]> git.sesse.net Git - bcachefs-tools-debian/blobdiff - libbcachefs/btree_update_leaf.c
Update bcachefs sources to 171da96d76 bcachefs: Drop some anonymous structs, unions
[bcachefs-tools-debian] / libbcachefs / btree_update_leaf.c
index 58bb687a3a8fe8c5f892b3f2ca598efcf7040092..c93c132dd815d963360dfe5060dd74925e3ba915 100644 (file)
@@ -8,8 +8,10 @@
 #include "btree_iter.h"
 #include "btree_key_cache.h"
 #include "btree_locking.h"
+#include "btree_write_buffer.h"
 #include "buckets.h"
 #include "debug.h"
+#include "errcode.h"
 #include "error.h"
 #include "extent_update.h"
 #include "journal.h"
 #include <linux/sort.h>
 #include <trace/events/bcachefs.h>
 
+/*
+ * bch2_btree_path_peek_slot() for a cached iterator might return a key in a
+ * different snapshot:
+ */
+struct bkey_s_c bch2_btree_path_peek_slot_exact(struct btree_path *path, struct bkey *u)
+{
+       struct bkey_s_c k = bch2_btree_path_peek_slot(path, u);
+
+       if (k.k && bpos_eq(path->pos, k.k->p))
+               return k;
+
+       bkey_init(u);
+       u->p = path->pos;
+       return (struct bkey_s_c) { u, NULL };
+}
+
+static void verify_update_old_key(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_insert_entry *i)
+{
+#ifdef CONFIG_BCACHEFS_DEBUG
+       struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
+       struct bkey u;
+       struct bkey_s_c k = bch2_btree_path_peek_slot_exact(i->path, &u);
+
+       if (unlikely(trans->journal_replay_not_finished)) {
+               struct bkey_i *j_k =
+                       bch2_journal_keys_peek_slot(c, i->btree_id, i->level, i->k->k.p);
+
+               if (j_k)
+                       k = bkey_i_to_s_c(j_k);
+       }
+
+       u = *k.k;
+       u.needs_whiteout = i->old_k.needs_whiteout;
+
+       BUG_ON(memcmp(&i->old_k, &u, sizeof(struct bkey)));
+       BUG_ON(i->old_v != k.v);
+#endif
+}
+
 static int __must_check
 bch2_trans_update_by_path(struct btree_trans *, struct btree_path *,
                          struct bkey_i *, enum btree_update_flags);
@@ -31,6 +72,7 @@ static inline int btree_insert_entry_cmp(const struct btree_insert_entry *l,
                                         const struct btree_insert_entry *r)
 {
        return   cmp_int(l->btree_id,   r->btree_id) ?:
+                cmp_int(l->cached,     r->cached) ?:
                 -cmp_int(l->level,     r->level) ?:
                 bpos_cmp(l->k->k.p,    r->k->k.p);
 }
@@ -54,15 +96,12 @@ static inline bool same_leaf_as_next(struct btree_trans *trans,
                insert_l(&i[0])->b == insert_l(&i[1])->b;
 }
 
-static inline void bch2_btree_node_prep_for_write(struct btree_trans *trans,
-                                                 struct btree_path *path,
-                                                 struct btree *b)
+inline void bch2_btree_node_prep_for_write(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                          struct btree_path *path,
+                                          struct btree *b)
 {
        struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
 
-       if (path->cached)
-               return;
-
        if (unlikely(btree_node_just_written(b)) &&
            bch2_btree_post_write_cleanup(c, b))
                bch2_trans_node_reinit_iter(trans, b);
@@ -75,14 +114,6 @@ static inline void bch2_btree_node_prep_for_write(struct btree_trans *trans,
                bch2_btree_init_next(trans, b);
 }
 
-void bch2_btree_node_lock_for_insert(struct btree_trans *trans,
-                                    struct btree_path *path,
-                                    struct btree *b)
-{
-       bch2_btree_node_lock_write(trans, path, b);
-       bch2_btree_node_prep_for_write(trans, path, b);
-}
-
 /* Inserting into a given leaf node (last stage of insert): */
 
 /* Handle overwrites and do insert, for non extents: */
@@ -98,8 +129,8 @@ bool bch2_btree_bset_insert_key(struct btree_trans *trans,
        EBUG_ON(btree_node_just_written(b));
        EBUG_ON(bset_written(b, btree_bset_last(b)));
        EBUG_ON(bkey_deleted(&insert->k) && bkey_val_u64s(&insert->k));
-       EBUG_ON(bpos_cmp(insert->k.p, b->data->min_key) < 0);
-       EBUG_ON(bpos_cmp(insert->k.p, b->data->max_key) > 0);
+       EBUG_ON(bpos_lt(insert->k.p, b->data->min_key));
+       EBUG_ON(bpos_gt(insert->k.p, b->data->max_key));
        EBUG_ON(insert->k.u64s >
                bch_btree_keys_u64s_remaining(trans->c, b));
 
@@ -167,10 +198,13 @@ static int __btree_node_flush(struct journal *j, struct journal_entry_pin *pin,
        struct bch_fs *c = container_of(j, struct bch_fs, journal);
        struct btree_write *w = container_of(pin, struct btree_write, journal);
        struct btree *b = container_of(w, struct btree, writes[i]);
+       struct btree_trans trans;
        unsigned long old, new, v;
        unsigned idx = w - b->writes;
 
-       six_lock_read(&b->c.lock, NULL, NULL);
+       bch2_trans_init(&trans, c, 0, 0);
+
+       btree_node_lock_nopath_nofail(&trans, &b->c, SIX_LOCK_read);
        v = READ_ONCE(b->flags);
 
        do {
@@ -181,11 +215,15 @@ static int __btree_node_flush(struct journal *j, struct journal_entry_pin *pin,
                    w->journal.seq != seq)
                        break;
 
+               new &= ~BTREE_WRITE_TYPE_MASK;
+               new |= BTREE_WRITE_journal_reclaim;
                new |= 1 << BTREE_NODE_need_write;
        } while ((v = cmpxchg(&b->flags, old, new)) != old);
 
        btree_node_write_if_need(c, b, SIX_LOCK_read);
        six_unlock_read(&b->c.lock);
+
+       bch2_trans_exit(&trans);
        return 0;
 }
 
@@ -213,25 +251,26 @@ inline void bch2_btree_add_journal_pin(struct bch_fs *c,
 /**
  * btree_insert_key - insert a key one key into a leaf node
  */
-static void btree_insert_key_leaf(struct btree_trans *trans,
-                                 struct btree_insert_entry *insert)
+inline void bch2_btree_insert_key_leaf(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                      struct btree_path *path,
+                                      struct bkey_i *insert,
+                                      u64 journal_seq)
 {
        struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
-       struct btree *b = insert_l(insert)->b;
+       struct btree *b = path_l(path)->b;
        struct bset_tree *t = bset_tree_last(b);
        struct bset *i = bset(b, t);
        int old_u64s = bset_u64s(t);
        int old_live_u64s = b->nr.live_u64s;
        int live_u64s_added, u64s_added;
 
-       if (unlikely(!bch2_btree_bset_insert_key(trans, insert->path, b,
-                                       &insert_l(insert)->iter, insert->k)))
+       if (unlikely(!bch2_btree_bset_insert_key(trans, path, b,
+                                       &path_l(path)->iter, insert)))
                return;
 
-       i->journal_seq = cpu_to_le64(max(trans->journal_res.seq,
-                                        le64_to_cpu(i->journal_seq)));
+       i->journal_seq = cpu_to_le64(max(journal_seq, le64_to_cpu(i->journal_seq)));
 
