch2_btree_trans_verify_iters(trans, n);
+       bch2_trans_node_add(trans, n);
 
-       bch2_btree_node_free_inmem(c, b, iter);
-       bch2_btree_node_free_inmem(c, m, iter);
+       bch2_trans_verify_paths(trans);
 
        six_unlock_intent(&n->c.lock);
 
-       bch2_btree_update_done(as);
-out:
-       bch2_btree_trans_verify_locks(trans);
-       bch2_trans_iter_free(trans, sib_iter);
+       bch2_btree_update_done(as, trans);
 
-       /*
-        * Don't downgrade locks here: we're called after successful insert,
-        * and the caller will downgrade locks after a successful insert
-        * anyways (in case e.g. a split was required first)
-        *
-        * And we're also called when inserting into interior nodes in the
-        * split path, and downgrading to read locks in there is potentially
-        * confusing:
-        */
-       return ret ?: ret2;
+       bch2_time_stats_update(&c->times[BCH_TIME_btree_node_merge], start_time);
+out:
 err:
-       bch2_trans_iter_put(trans, sib_iter);
-       sib_iter = NULL;
-
-       if (ret == -EINTR && bch2_trans_relock(trans))
-               goto retry;
-
-       if (ret == -EINTR && !(flags & BTREE_INSERT_NOUNLOCK)) {
-               ret2 = ret;
-               ret = bch2_btree_iter_traverse_all(trans);
-               if (!ret)
-                       goto retry;
-       }
-
+       if (new_path)
+               bch2_path_put(trans, new_path, true);
+       bch2_path_put(trans, sib_path, true);
+       bch2_trans_verify_locks(trans);
+       return ret;
+err_free_update:
+       bch2_btree_node_free_never_used(as, trans, n);
+       bch2_btree_update_free(as, trans);
        goto out;
 }
 
 /**
  * bch_btree_node_rewrite - Rewrite/move a btree node
  */
-int bch2_btree_node_rewrite(struct bch_fs *c, struct btree_iter *iter,
-                           __le64 seq, unsigned flags)
+int bch2_btree_node_rewrite(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                           struct btree_iter *iter,
+                           struct btree *b,
+                           unsigned flags)
 {
-       struct btree *b, *n, *parent;
+       struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
+       struct btree_path *new_path = NULL;
+       struct btree *n, *parent;
        struct btree_update *as;
        int ret;
 
        flags |= BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL;
-retry:
-       ret = bch2_btree_iter_traverse(iter);
-       if (ret)
-               goto out;
 
-       b = bch2_btree_iter_peek_node(iter);
-       if (!b || b->data->keys.seq != seq)
-               goto out;
-
-       parent = btree_node_parent(iter, b);
-       as = bch2_btree_update_start(iter, b->c.level,
-               (parent
-                ? btree_update_reserve_required(c, parent)
-                : 0) + 1,
-               flags);
+       parent = btree_node_parent(iter->path, b);
+       as = bch2_btree_update_start(trans, iter->path, b->c.level,
+                                    false, flags);
        ret = PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(as);
-       if (ret == -EINTR)
-               goto retry;
-       if (ret) {
-               trace_btree_gc_rewrite_node_fail(c, b);
+       if (ret)
                goto out;
-       }
 
        bch2_btree_interior_update_will_free_node(as, b);
 
-       n = bch2_btree_node_alloc_replacement(as, b);
-       bch2_btree_update_add_new_node(as, n);
+       n = bch2_btree_node_alloc_replacement(as, trans, b);
 
        bch2_btree_build_aux_trees(n);
+       bch2_btree_update_add_new_node(as, n);
        six_unlock_write(&n->c.lock);
 
-       trace_btree_gc_rewrite_node(c, b);
+       new_path = get_unlocked_mut_path(trans, iter->btree_id, n->c.level, n->key.k.p);
+       six_lock_increment(&n->c.lock, SIX_LOCK_intent);
+       mark_btree_node_locked(trans, new_path, n->c.level, SIX_LOCK_intent);
+       bch2_btree_path_level_init(trans, new_path, n);
 
-       bch2_btree_node_write(c, n, SIX_LOCK_intent);
+       trace_and_count(c, btree_node_rewrite, c, b);
 
        if (parent) {
                bch2_keylist_add(&as->parent_keys, &n->key);
-               bch2_btree_insert_node(as, parent, iter, &as->parent_keys, flags);
+               ret = bch2_btree_insert_node(as, trans, iter->path, parent,
+                                            &as->parent_keys, flags);
+               if (ret)
+                       goto err;
        } else {
-               bch2_btree_set_root(as, n, iter);
+               bch2_btree_set_root(as, trans, iter->path, n);
        }
 
        bch2_btree_update_get_open_buckets(as, n);
+       bch2_btree_node_write(c, n, SIX_LOCK_intent, 0);
+
+       bch2_btree_node_free_inmem(trans, iter->path, b);
 
-       six_lock_increment(&b->c.lock, SIX_LOCK_intent);
-       bch2_btree_iter_node_drop(iter, b);
-       bch2_btree_iter_node_replace(iter, n);
-       bch2_btree_node_free_inmem(c, b, iter);
+       bch2_trans_node_add(trans, n);
        six_unlock_intent(&n->c.lock);
 
-       bch2_btree_update_done(as);
+       bch2_btree_update_done(as, trans);
 out:
-       bch2_btree_iter_downgrade(iter);
+       if (new_path)
+               bch2_path_put(trans, new_path, true);
+       bch2_btree_path_downgrade(trans, iter->path);
        return ret;
+err:
+       bch2_btree_node_free_never_used(as, trans, n);
+       bch2_btree_update_free(as, trans);
+       goto out;
 }
 
 struct async_btree_rewrite {
        struct bch_fs           *c;
        struct work_struct      work;
+       struct list_head        list;
        enum btree_id           btree_id;
        unsigned                level;
        struct bpos             pos;
        __le64                  seq;
 };
 
-void async_btree_node_rewrite_work(struct work_struct *work)
+static int async_btree_node_rewrite_trans(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                         struct async_btree_rewrite *a)
+{
+       struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
+       struct btree_iter iter;
+       struct btree *b;
+       int ret;
+
+       bch2_trans_node_iter_init(trans, &iter, a->btree_id, a->pos,
+                                 BTREE_MAX_DEPTH, a->level, 0);
+       b = bch2_btree_iter_peek_node(&iter);
+       ret = PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(b);
+       if (ret)
+               goto out;
+
+       if (!b || b->data->keys.seq != a->seq) {
+               struct printbuf buf = PRINTBUF;
+
+               if (b)
+                       bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, bkey_i_to_s_c(&b->key));
+               else
+                       prt_str(&buf, "(null");
+               bch_info(c, "%s: node to rewrite not found:, searching for seq %llu, got\n%s",
+                        __func__, a->seq, buf.buf);
+               printbuf_exit(&buf);
+               goto out;
+       }
+
+       ret = bch2_btree_node_rewrite(trans, &iter, b, 0);
+out:
+       bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, &iter);
+
+       return ret;
+}
+
+static void async_btree_node_rewrite_work(struct work_struct *work)
 {
        struct async_btree_rewrite *a =
                container_of(work, struct async_btree_rewrite, work);
        struct bch_fs *c = a->c;
-       struct btree_trans trans;
-       struct btree_iter *iter;
+       int ret;
 