-       bch2_btree_add_journal_pin(c, b, trans->journal_res.seq);
+       bch2_btree_add_journal_pin(c, b, journal_seq);
 
        if (unlikely(!btree_node_dirty(b)))
                set_btree_node_dirty_acct(c, b);
@@ -249,6 +288,12 @@ static void btree_insert_key_leaf(struct btree_trans *trans,
                bch2_trans_node_reinit_iter(trans, b);
 }
 
+static void btree_insert_key_leaf(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                 struct btree_insert_entry *insert)
+{
+       bch2_btree_insert_key_leaf(trans, insert->path, insert->k, trans->journal_res.seq);
+}
+
 /* Cached btree updates: */
 
 /* Normal update interface: */
@@ -256,7 +301,7 @@ static void btree_insert_key_leaf(struct btree_trans *trans,
 static inline void btree_insert_entry_checks(struct btree_trans *trans,
                                             struct btree_insert_entry *i)
 {
-       BUG_ON(bpos_cmp(i->k->k.p, i->path->pos));
+       BUG_ON(!bpos_eq(i->k->k.p, i->path->pos));
        BUG_ON(i->cached        != i->path->cached);
        BUG_ON(i->level         != i->path->level);
        BUG_ON(i->btree_id      != i->path->btree_id);
@@ -268,7 +313,7 @@ static inline void btree_insert_entry_checks(struct btree_trans *trans,
 }
 
 static noinline int
-bch2_trans_journal_preres_get_cold(struct btree_trans *trans, unsigned u64s,
+bch2_trans_journal_preres_get_cold(struct btree_trans *trans, unsigned flags,
                                   unsigned long trace_ip)
 {
        struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
@@ -277,30 +322,26 @@ bch2_trans_journal_preres_get_cold(struct btree_trans *trans, unsigned u64s,
        bch2_trans_unlock(trans);
 
        ret = bch2_journal_preres_get(&c->journal,
-                       &trans->journal_preres, u64s, 0);
+                       &trans->journal_preres,
+                       trans->journal_preres_u64s,
+                       (flags & JOURNAL_WATERMARK_MASK));
        if (ret)
                return ret;
 
-       if (!bch2_trans_relock(trans)) {
-               trace_trans_restart_journal_preres_get(trans->fn, trace_ip);
-               return -EINTR;
+       ret = bch2_trans_relock(trans);
+       if (ret) {
+               trace_and_count(c, trans_restart_journal_preres_get, trans, trace_ip, 0);
+               return ret;
        }
 
        return 0;
 }
 
-static inline int bch2_trans_journal_res_get(struct btree_trans *trans,
-                                            unsigned flags)
+static __always_inline int bch2_trans_journal_res_get(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                                     unsigned flags)
 {
-       struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
-       int ret;
-
-       ret = bch2_journal_res_get(&c->journal, &trans->journal_res,
-                                  trans->journal_u64s,
-                                  flags|
-                                  (trans->flags & JOURNAL_WATERMARK_MASK));
-
-       return ret == -EAGAIN ? BTREE_INSERT_NEED_JOURNAL_RES : ret;
+       return bch2_journal_res_get(&trans->c->journal, &trans->journal_res,
+                                   trans->journal_u64s, flags);
 }
 
 #define JSET_ENTRY_LOG_U64s            4
@@ -308,56 +349,43 @@ static inline int bch2_trans_journal_res_get(struct btree_trans *trans,
 static noinline void journal_transaction_name(struct btree_trans *trans)
 {
        struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
-       struct jset_entry *entry = journal_res_entry(&c->journal, &trans->journal_res);
-       struct jset_entry_log *l = container_of(entry, struct jset_entry_log, entry);
-       unsigned u64s = JSET_ENTRY_LOG_U64s - 1;
-       unsigned b, buflen = u64s * sizeof(u64);
-
-       l->entry.u64s           = cpu_to_le16(u64s);
-       l->entry.btree_id       = 0;
-       l->entry.level          = 0;
-       l->entry.type           = BCH_JSET_ENTRY_log;
-       l->entry.pad[0]         = 0;
-       l->entry.pad[1]         = 0;
-       l->entry.pad[2]         = 0;
-       b = min_t(unsigned, strlen(trans->fn), buflen);
-       memcpy(l->d, trans->fn, b);
-       while (b < buflen)
-               l->d[b++] = '\0';
-
-       trans->journal_res.offset       += JSET_ENTRY_LOG_U64s;
-       trans->journal_res.u64s         -= JSET_ENTRY_LOG_U64s;
+       struct journal *j = &c->journal;
+       struct jset_entry *entry =
+               bch2_journal_add_entry(j, &trans->journal_res,
+                                      BCH_JSET_ENTRY_log, 0, 0,
+                                      JSET_ENTRY_LOG_U64s);
+       struct jset_entry_log *l =
+               container_of(entry, struct jset_entry_log, entry);
+
+       strncpy(l->d, trans->fn, JSET_ENTRY_LOG_U64s * sizeof(u64));
 }
 
-static inline enum btree_insert_ret
-btree_key_can_insert(struct btree_trans *trans,
-                    struct btree *b,
-                    unsigned u64s)
+static inline int btree_key_can_insert(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                      struct btree *b, unsigned u64s)
 {
        struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
 
        if (!bch2_btree_node_insert_fits(c, b, u64s))
-               return BTREE_INSERT_BTREE_NODE_FULL;
+               return -BCH_ERR_btree_insert_btree_node_full;
 
-       return BTREE_INSERT_OK;
+       return 0;
 }
 
-static enum btree_insert_ret
-btree_key_can_insert_cached(struct btree_trans *trans,
-                           struct btree_path *path,
-                           unsigned u64s)
+static int btree_key_can_insert_cached(struct btree_trans *trans, unsigned flags,
+                                      struct btree_path *path, unsigned u64s)
 {
        struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
        struct bkey_cached *ck = (void *) path->l[0].b;
-       unsigned old_u64s = ck->u64s, new_u64s;
+       struct btree_insert_entry *i;
+       unsigned new_u64s;
        struct bkey_i *new_k;
 
        EBUG_ON(path->level);
 
        if (!test_bit(BKEY_CACHED_DIRTY, &ck->flags) &&
            bch2_btree_key_cache_must_wait(c) &&
-           !(trans->flags & BTREE_INSERT_JOURNAL_RECLAIM))
-               return BTREE_INSERT_NEED_JOURNAL_RECLAIM;
+           !(flags & BTREE_INSERT_JOURNAL_RECLAIM))
+               return -BCH_ERR_btree_insert_need_journal_reclaim;
 
        /*
         * bch2_varint_decode can read past the end of the buffer by at most 7
@@ -366,7 +394,7 @@ btree_key_can_insert_cached(struct btree_trans *trans,
        u64s += 1;
 
        if (u64s <= ck->u64s)
-               return BTREE_INSERT_OK;
+               return 0;
 
        new_u64s        = roundup_pow_of_two(u64s);
        new_k           = krealloc(ck->k, new_u64s * sizeof(u64), GFP_NOFS);
@@ -376,48 +404,13 @@ btree_key_can_insert_cached(struct btree_trans *trans,
                return -ENOMEM;
        }
 