-       bch2_trans_init(&trans, c, 0, 0);
-       iter = bch2_trans_get_node_iter(&trans, a->btree_id, a->pos,
-                                       BTREE_MAX_DEPTH, a->level, 0);
-       bch2_btree_node_rewrite(c, iter, a->seq, 0);
-       bch2_trans_iter_put(&trans, iter);
-       bch2_trans_exit(&trans);
-       percpu_ref_put(&c->writes);
+       ret = bch2_trans_do(c, NULL, NULL, 0,
+                     async_btree_node_rewrite_trans(&trans, a));
+       if (ret)
+               bch_err(c, "%s: error %s", __func__, bch2_err_str(ret));
+       bch2_write_ref_put(c, BCH_WRITE_REF_node_rewrite);
        kfree(a);
 }
 
 void bch2_btree_node_rewrite_async(struct bch_fs *c, struct btree *b)
 {
        struct async_btree_rewrite *a;
-
-       if (!test_bit(BCH_FS_BTREE_INTERIOR_REPLAY_DONE, &c->flags))
-               return;
-
-       if (!percpu_ref_tryget(&c->writes))
-               return;
+       int ret;
 
        a = kmalloc(sizeof(*a), GFP_NOFS);
        if (!a) {
-               percpu_ref_put(&c->writes);
+               bch_err(c, "%s: error allocating memory", __func__);
                return;
        }
 
@@ -1862,80 +2078,174 @@ void bch2_btree_node_rewrite_async(struct bch_fs *c, struct btree *b)
        a->level        = b->c.level;
        a->pos          = b->key.k.p;
        a->seq          = b->data->keys.seq;
-
        INIT_WORK(&a->work, async_btree_node_rewrite_work);
+
+       if (unlikely(!test_bit(BCH_FS_MAY_GO_RW, &c->flags))) {
+               mutex_lock(&c->pending_node_rewrites_lock);
+               list_add(&a->list, &c->pending_node_rewrites);
+               mutex_unlock(&c->pending_node_rewrites_lock);
+               return;
+       }
+
+       if (!bch2_write_ref_tryget(c, BCH_WRITE_REF_node_rewrite)) {
+               if (test_bit(BCH_FS_STARTED, &c->flags)) {
+                       bch_err(c, "%s: error getting c->writes ref", __func__);
+                       kfree(a);
+                       return;
+               }
+
+               ret = bch2_fs_read_write_early(c);
+               if (ret) {
+                       bch_err(c, "%s: error going read-write: %s",
+                               __func__, bch2_err_str(ret));
+                       kfree(a);
+                       return;
+               }
+
+               bch2_write_ref_get(c, BCH_WRITE_REF_node_rewrite);
+       }
+
        queue_work(c->btree_interior_update_worker, &a->work);
 }
 
-static void __bch2_btree_node_update_key(struct bch_fs *c,
-                                        struct btree_update *as,
-                                        struct btree_iter *iter,
-                                        struct btree *b, struct btree *new_hash,
-                                        struct bkey_i *new_key)
+void bch2_do_pending_node_rewrites(struct bch_fs *c)
+{
+       struct async_btree_rewrite *a, *n;
+
+       mutex_lock(&c->pending_node_rewrites_lock);
+       list_for_each_entry_safe(a, n, &c->pending_node_rewrites, list) {
+               list_del(&a->list);
+
+               bch2_write_ref_get(c, BCH_WRITE_REF_node_rewrite);
+               queue_work(c->btree_interior_update_worker, &a->work);
+       }
+       mutex_unlock(&c->pending_node_rewrites_lock);
+}
+
+void bch2_free_pending_node_rewrites(struct bch_fs *c)
 {
+       struct async_btree_rewrite *a, *n;
+
+       mutex_lock(&c->pending_node_rewrites_lock);
+       list_for_each_entry_safe(a, n, &c->pending_node_rewrites, list) {
+               list_del(&a->list);
+
+               kfree(a);
+       }
+       mutex_unlock(&c->pending_node_rewrites_lock);
+}
+
+static int __bch2_btree_node_update_key(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                       struct btree_iter *iter,
+                                       struct btree *b, struct btree *new_hash,
+                                       struct bkey_i *new_key,
+                                       unsigned commit_flags,
+                                       bool skip_triggers)
+{
+       struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
+       struct btree_iter iter2 = { NULL };
        struct btree *parent;
        int ret;
 
-       btree_update_will_delete_key(as, &b->key);
-       btree_update_will_add_key(as, new_key);
+       if (!skip_triggers) {
+               ret = bch2_trans_mark_old(trans, b->c.btree_id, b->c.level + 1,
+                                         bkey_i_to_s_c(&b->key), 0);
+               if (ret)
+                       return ret;
+
+               ret = bch2_trans_mark_new(trans, b->c.btree_id, b->c.level + 1,
+                                         new_key, 0);
+               if (ret)
+                       return ret;
+       }
 
-       parent = btree_node_parent(iter, b);
+       if (new_hash) {
+               bkey_copy(&new_hash->key, new_key);
+               ret = bch2_btree_node_hash_insert(&c->btree_cache,
+                               new_hash, b->c.level, b->c.btree_id);
+               BUG_ON(ret);
+       }
+
+       parent = btree_node_parent(iter->path, b);
        if (parent) {
-               if (new_hash) {
-                       bkey_copy(&new_hash->key, new_key);
-                       ret = bch2_btree_node_hash_insert(&c->btree_cache,
-                                       new_hash, b->c.level, b->c.btree_id);
-                       BUG_ON(ret);
-               }
+               bch2_trans_copy_iter(&iter2, iter);
 
-               bch2_keylist_add(&as->parent_keys, new_key);
-               bch2_btree_insert_node(as, parent, iter, &as->parent_keys, 0);
+               iter2.path = bch2_btree_path_make_mut(trans, iter2.path,
+                               iter2.flags & BTREE_ITER_INTENT,
+                               _THIS_IP_);
 
-               if (new_hash) {
-                       mutex_lock(&c->btree_cache.lock);
-                       bch2_btree_node_hash_remove(&c->btree_cache, new_hash);
+               BUG_ON(iter2.path->level != b->c.level);
+               BUG_ON(!bpos_eq(iter2.path->pos, new_key->k.p));
 
-                       bch2_btree_node_hash_remove(&c->btree_cache, b);
+               btree_path_set_level_up(trans, iter2.path);
 
-                       bkey_copy(&b->key, new_key);
-                       ret = __bch2_btree_node_hash_insert(&c->btree_cache, b);
-                       BUG_ON(ret);
-                       mutex_unlock(&c->btree_cache.lock);
-               } else {
-                       bkey_copy(&b->key, new_key);
-               }
+               trans->paths_sorted = false;
+
+               ret   = bch2_btree_iter_traverse(&iter2) ?:
+                       bch2_trans_update(trans, &iter2, new_key, BTREE_TRIGGER_NORUN);
+               if (ret)
+                       goto err;
        } else {
                BUG_ON(btree_node_root(c, b) != b);
 
-               bch2_btree_node_lock_write(b, iter);
-               bkey_copy(&b->key, new_key);
+               ret = darray_make_room(&trans->extra_journal_entries,
+                                      jset_u64s(new_key->k.u64s));
+               if (ret)
+                       return ret;
 
-               if (btree_ptr_hash_val(&b->key) != b->hash_val) {
-                       mutex_lock(&c->btree_cache.lock);
-                       bch2_btree_node_hash_remove(&c->btree_cache, b);
+               journal_entry_set((void *) &darray_top(trans->extra_journal_entries),
+                                 BCH_JSET_ENTRY_btree_root,
+                                 b->c.btree_id, b->c.level,
+                                 new_key, new_key->k.u64s);
+               trans->extra_journal_entries.nr += jset_u64s(new_key->k.u64s);
+       }
 
-                       ret = __bch2_btree_node_hash_insert(&c->btree_cache, b);
-                       BUG_ON(ret);
-                       mutex_unlock(&c->btree_cache.lock);
-               }
+       ret = bch2_trans_commit(trans, NULL, NULL, commit_flags);
+       if (ret)
+               goto err;
+
+       bch2_btree_node_lock_write_nofail(trans, iter->path, &b->c);
 