+       trans_for_each_update(trans, i)
+               if (i->old_v == &ck->k->v)
+                       i->old_v = &new_k->v;
+
        ck->u64s        = new_u64s;
        ck->k           = new_k;
-       /*
-        * Keys returned by peek() are no longer valid pointers, so we need a
-        * transaction restart:
-        */
-       trace_trans_restart_key_cache_key_realloced(trans->fn, _RET_IP_,
-                                            path->btree_id, &path->pos,
-                                            old_u64s, new_u64s);
-       /*
-        * Not using btree_trans_restart() because we can't unlock here, we have
-        * write locks held:
-        */
-       trans->restarted = true;
-       return -EINTR;
-}
-
-static inline void do_btree_insert_one(struct btree_trans *trans,
-                                      struct btree_insert_entry *i)
-{
-       struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
-       struct journal *j = &c->journal;
-
-       EBUG_ON(trans->journal_res.ref !=
-               !(trans->flags & BTREE_INSERT_JOURNAL_REPLAY));
-
-       i->k->k.needs_whiteout = false;
-
-       if (!i->cached)
-               btree_insert_key_leaf(trans, i);
-       else
-               bch2_btree_insert_key_cached(trans, i->path, i->k);
-
-       if (likely(!(trans->flags & BTREE_INSERT_JOURNAL_REPLAY))) {
-               bch2_journal_add_keys(j, &trans->journal_res,
-                                     i->btree_id,
-                                     i->level,
-                                     i->k);
-
-               if (trans->journal_seq)
-                       *trans->journal_seq = trans->journal_res.seq;
-       }
+       return 0;
 }
 
 /* Triggers: */
@@ -430,6 +423,8 @@ static int run_one_mem_trigger(struct btree_trans *trans,
        struct bkey_i *new = i->k;
        int ret;
 
+       verify_update_old_key(trans, i);
+
        if (unlikely(flags & BTREE_TRIGGER_NORUN))
                return 0;
 
@@ -439,7 +434,8 @@ static int run_one_mem_trigger(struct btree_trans *trans,
        if (bch2_bkey_ops[old.k->type].atomic_trigger ==
            bch2_bkey_ops[i->k->k.type].atomic_trigger &&
            ((1U << old.k->type) & BTREE_TRIGGER_WANTS_OLD_AND_NEW)) {
-               ret   = bch2_mark_key(trans, old, bkey_i_to_s_c(new),
+               ret   = bch2_mark_key(trans, i->btree_id, i->level,
+                               old, bkey_i_to_s_c(new),
                                BTREE_TRIGGER_INSERT|BTREE_TRIGGER_OVERWRITE|flags);
        } else {
                struct bkey             _deleted = KEY(0, 0, 0);
@@ -447,9 +443,11 @@ static int run_one_mem_trigger(struct btree_trans *trans,
 
                _deleted.p = i->path->pos;
 
-               ret   = bch2_mark_key(trans, deleted, bkey_i_to_s_c(new),
+               ret   = bch2_mark_key(trans, i->btree_id, i->level,
+                               deleted, bkey_i_to_s_c(new),
                                BTREE_TRIGGER_INSERT|flags) ?:
-                       bch2_mark_key(trans, old, deleted,
+                       bch2_mark_key(trans, i->btree_id, i->level,
+                               old, deleted,
                                BTREE_TRIGGER_OVERWRITE|flags);
        }
 
@@ -467,6 +465,8 @@ static int run_one_trans_trigger(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_insert_
        struct bkey old_k = i->old_k;
        struct bkey_s_c old = { &old_k, i->old_v };
 
+       verify_update_old_key(trans, i);
+
        if ((i->flags & BTREE_TRIGGER_NORUN) ||
            !(BTREE_NODE_TYPE_HAS_TRANS_TRIGGERS & (1U << i->bkey_type)))
                return 0;
@@ -564,11 +564,12 @@ static int bch2_trans_commit_run_triggers(struct btree_trans *trans)
                }
        }
 
+#ifdef CONFIG_BCACHEFS_DEBUG
        trans_for_each_update(trans, i)
                BUG_ON(!(i->flags & BTREE_TRIGGER_NORUN) &&
                       (BTREE_NODE_TYPE_HAS_TRANS_TRIGGERS & (1U << i->bkey_type)) &&
                       (!i->insert_trigger_run || !i->overwrite_trigger_run));
-
+#endif
        return 0;
 }
 
@@ -596,21 +597,21 @@ static noinline int bch2_trans_commit_run_gc_triggers(struct btree_trans *trans)
 }
 
 static inline int
-bch2_trans_commit_write_locked(struct btree_trans *trans,
+bch2_trans_commit_write_locked(struct btree_trans *trans, unsigned flags,
                               struct btree_insert_entry **stopped_at,
                               unsigned long trace_ip)
 {
        struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
        struct btree_insert_entry *i;
+       struct btree_write_buffered_key *wb;
        struct btree_trans_commit_hook *h;
        unsigned u64s = 0;
        bool marking = false;
        int ret;
 
        if (race_fault()) {
-               trace_trans_restart_fault_inject(trans->fn, trace_ip);
-               trans->restarted = true;
-               return -EINTR;
+               trace_and_count(c, trans_restart_fault_inject, trans, trace_ip);
+               return btree_trans_restart_nounlock(trans, BCH_ERR_transaction_restart_fault_inject);
        }
 
        /*
@@ -637,7 +638,7 @@ bch2_trans_commit_write_locked(struct btree_trans *trans,
                u64s += i->k->k.u64s;
                ret = !i->cached
                        ? btree_key_can_insert(trans, insert_l(i)->b, u64s)
-                       : btree_key_can_insert_cached(trans, i->path, u64s);
+                       : btree_key_can_insert_cached(trans, flags, i->path, u64s);
                if (ret) {
                        *stopped_at = i;
                        return ret;
@@ -645,41 +646,19 @@ bch2_trans_commit_write_locked(struct btree_trans *trans,
 
                if (btree_node_type_needs_gc(i->bkey_type))
                        marking = true;
-
-               /*
-                * Revalidate before calling mem triggers - XXX, ugly:
-                *
-                * - successful btree node splits don't cause transaction
-                *   restarts and will have invalidated the pointer to the bkey
-                *   value
-                * - btree_node_lock_for_insert() -> btree_node_prep_for_write()
-                *   when it has to resort
-                * - btree_key_can_insert_cached() when it has to reallocate
-                *
-                *   Ugly because we currently have no way to tell if the
-                *   pointer's been invalidated, which means it's debatabale
-                *   whether we should be stashing the old key at all.
-                */
-               i->old_v = bch2_btree_path_peek_slot(i->path, &i->old_k).v;
-
-               if (unlikely(!test_bit(JOURNAL_REPLAY_DONE, &c->journal.flags))) {
-                       struct bkey_i *j_k =
-                               bch2_journal_keys_peek_slot(c, i->btree_id, i->level,
-                                                           i->k->k.p);
-
-                       if (j_k) {
-                               i->old_k = j_k->k;
-                               i->old_v = &j_k->v;
-                       }
-               }
        }
 
+       if (trans->nr_wb_updates &&
+           trans->nr_wb_updates + c->btree_write_buffer.state.nr > c->btree_write_buffer.size)
+               return -BCH_ERR_btree_insert_need_flush_buffer;
+
        /*
         * Don't get journal reservation until after we know insert will
         * succeed:
         */
-       if (likely(!(trans->flags & BTREE_INSERT_JOURNAL_REPLAY))) {
+       if (likely(!(flags & BTREE_INSERT_JOURNAL_REPLAY))) {
                ret = bch2_trans_journal_res_get(trans,
+                               (flags & JOURNAL_WATERMARK_MASK)|
                                JOURNAL_RES_GET_NONBLOCK);
                if (ret)
                        return ret;
@@ -690,21 +669,13 @@ bch2_trans_commit_write_locked(struct btree_trans *trans,
                trans->journal_res.seq = c->journal.replay_journal_seq;
        }
 