-               btree_update_updated_root(as, b);
-               bch2_btree_node_unlock_write(b, iter);
+       if (new_hash) {
+               mutex_lock(&c->btree_cache.lock);
+               bch2_btree_node_hash_remove(&c->btree_cache, new_hash);
+               bch2_btree_node_hash_remove(&c->btree_cache, b);
+
+               bkey_copy(&b->key, new_key);
+               ret = __bch2_btree_node_hash_insert(&c->btree_cache, b);
+               BUG_ON(ret);
+               mutex_unlock(&c->btree_cache.lock);
+       } else {
+               bkey_copy(&b->key, new_key);
        }
 
-       bch2_btree_update_done(as);
+       bch2_btree_node_unlock_write(trans, iter->path, b);
+out:
+       bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, &iter2);
+       return ret;
+err:
+       if (new_hash) {
+               mutex_lock(&c->btree_cache.lock);
+               bch2_btree_node_hash_remove(&c->btree_cache, b);
+               mutex_unlock(&c->btree_cache.lock);
+       }
+       goto out;
 }
 
-int bch2_btree_node_update_key(struct bch_fs *c, struct btree_iter *iter,
-                              struct btree *b,
-                              struct bkey_i *new_key)
+int bch2_btree_node_update_key(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_iter *iter,
+                              struct btree *b, struct bkey_i *new_key,
+                              unsigned commit_flags, bool skip_triggers)
 {
-       struct btree *parent = btree_node_parent(iter, b);
-       struct btree_update *as = NULL;
+       struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
        struct btree *new_hash = NULL;
+       struct btree_path *path = iter->path;
        struct closure cl;
        int ret = 0;
 
+       ret = bch2_btree_path_upgrade(trans, path, b->c.level + 1);
+       if (ret)
+               return ret;
+
        closure_init_stack(&cl);
 
        /*
@@ -1945,27 +2255,19 @@ int bch2_btree_node_update_key(struct bch_fs *c, struct btree_iter *iter,
        if (btree_ptr_hash_val(new_key) != b->hash_val) {
                ret = bch2_btree_cache_cannibalize_lock(c, &cl);
                if (ret) {
-                       bch2_trans_unlock(iter->trans);
-                       closure_sync(&cl);
-                       if (!bch2_trans_relock(iter->trans))
-                               return -EINTR;
+                       ret = drop_locks_do(trans, (closure_sync(&cl), 0));
+                       if (ret)
+                               return ret;
                }
 
-               new_hash = bch2_btree_node_mem_alloc(c);
-       }
-
-       as = bch2_btree_update_start(iter, b->c.level,
-               parent ? btree_update_reserve_required(c, parent) : 0,
-               BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL);
-       if (IS_ERR(as)) {
-               ret = PTR_ERR(as);
-               goto err;
+               new_hash = bch2_btree_node_mem_alloc(trans, false);
        }
 
-       __bch2_btree_node_update_key(c, as, iter, b, new_hash, new_key);
+       path->intent_ref++;
+       ret = __bch2_btree_node_update_key(trans, iter, b, new_hash, new_key,
+                                          commit_flags, skip_triggers);
+       --path->intent_ref;
 
-       bch2_btree_iter_downgrade(iter);
-err:
        if (new_hash) {
                mutex_lock(&c->btree_cache.lock);
                list_move(&new_hash->list, &c->btree_cache.freeable);
@@ -1979,6 +2281,36 @@ err:
        return ret;
 }
 
+int bch2_btree_node_update_key_get_iter(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                       struct btree *b, struct bkey_i *new_key,
+                                       unsigned commit_flags, bool skip_triggers)
+{
+       struct btree_iter iter;
+       int ret;
+
+       bch2_trans_node_iter_init(trans, &iter, b->c.btree_id, b->key.k.p,
+                                 BTREE_MAX_DEPTH, b->c.level,
+                                 BTREE_ITER_INTENT);
+       ret = bch2_btree_iter_traverse(&iter);
+       if (ret)
+               goto out;
+
+       /* has node been freed? */
+       if (iter.path->l[b->c.level].b != b) {
+               /* node has been freed: */
+               BUG_ON(!btree_node_dying(b));
+               goto out;
+       }
+
+       BUG_ON(!btree_node_hashed(b));
+
+       ret = bch2_btree_node_update_key(trans, &iter, b, new_key,
+                                        commit_flags, skip_triggers);
+out:
+       bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, &iter);
+       return ret;
+}
+
 /* Init code: */
 
 /*
@@ -1992,8 +2324,9 @@ void bch2_btree_set_root_for_read(struct bch_fs *c, struct btree *b)
        bch2_btree_set_root_inmem(c, b);
 }
 
-void bch2_btree_root_alloc(struct bch_fs *c, enum btree_id id)
+static int __bch2_btree_root_alloc(struct btree_trans *trans, enum btree_id id)
 {
+       struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
        struct closure cl;
        struct btree *b;
        int ret;
@@ -2005,7 +2338,7 @@ void bch2_btree_root_alloc(struct bch_fs *c, enum btree_id id)
                closure_sync(&cl);
        } while (ret);
 
-       b = bch2_btree_node_mem_alloc(c);
+       b = bch2_btree_node_mem_alloc(trans, false);
        bch2_btree_cache_cannibalize_unlock(c);
 
        set_btree_node_fake(b);
@@ -2014,7 +2347,7 @@ void bch2_btree_root_alloc(struct bch_fs *c, enum btree_id id)
        b->c.btree_id   = id;
 
        bkey_btree_ptr_init(&b->key);
-       b->key.k.p = POS_MAX;
+       b->key.k.p = SPOS_MAX;
        *((u64 *) bkey_i_to_btree_ptr(&b->key)->v.start) = U64_MAX - id;
 
        bch2_bset_init_first(b, &b->data->keys);
@@ -2022,7 +2355,7 @@ void bch2_btree_root_alloc(struct bch_fs *c, enum btree_id id)
 
        b->data->flags = 0;
        btree_set_min(b, POS_MIN);
-       btree_set_max(b, POS_MAX);
+       btree_set_max(b, SPOS_MAX);
        b->data->format = bch2_btree_calc_format(b);
        btree_node_set_format(b, b->data->format);
 
@@ -2034,6 +2367,12 @@ void bch2_btree_root_alloc(struct bch_fs *c, enum btree_id id)
 
        six_unlock_write(&b->c.lock);
        six_unlock_intent(&b->c.lock);
+       return 0;
+}
+
+void bch2_btree_root_alloc(struct bch_fs *c, enum btree_id id)
+{
+       bch2_trans_run(c, __bch2_btree_root_alloc(&trans, id));
 }
 
 void bch2_btree_updates_to_text(struct printbuf *out, struct bch_fs *c)
@@ -2042,7 +2381,7 @@ void bch2_btree_updates_to_text(struct printbuf *out, struct bch_fs *c)
 
        mutex_lock(&c->btree_interior_update_lock);
        list_for_each_entry(as, &c->btree_interior_update_list, list)
-               pr_buf(out, "%p m %u w %u r %u j %llu\n",
+               prt_printf(out, "%p m %u w %u r %u j %llu\n",
                       as,
                       as->mode,
                       as->nodes_written,
@@ -2051,33 +2390,36 @@ void bch2_btree_updates_to_text(struct printbuf *out, struct bch_fs *c)
        mutex_unlock(&c->btree_interior_update_lock);
 }
 