-       if (unlikely(trans->extra_journal_entries.nr)) {
-               memcpy_u64s_small(journal_res_entry(&c->journal, &trans->journal_res),
-                                 trans->extra_journal_entries.data,
-                                 trans->extra_journal_entries.nr);
-
-               trans->journal_res.offset       += trans->extra_journal_entries.nr;
-               trans->journal_res.u64s         -= trans->extra_journal_entries.nr;
-       }
-
        /*
         * Not allowed to fail after we've gotten our journal reservation - we
         * have to use it:
         */
 
-       if (!(trans->flags & BTREE_INSERT_JOURNAL_REPLAY)) {
+       if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_BCACHEFS_DEBUG) &&
+           !(flags & BTREE_INSERT_JOURNAL_REPLAY)) {
                if (bch2_journal_seq_verify)
                        trans_for_each_update(trans, i)
                                i->k->k.version.lo = trans->journal_res.seq;
@@ -715,95 +686,112 @@ bch2_trans_commit_write_locked(struct btree_trans *trans,
 
        if (trans->fs_usage_deltas &&
            bch2_trans_fs_usage_apply(trans, trans->fs_usage_deltas))
-               return BTREE_INSERT_NEED_MARK_REPLICAS;
+               return -BCH_ERR_btree_insert_need_mark_replicas;
+
+       if (trans->nr_wb_updates) {
+               EBUG_ON(flags & BTREE_INSERT_JOURNAL_REPLAY);
+
+               ret = bch2_btree_insert_keys_write_buffer(trans);
+               if (ret)
+                       goto revert_fs_usage;
+       }
 
        trans_for_each_update(trans, i)
                if (BTREE_NODE_TYPE_HAS_MEM_TRIGGERS & (1U << i->bkey_type)) {
                        ret = run_one_mem_trigger(trans, i, i->flags);
                        if (ret)
-                               return ret;
+                               goto fatal_err;
                }
 
        if (unlikely(c->gc_pos.phase)) {
                ret = bch2_trans_commit_run_gc_triggers(trans);
                if  (ret)
-                       return ret;
+                       goto fatal_err;
        }
 
-       trans_for_each_update(trans, i)
-               do_btree_insert_one(trans, i);
+       if (unlikely(trans->extra_journal_entries.nr)) {
+               memcpy_u64s_small(journal_res_entry(&c->journal, &trans->journal_res),
+                                 trans->extra_journal_entries.data,
+                                 trans->extra_journal_entries.nr);
 
-       return ret;
-}
+               trans->journal_res.offset       += trans->extra_journal_entries.nr;
+               trans->journal_res.u64s         -= trans->extra_journal_entries.nr;
+       }
 
-static inline void path_upgrade_readers(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_path *path)
-{
-       unsigned l;
+       if (likely(!(flags & BTREE_INSERT_JOURNAL_REPLAY))) {
+               struct journal *j = &c->journal;
+               struct jset_entry *entry;
 
-       for (l = 0; l < BTREE_MAX_DEPTH; l++)
-               if (btree_node_read_locked(path, l))
-                       BUG_ON(!bch2_btree_node_upgrade(trans, path, l));
-}
+               trans_for_each_update(trans, i) {
+                       if (i->key_cache_already_flushed)
+                               continue;
 
-static inline void upgrade_readers(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_path *path)
-{
-       struct btree *b = path_l(path)->b;
+                       if (i->flags & BTREE_UPDATE_NOJOURNAL)
+                               continue;
 
-       do {
-               if (path->nodes_locked &&
-                   path->nodes_locked != path->nodes_intent_locked)
-                       path_upgrade_readers(trans, path);
-       } while ((path = prev_btree_path(trans, path)) &&
-                path_l(path)->b == b);
-}
+                       verify_update_old_key(trans, i);
 
-/*
- * Check for nodes that we have both read and intent locks on, and upgrade the
- * readers to intent:
- */
-static inline void normalize_read_intent_locks(struct btree_trans *trans)
-{
-       struct btree_path *path;
-       unsigned i, nr_read = 0, nr_intent = 0;
+                       if (trans->journal_transaction_names) {
+                               entry = bch2_journal_add_entry(j, &trans->journal_res,
+                                                      BCH_JSET_ENTRY_overwrite,
+                                                      i->btree_id, i->level,
+                                                      i->old_k.u64s);
+                               bkey_reassemble(&entry->start[0],
+                                               (struct bkey_s_c) { &i->old_k, i->old_v });
+                       }
 
-       trans_for_each_path_inorder(trans, path, i) {
-               struct btree_path *next = i + 1 < trans->nr_sorted
-                       ? trans->paths + trans->sorted[i + 1]
-                       : NULL;
+                       entry = bch2_journal_add_entry(j, &trans->journal_res,
+                                              BCH_JSET_ENTRY_btree_keys,
+                                              i->btree_id, i->level,
+                                              i->k->k.u64s);
+                       bkey_copy(&entry->start[0], i->k);
+               }
 
-               if (path->nodes_locked) {
-                       if (path->nodes_intent_locked)
-                               nr_intent++;
-                       else
-                               nr_read++;
+               trans_for_each_wb_update(trans, wb) {
+                       entry = bch2_journal_add_entry(j, &trans->journal_res,
+                                              BCH_JSET_ENTRY_btree_keys,
+                                              wb->btree, 0,
+                                              wb->k.k.u64s);
+                       bkey_copy(&entry->start[0], &wb->k);
                }
 
-               if (!next || path_l(path)->b != path_l(next)->b) {
-                       if (nr_read && nr_intent)
-                               upgrade_readers(trans, path);
+               if (trans->journal_seq)
+                       *trans->journal_seq = trans->journal_res.seq;
+       }
 
-                       nr_read = nr_intent = 0;
+       trans_for_each_update(trans, i) {
+               i->k->k.needs_whiteout = false;
+
+               if (!i->cached)
+                       btree_insert_key_leaf(trans, i);
+               else if (!i->key_cache_already_flushed)
+                       bch2_btree_insert_key_cached(trans, flags, i->path, i->k);
+               else {
+                       bch2_btree_key_cache_drop(trans, i->path);
+                       btree_path_set_dirty(i->path, BTREE_ITER_NEED_TRAVERSE);
                }
        }
 
-       bch2_trans_verify_locks(trans);
+       return 0;
+fatal_err:
+       bch2_fatal_error(c);
+revert_fs_usage:
+       if (trans->fs_usage_deltas)
+               bch2_trans_fs_usage_revert(trans, trans->fs_usage_deltas);
+       return ret;
 }
 
-static inline bool have_conflicting_read_lock(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_path *pos)
+static noinline int trans_lock_write_fail(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_insert_entry *i)
 {
-       struct btree_path *path;
-       unsigned i;
-
-       trans_for_each_path_inorder(trans, path, i) {
-               //if (path == pos)
-               //      break;
+       while (--i >= trans->updates) {
+               if (same_leaf_as_prev(trans, i))
+                       continue;
 
-               if (path->nodes_locked != path->nodes_intent_locked &&
-                   !bch2_btree_path_upgrade(trans, path, path->level + 1))
-                       return true;
+               bch2_btree_node_unlock_write(trans, i->path, insert_l(i)->b);
        }
 
-       return false;
+       trace_and_count(trans->c, trans_restart_would_deadlock_write, trans);
+       return btree_trans_restart(trans, BCH_ERR_transaction_restart_would_deadlock_write);
 }
 
 static inline int trans_lock_write(struct btree_trans *trans)
@@ -814,76 +802,81 @@ static inline int trans_lock_write(struct btree_trans *trans)
                if (same_leaf_as_prev(trans, i))
                        continue;
 
-               if (!six_trylock_write(&insert_l(i)->b->c.lock)) {
-                       if (have_conflicting_read_lock(trans, i->path))
-                               goto fail;
+               if (bch2_btree_node_lock_write(trans, i->path, &insert_l(i)->b->c))
+                       return trans_lock_write_fail(trans, i);
 
-                       btree_node_lock_type(trans, i->path,
-                                            insert_l(i)->b,
-                                            i->path->pos, i->level,
-                                            SIX_LOCK_write, NULL, NULL);
-               }
-
-               bch2_btree_node_prep_for_write(trans, i->path, insert_l(i)->b);
+               if (!i->cached)
+                       bch2_btree_node_prep_for_write(trans, i->path, insert_l(i)->b);
        }
 
        return 0;
-fail:
-       while (--i >= trans->updates) {
-               if (same_leaf_as_prev(trans, i))
-                       continue;
-
-               bch2_btree_node_unlock_write_inlined(trans, i->path, insert_l(i)->b);
-       }
-
-       trace_trans_restart_would_deadlock_write(trans->fn);
-       return btree_trans_restart(trans);
 }
 
 static noinline void bch2_drop_overwrites_from_journal(struct btree_trans *trans)
 {
        struct btree_insert_entry *i;
+       struct btree_write_buffered_key *wb;
 
        trans_for_each_update(trans, i)
                bch2_journal_key_overwritten(trans->c, i->btree_id, i->level, i->k->k.p);
+
+       trans_for_each_wb_update(trans, wb)
+               bch2_journal_key_overwritten(trans->c, wb->btree, 0, wb->k.k.p);
+}
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_BCACHEFS_DEBUG
+static noinline int bch2_trans_commit_bkey_invalid(struct btree_trans *trans, unsigned flags,
+                                                  struct btree_insert_entry *i,
+                                                  struct printbuf *err)
+{
+       struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
+       int rw = (flags & BTREE_INSERT_JOURNAL_REPLAY) ? READ : WRITE;
+
+       printbuf_reset(err);
+       prt_printf(err, "invalid bkey on insert from %s -> %ps",
+                  trans->fn, (void *) i->ip_allocated);
+       prt_newline(err);
+       printbuf_indent_add(err, 2);
+
+       bch2_bkey_val_to_text(err, c, bkey_i_to_s_c(i->k));
+       prt_newline(err);
+
+       bch2_bkey_invalid(c, bkey_i_to_s_c(i->k),
+                         i->bkey_type, rw, err);
+       bch2_print_string_as_lines(KERN_ERR, err->buf);
+
+       bch2_inconsistent_error(c);
+       bch2_dump_trans_updates(trans);
+       printbuf_exit(err);
+
+       return -EINVAL;
 }
+#endif
 
 /*
  * Get journal reservation, take write locks, and attempt to do btree update(s):
  */
-static inline int do_bch2_trans_commit(struct btree_trans *trans,
+static inline int do_bch2_trans_commit(struct btree_trans *trans, unsigned flags,
                                       struct btree_insert_entry **stopped_at,
                                       unsigned long trace_ip)
 {
        struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
        struct btree_insert_entry *i;
-       struct printbuf buf = PRINTBUF;
        int ret, u64s_delta = 0;
-       int rw = (trans->flags & BTREE_INSERT_JOURNAL_REPLAY) ? READ : WRITE;
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_BCACHEFS_DEBUG
+       struct printbuf buf = PRINTBUF;
 
        trans_for_each_update(trans, i) {
-               if (bch2_bkey_invalid(c, bkey_i_to_s_c(i->k),
-                                     i->bkey_type, rw, &buf)) {
-                       printbuf_reset(&buf);
-                       pr_buf(&buf, "invalid bkey on insert from %s -> %ps",
-                              trans->fn, (void *) i->ip_allocated);
-                       pr_newline(&buf);
-                       pr_indent_push(&buf, 2);
-
-                       bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, bkey_i_to_s_c(i->k));
-                       pr_newline(&buf);
-
-                       bch2_bkey_invalid(c, bkey_i_to_s_c(i->k),
-                                         i->bkey_type, rw, &buf);
-
-                       bch2_trans_inconsistent(trans, "%s", buf.buf);
-                       printbuf_exit(&buf);
-                       return -EINVAL;
-               }
+               int rw = (flags & BTREE_INSERT_JOURNAL_REPLAY) ? READ : WRITE;
+
+               if (unlikely(bch2_bkey_invalid(c, bkey_i_to_s_c(i->k),
+                                              i->bkey_type, rw, &buf)))
+                       return bch2_trans_commit_bkey_invalid(trans, flags, i, &buf);
                btree_insert_entry_checks(trans, i);
        }
-
        printbuf_exit(&buf);
+#endif
 
        trans_for_each_update(trans, i) {
                if (i->cached)
@@ -895,7 +888,7 @@ static inline int do_bch2_trans_commit(struct btree_trans *trans,
                if (!same_leaf_as_next(trans, i)) {
                        if (u64s_delta <= 0) {
                                ret = bch2_foreground_maybe_merge(trans, i->path,
-                                                       i->level, trans->flags);
+                                                       i->level, flags);
                                if (unlikely(ret))
                                        return ret;
                        }
@@ -906,23 +899,19 @@ static inline int do_bch2_trans_commit(struct btree_trans *trans,
 
        ret = bch2_journal_preres_get(&c->journal,
                        &trans->journal_preres, trans->journal_preres_u64s,
-                       JOURNAL_RES_GET_NONBLOCK|
-                       (trans->flags & JOURNAL_WATERMARK_MASK));
-       if (unlikely(ret == -EAGAIN))
-               ret = bch2_trans_journal_preres_get_cold(trans,
-                                               trans->journal_preres_u64s, trace_ip);
+                       (flags & JOURNAL_WATERMARK_MASK)|JOURNAL_RES_GET_NONBLOCK);
+       if (unlikely(ret == -BCH_ERR_journal_preres_get_blocked))
+               ret = bch2_trans_journal_preres_get_cold(trans, flags, trace_ip);
        if (unlikely(ret))
                return ret;
 
-       normalize_read_intent_locks(trans);
-
        ret = trans_lock_write(trans);
        if (unlikely(ret))
                return ret;
 
-       ret = bch2_trans_commit_write_locked(trans, stopped_at, trace_ip);
+       ret = bch2_trans_commit_write_locked(trans, flags, stopped_at, trace_ip);
 
-       if (!ret && unlikely(!test_bit(JOURNAL_REPLAY_DONE, &c->journal.flags)))
+       if (!ret && unlikely(trans->journal_replay_not_finished))
                bch2_drop_overwrites_from_journal(trans);
 
        trans_for_each_update(trans, i)
@@ -959,104 +948,119 @@ static int journal_reclaim_wait_done(struct bch_fs *c)
 }
 
 static noinline
-int bch2_trans_commit_error(struct btree_trans *trans,
+int bch2_trans_commit_error(struct btree_trans *trans, unsigned flags,
                            struct btree_insert_entry *i,
                            int ret, unsigned long trace_ip)
 {
        struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
 
        switch (ret) {
-       case BTREE_INSERT_BTREE_NODE_FULL:
-               ret = bch2_btree_split_leaf(trans, i->path, trans->flags);
-               if (!ret)
-                       return 0;
-
-               if (ret == -EINTR)
-                       trace_trans_restart_btree_node_split(trans->fn, trace_ip,
-                                               i->btree_id, &i->path->pos);
+       case -BCH_ERR_btree_insert_btree_node_full:
+               ret = bch2_btree_split_leaf(trans, i->path, flags);
+               if (bch2_err_matches(ret, BCH_ERR_transaction_restart))
+                       trace_and_count(c, trans_restart_btree_node_split, trans, trace_ip, i->path);
                break;
-       case BTREE_INSERT_NEED_MARK_REPLICAS:
+       case -BCH_ERR_btree_insert_need_mark_replicas:
                bch2_trans_unlock(trans);
 
                ret = bch2_replicas_delta_list_mark(c, trans->fs_usage_deltas);
                if (ret)
                        break;
 