-size_t bch2_btree_interior_updates_nr_pending(struct bch_fs *c)
+static bool bch2_btree_interior_updates_pending(struct bch_fs *c)
 {
-       size_t ret = 0;
-       struct list_head *i;
+       bool ret;
 
        mutex_lock(&c->btree_interior_update_lock);
-       list_for_each(i, &c->btree_interior_update_list)
-               ret++;
+       ret = !list_empty(&c->btree_interior_update_list);
        mutex_unlock(&c->btree_interior_update_lock);
 
        return ret;
 }
 
-void bch2_journal_entries_to_btree_roots(struct bch_fs *c, struct jset *jset)
+bool bch2_btree_interior_updates_flush(struct bch_fs *c)
 {
-       struct btree_root *r;
-       struct jset_entry *entry;
+       bool ret = bch2_btree_interior_updates_pending(c);
+
+       if (ret)
+               closure_wait_event(&c->btree_interior_update_wait,
+                                  !bch2_btree_interior_updates_pending(c));
+       return ret;
+}
+
+void bch2_journal_entry_to_btree_root(struct bch_fs *c, struct jset_entry *entry)
+{
+       struct btree_root *r = bch2_btree_id_root(c, entry->btree_id);
 
        mutex_lock(&c->btree_root_lock);
 
-       vstruct_for_each(jset, entry)
-               if (entry->type == BCH_JSET_ENTRY_btree_root) {
-                       r = &c->btree_roots[entry->btree_id];
-                       r->level = entry->level;
-                       r->alive = true;
-                       bkey_copy(&r->key, &entry->start[0]);
-               }
+       r->level = entry->level;
+       r->alive = true;
+       bkey_copy(&r->key, &entry->start[0]);
 
        mutex_unlock(&c->btree_root_lock);
 }
@@ -2097,15 +2439,15 @@ bch2_btree_roots_to_journal_entries(struct bch_fs *c,
 
        mutex_lock(&c->btree_root_lock);
 
-       for (i = 0; i < BTREE_ID_NR; i++)
-               if (c->btree_roots[i].alive && !test_bit(i, &have)) {
-                       journal_entry_set(end,
-                                         BCH_JSET_ENTRY_btree_root,
-                                         i, c->btree_roots[i].level,
-                                         &c->btree_roots[i].key,
-                                         c->btree_roots[i].key.u64s);
+       for (i = 0; i < btree_id_nr_alive(c); i++) {
+               struct btree_root *r = bch2_btree_id_root(c, i);
+
+               if (r->alive && !test_bit(i, &have)) {
+                       journal_entry_set(end, BCH_JSET_ENTRY_btree_root,
+                                         i, r->level, &r->key, r->key.k.u64s);
                        end = vstruct_next(end);
                }
+       }
 
        mutex_unlock(&c->btree_root_lock);
 
@@ -2119,7 +2461,7 @@ void bch2_fs_btree_interior_update_exit(struct bch_fs *c)
        mempool_exit(&c->btree_interior_update_pool);
 }
 
-int bch2_fs_btree_interior_update_init(struct bch_fs *c)
+void bch2_fs_btree_interior_update_init_early(struct bch_fs *c)
 {
        mutex_init(&c->btree_reserve_cache_lock);
        INIT_LIST_HEAD(&c->btree_interior_update_list);
@@ -2127,11 +2469,20 @@ int bch2_fs_btree_interior_update_init(struct bch_fs *c)
        mutex_init(&c->btree_interior_update_lock);
        INIT_WORK(&c->btree_interior_update_work, btree_interior_update_work);
 
+       INIT_LIST_HEAD(&c->pending_node_rewrites);
+       mutex_init(&c->pending_node_rewrites_lock);
+}
+
+int bch2_fs_btree_interior_update_init(struct bch_fs *c)
+{
        c->btree_interior_update_worker =
                alloc_workqueue("btree_update", WQ_UNBOUND|WQ_MEM_RECLAIM, 1);
        if (!c->btree_interior_update_worker)
-               return -ENOMEM;
+               return -BCH_ERR_ENOMEM_btree_interior_update_worker_init;
+
+       if (mempool_init_kmalloc_pool(&c->btree_interior_update_pool, 1,
+                                     sizeof(struct btree_update)))
+               return -BCH_ERR_ENOMEM_btree_interior_update_pool_init;
 
-       return mempool_init_kmalloc_pool(&c->btree_interior_update_pool, 1,
-                                        sizeof(struct btree_update));
+       return 0;
 }