-               if (bch2_trans_relock(trans))
-                       return 0;
-
-               trace_trans_restart_mark_replicas(trans->fn, trace_ip);
-               ret = -EINTR;
+               ret = bch2_trans_relock(trans);
+               if (ret)
+                       trace_and_count(c, trans_restart_mark_replicas, trans, trace_ip);
                break;
-       case BTREE_INSERT_NEED_JOURNAL_RES:
+       case -BCH_ERR_journal_res_get_blocked:
                bch2_trans_unlock(trans);
 
-               if ((trans->flags & BTREE_INSERT_JOURNAL_RECLAIM) &&
-                   !(trans->flags & JOURNAL_WATERMARK_reserved)) {
-                       trans->restarted = true;
-                       ret = -EAGAIN;
+               if ((flags & BTREE_INSERT_JOURNAL_RECLAIM) &&
+                   !(flags & JOURNAL_WATERMARK_reserved)) {
+                       ret = -BCH_ERR_journal_reclaim_would_deadlock;
                        break;
                }
 
-               ret = bch2_trans_journal_res_get(trans, JOURNAL_RES_GET_CHECK);
+               ret = bch2_trans_journal_res_get(trans,
+                                       (flags & JOURNAL_WATERMARK_MASK)|
+                                       JOURNAL_RES_GET_CHECK);
                if (ret)
                        break;
 
-               if (bch2_trans_relock(trans))
-                       return 0;
-
-               trace_trans_restart_journal_res_get(trans->fn, trace_ip);
-               ret = -EINTR;
+               ret = bch2_trans_relock(trans);
+               if (ret)
+                       trace_and_count(c, trans_restart_journal_res_get, trans, trace_ip);
                break;
-       case BTREE_INSERT_NEED_JOURNAL_RECLAIM:
+       case -BCH_ERR_btree_insert_need_journal_reclaim:
                bch2_trans_unlock(trans);
 
-               trace_trans_blocked_journal_reclaim(trans->fn, trace_ip);
+               trace_and_count(c, trans_blocked_journal_reclaim, trans, trace_ip);
 
                wait_event_freezable(c->journal.reclaim_wait,
                                     (ret = journal_reclaim_wait_done(c)));
                if (ret < 0)
                        break;
 
-               if (bch2_trans_relock(trans))
-                       return 0;
+               ret = bch2_trans_relock(trans);
+               if (ret)
+                       trace_and_count(c, trans_restart_journal_reclaim, trans, trace_ip);
+               break;
+       case -BCH_ERR_btree_insert_need_flush_buffer: {
+               struct btree_write_buffer *wb = &c->btree_write_buffer;
+
+               ret = 0;
+
+               if (wb->state.nr > wb->size * 3 / 4) {
+                       bch2_trans_reset_updates(trans);
+                       bch2_trans_unlock(trans);
+
+                       mutex_lock(&wb->flush_lock);
+
+                       if (wb->state.nr > wb->size * 3 / 4)
+                               ret = __bch2_btree_write_buffer_flush(trans,
+                                               flags|BTREE_INSERT_NOCHECK_RW, true);
+                       else
+                               mutex_unlock(&wb->flush_lock);
 
-               trace_trans_restart_journal_reclaim(trans->fn, trace_ip);
-               ret = -EINTR;
+                       if (!ret) {
+                               trace_and_count(c, trans_restart_write_buffer_flush, trans, _THIS_IP_);
+                               ret = btree_trans_restart(trans, BCH_ERR_transaction_restart_write_buffer_flush);
+                       }
+               }
                break;
+       }
        default:
                BUG_ON(ret >= 0);
                break;
        }
 
-       BUG_ON((ret == EINTR || ret == -EAGAIN) && !trans->restarted);
-       BUG_ON(ret == -ENOSPC &&
-              !(trans->flags & BTREE_INSERT_NOWAIT) &&
-              (trans->flags & BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL));
+       BUG_ON(bch2_err_matches(ret, BCH_ERR_transaction_restart) != !!trans->restarted);
+
+       bch2_fs_inconsistent_on(bch2_err_matches(ret, ENOSPC) &&
+                               !(flags & BTREE_INSERT_NOWAIT) &&
+                               (flags & BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL), c,
+               "%s: incorrectly got %s\n", __func__, bch2_err_str(ret));
 
        return ret;
 }
 
 static noinline int
-bch2_trans_commit_get_rw_cold(struct btree_trans *trans)
+bch2_trans_commit_get_rw_cold(struct btree_trans *trans, unsigned flags)
 {
        struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
        int ret;
 
-       if (likely(!(trans->flags & BTREE_INSERT_LAZY_RW)) ||
+       if (likely(!(flags & BTREE_INSERT_LAZY_RW)) ||
            test_bit(BCH_FS_STARTED, &c->flags))
-               return -EROFS;
+               return -BCH_ERR_erofs_trans_commit;
 
        bch2_trans_unlock(trans);
 
-       ret = bch2_fs_read_write_early(c);
+       ret =   bch2_fs_read_write_early(c) ?:
+               bch2_trans_relock(trans);
        if (ret)
                return ret;
 
-       if (!bch2_trans_relock(trans))
-               return -EINTR;
-
-       percpu_ref_get(&c->writes);
+       bch2_write_ref_get(c, BCH_WRITE_REF_trans);
        return 0;
 }
 
@@ -1081,18 +1085,20 @@ do_bch2_trans_commit_to_journal_replay(struct btree_trans *trans)
        return ret;
 }
 
-int __bch2_trans_commit(struct btree_trans *trans)
+int __bch2_trans_commit(struct btree_trans *trans, unsigned flags)
 {
        struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
        struct btree_insert_entry *i = NULL;
+       struct btree_write_buffered_key *wb;
        unsigned u64s;
        int ret = 0;
 
        if (!trans->nr_updates &&
+           !trans->nr_wb_updates &&
            !trans->extra_journal_entries.nr)
                goto out_reset;
 
-       if (trans->flags & BTREE_INSERT_GC_LOCK_HELD)
+       if (flags & BTREE_INSERT_GC_LOCK_HELD)
                lockdep_assert_held(&c->gc_lock);
 
        ret = bch2_trans_commit_run_triggers(trans);
@@ -1104,13 +1110,27 @@ int __bch2_trans_commit(struct btree_trans *trans)
                goto out_reset;
        }
 
-       if (!(trans->flags & BTREE_INSERT_NOCHECK_RW) &&
-           unlikely(!percpu_ref_tryget(&c->writes))) {
-               ret = bch2_trans_commit_get_rw_cold(trans);
+       if (!(flags & BTREE_INSERT_NOCHECK_RW) &&
+           unlikely(!bch2_write_ref_tryget(c, BCH_WRITE_REF_trans))) {
+               ret = bch2_trans_commit_get_rw_cold(trans, flags);
                if (ret)
                        goto out_reset;
        }
 
+       if (c->btree_write_buffer.state.nr > c->btree_write_buffer.size / 2 &&
+           mutex_trylock(&c->btree_write_buffer.flush_lock)) {
+               bch2_trans_begin(trans);
+               bch2_trans_unlock(trans);
+
+               ret = __bch2_btree_write_buffer_flush(trans,
+                                       flags|BTREE_INSERT_NOCHECK_RW, true);
+               if (!ret) {
+                       trace_and_count(c, trans_restart_write_buffer_flush, trans, _THIS_IP_);
+                       ret = btree_trans_restart(trans, BCH_ERR_transaction_restart_write_buffer_flush);
+               }
+               goto out;
+       }
+
        EBUG_ON(test_bit(BCH_FS_CLEAN_SHUTDOWN, &c->flags));
 
        memset(&trans->journal_preres, 0, sizeof(trans->journal_preres));
@@ -1121,40 +1141,52 @@ int __bch2_trans_commit(struct btree_trans *trans)
        trans->journal_transaction_names = READ_ONCE(c->opts.journal_transaction_names);
 
        if (trans->journal_transaction_names)
-               trans->journal_u64s += JSET_ENTRY_LOG_U64s;
+               trans->journal_u64s += jset_u64s(JSET_ENTRY_LOG_U64s);
 
        trans_for_each_update(trans, i) {
-               BUG_ON(!i->path->should_be_locked);
+               EBUG_ON(!i->path->should_be_locked);
 
-               if (unlikely(!bch2_btree_path_upgrade(trans, i->path, i->level + 1))) {
-                       trace_trans_restart_upgrade(trans->fn, _RET_IP_,
-                                                   i->btree_id, &i->path->pos);
-                       ret = btree_trans_restart(trans);
+               ret = bch2_btree_path_upgrade(trans, i->path, i->level + 1);
+               if (unlikely(ret))
                        goto out;
-               }
 
-               BUG_ON(!btree_node_intent_locked(i->path, i->level));
+               EBUG_ON(!btree_node_intent_locked(i->path, i->level));
+
+               if (i->key_cache_already_flushed)
+                       continue;
 
+               /* we're going to journal the key being updated: */
                u64s = jset_u64s(i->k->k.u64s);
                if (i->cached &&
-                   likely(!(trans->flags & BTREE_INSERT_JOURNAL_REPLAY)))
+                   likely(!(flags & BTREE_INSERT_JOURNAL_REPLAY)))
                        trans->journal_preres_u64s += u64s;
+
+               if (i->flags & BTREE_UPDATE_NOJOURNAL)
+                       continue;
+
                trans->journal_u64s += u64s;
+
+               /* and we're also going to log the overwrite: */
+               if (trans->journal_transaction_names)
+                       trans->journal_u64s += jset_u64s(i->old_k.u64s);
        }
 
+       trans_for_each_wb_update(trans, wb)
+               trans->journal_u64s += jset_u64s(wb->k.k.u64s);
+
        if (trans->extra_journal_res) {
                ret = bch2_disk_reservation_add(c, trans->disk_res,
                                trans->extra_journal_res,
-                               (trans->flags & BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL)
+                               (flags & BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL)
                                ? BCH_DISK_RESERVATION_NOFAIL : 0);
                if (ret)
                        goto err;
        }
 retry:
-       BUG_ON(trans->restarted);
+       bch2_trans_verify_not_in_restart(trans);
        memset(&trans->journal_res, 0, sizeof(trans->journal_res));
 
-       ret = do_bch2_trans_commit(trans, &i, _RET_IP_);
+       ret = do_bch2_trans_commit(trans, flags, &i, _RET_IP_);
 
        /* make sure we didn't drop or screw up locks: */
        bch2_trans_verify_locks(trans);
@@ -1162,38 +1194,25 @@ retry:
        if (ret)
                goto err;
 
-       trace_transaction_commit(trans->fn, _RET_IP_);
+       trace_and_count(c, transaction_commit, trans, _RET_IP_);
 out:
        bch2_journal_preres_put(&c->journal, &trans->journal_preres);
 
-       if (likely(!(trans->flags & BTREE_INSERT_NOCHECK_RW)))
-               percpu_ref_put(&c->writes);
+       if (likely(!(flags & BTREE_INSERT_NOCHECK_RW)))
+               bch2_write_ref_put(c, BCH_WRITE_REF_trans);
 out_reset:
-       trans_for_each_update(trans, i)
-               bch2_path_put(trans, i->path, true);
-
-       trans->extra_journal_res        = 0;
-       trans->nr_updates               = 0;
-       trans->hooks                    = NULL;
-       trans->extra_journal_entries.nr = 0;
-
-       if (trans->fs_usage_deltas) {
-               trans->fs_usage_deltas->used = 0;
-               memset(&trans->fs_usage_deltas->memset_start, 0,
-                      (void *) &trans->fs_usage_deltas->memset_end -
-                      (void *) &trans->fs_usage_deltas->memset_start);
-       }
+       bch2_trans_reset_updates(trans);
 
        return ret;
 err:
-       ret = bch2_trans_commit_error(trans, i, ret, _RET_IP_);
+       ret = bch2_trans_commit_error(trans, flags, i, ret, _RET_IP_);
        if (ret)
                goto out;
 
        goto retry;
 }
 
-static int check_pos_snapshot_overwritten(struct btree_trans *trans,
+static noinline int __check_pos_snapshot_overwritten(struct btree_trans *trans,
                                          enum btree_id id,
                                          struct bpos pos)
 {
@@ -1202,12 +1221,6 @@ static int check_pos_snapshot_overwritten(struct btree_trans *trans,
        struct bkey_s_c k;
        int ret;
 
-       if (!btree_type_has_snapshots(id))
-               return 0;
-
-       if (!snapshot_t(c, pos.snapshot)->children[0])
-               return 0;
-
        bch2_trans_iter_init(trans, &iter, id, pos,
                             BTREE_ITER_NOT_EXTENTS|
                             BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS);
@@ -1220,7 +1233,7 @@ static int check_pos_snapshot_overwritten(struct btree_trans *trans,
                if (!k.k)
                        break;
 
-               if (bkey_cmp(pos, k.k->p))
+               if (!bkey_eq(pos, k.k->p))
                        break;
 
                if (bch2_snapshot_is_ancestor(c, k.k->p.snapshot, pos.snapshot)) {
@@ -1233,13 +1246,109 @@ static int check_pos_snapshot_overwritten(struct btree_trans *trans,
        return ret;
 }
 
+static inline int check_pos_snapshot_overwritten(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                         enum btree_id id,
+                                         struct bpos pos)
+{
+       if (!btree_type_has_snapshots(id) ||
+           pos.snapshot == U32_MAX ||
+           !snapshot_t(trans->c, pos.snapshot)->children[0])
+               return 0;
+
+       return __check_pos_snapshot_overwritten(trans, id, pos);
+}
+
+static noinline int extent_front_merge(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                      struct btree_iter *iter,
+                                      struct bkey_s_c k,
+                                      struct bkey_i **insert,
+                                      enum btree_update_flags flags)
+{
+       struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
+       struct bkey_i *update;
+       int ret;
+
+       update = bch2_bkey_make_mut(trans, k);
+       ret = PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(update);
+       if (ret)
+               return ret;
+
+       if (!bch2_bkey_merge(c, bkey_i_to_s(update), bkey_i_to_s_c(*insert)))
+               return 0;
+
+       ret =   check_pos_snapshot_overwritten(trans, iter->btree_id, k.k->p) ?:
+               check_pos_snapshot_overwritten(trans, iter->btree_id, (*insert)->k.p);
+       if (ret < 0)
+               return ret;
+       if (ret)
+               return 0;
+
+       ret = bch2_btree_delete_at(trans, iter, flags);
+       if (ret)
+               return ret;
+
+       *insert = update;
+       return 0;
+}
+
+static noinline int extent_back_merge(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                     struct btree_iter *iter,
+                                     struct bkey_i *insert,
+                                     struct bkey_s_c k)
+{
+       struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
+       int ret;
+
+       ret =   check_pos_snapshot_overwritten(trans, iter->btree_id, insert->k.p) ?:
+               check_pos_snapshot_overwritten(trans, iter->btree_id, k.k->p);
+       if (ret < 0)
+               return ret;
+       if (ret)
+               return 0;
+
+       bch2_bkey_merge(c, bkey_i_to_s(insert), k);
+       return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * When deleting, check if we need to emit a whiteout (because we're overwriting
+ * something in an ancestor snapshot)
+ */
+static int need_whiteout_for_snapshot(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                     enum btree_id btree_id, struct bpos pos)
+{
+       struct btree_iter iter;
+       struct bkey_s_c k;
+       u32 snapshot = pos.snapshot;
+       int ret;
+
+       if (!bch2_snapshot_parent(trans->c, pos.snapshot))
+               return 0;
+
+       pos.snapshot++;
+
+       for_each_btree_key_norestart(trans, iter, btree_id, pos,
+                          BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS|
+                          BTREE_ITER_NOPRESERVE, k, ret) {
+               if (!bkey_eq(k.k->p, pos))
+                       break;
+
+               if (bch2_snapshot_is_ancestor(trans->c, snapshot,
+                                             k.k->p.snapshot)) {
+                       ret = !bkey_whiteout(k.k);
+                       break;
+               }
+       }
+       bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, &iter);
+
+       return ret;
+}
 int bch2_trans_update_extent(struct btree_trans *trans,
                             struct btree_iter *orig_iter,
                             struct bkey_i *insert,
                             enum btree_update_flags flags)
 {
-       struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
-       struct btree_iter iter, update_iter;
+       struct btree_iter iter;
        struct bpos start = bkey_start_pos(&insert->k);
        struct bkey_i *update;
        struct bkey_s_c k;
@@ -1256,52 +1365,19 @@ int bch2_trans_update_extent(struct btree_trans *trans,
        if (!k.k)
                goto out;
 
-       if (bch2_bkey_maybe_mergable(k.k, &insert->k)) {
-               /*
-                * We can't merge extents if they belong to interior snapshot
-                * tree nodes, and there's a snapshot in which one extent is
-                * visible and the other is not - i.e. if visibility is
-                * different.
-                *
-                * Instead of checking if visibilitiy of the two extents is
-                * different, for now we just check if either has been
-                * overwritten:
-                */
-               ret = check_pos_snapshot_overwritten(trans, btree_id, insert->k.p);
-               if (ret < 0)
-                       goto err;
-               if (ret)
-                       goto nomerge1;
-
-               ret = check_pos_snapshot_overwritten(trans, btree_id, k.k->p);
-               if (ret < 0)
-                       goto err;
-               if (ret)
-                       goto nomerge1;
-
-               update = bch2_trans_kmalloc(trans, bkey_bytes(k.k));
-               if ((ret = PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(update)))
-                       goto err;
-
-               bkey_reassemble(update, k);
-
-               if (bch2_bkey_merge(c, bkey_i_to_s(update), bkey_i_to_s_c(insert))) {
-                       ret = bch2_btree_delete_at(trans, &iter, flags);
+       if (bkey_eq(k.k->p, bkey_start_pos(&insert->k))) {
+               if (bch2_bkey_maybe_mergable(k.k, &insert->k)) {
+                       ret = extent_front_merge(trans, &iter, k, &insert, flags);
                        if (ret)
                                goto err;
-
-                       insert = update;
-                       goto next;
                }
-       }
-nomerge1:
-       ret = 0;
-       if (!bkey_cmp(k.k->p, start))
+
                goto next;
+       }
 
-       while (bkey_cmp(insert->k.p, bkey_start_pos(k.k)) > 0) {
-               bool front_split = bkey_cmp(bkey_start_pos(k.k), start) < 0;
-               bool back_split  = bkey_cmp(k.k->p, insert->k.p) > 0;
+       while (bkey_gt(insert->k.p, bkey_start_pos(k.k))) {
+               bool front_split = bkey_lt(bkey_start_pos(k.k), start);
+               bool back_split  = bkey_gt(k.k->p, insert->k.p);
 
                /*
                 * If we're going to be splitting a compressed extent, note it
@@ -1314,84 +1390,58 @@ nomerge1:
                        trans->extra_journal_res += compressed_sectors;
 
                if (front_split) {
-                       update = bch2_trans_kmalloc(trans, bkey_bytes(k.k));
+                       update = bch2_bkey_make_mut(trans, k);
                        if ((ret = PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(update)))
                                goto err;
 
-                       bkey_reassemble(update, k);
-
                        bch2_cut_back(start, update);
 
-                       bch2_trans_iter_init(trans, &update_iter, btree_id, update->k.p,
-                                            BTREE_ITER_NOT_EXTENTS|
-                                            BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS|
-                                            BTREE_ITER_INTENT);
-                       ret   = bch2_btree_iter_traverse(&update_iter) ?:
-                               bch2_trans_update(trans, &update_iter, update,
-                                                 BTREE_UPDATE_INTERNAL_SNAPSHOT_NODE|
-                                                 flags);
-                       bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, &update_iter);
-
+                       ret = bch2_btree_insert_nonextent(trans, btree_id, update,
+                                                 BTREE_UPDATE_INTERNAL_SNAPSHOT_NODE|flags);
                        if (ret)
                                goto err;
                }
 
                if (k.k->p.snapshot != insert->k.p.snapshot &&
                    (front_split || back_split)) {
-                       update = bch2_trans_kmalloc(trans, bkey_bytes(k.k));
+                       update = bch2_bkey_make_mut(trans, k);
                        if ((ret = PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(update)))
                                goto err;
 
-                       bkey_reassemble(update, k);
-
                        bch2_cut_front(start, update);
                        bch2_cut_back(insert->k.p, update);
 
-                       bch2_trans_iter_init(trans, &update_iter, btree_id, update->k.p,
-                                            BTREE_ITER_NOT_EXTENTS|
-                                            BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS|
-                                            BTREE_ITER_INTENT);
-                       ret   = bch2_btree_iter_traverse(&update_iter) ?:
-                               bch2_trans_update(trans, &update_iter, update,
-                                                 BTREE_UPDATE_INTERNAL_SNAPSHOT_NODE|
-                                                 flags);
-                       bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, &update_iter);
+                       ret = bch2_btree_insert_nonextent(trans, btree_id, update,
+                                                 BTREE_UPDATE_INTERNAL_SNAPSHOT_NODE|flags);
                        if (ret)
                                goto err;
                }
 
-               if (bkey_cmp(k.k->p, insert->k.p) <= 0) {
+               if (bkey_le(k.k->p, insert->k.p)) {
                        update = bch2_trans_kmalloc(trans, sizeof(*update));
                        if ((ret = PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(update)))
                                goto err;
 
                        bkey_init(&update->k);
                        update->k.p = k.k->p;
+                       update->k.p.snapshot = insert->k.p.snapshot;
 
-                       if (insert->k.p.snapshot != k.k->p.snapshot) {
-                               update->k.p.snapshot = insert->k.p.snapshot;
+                       if (insert->k.p.snapshot != k.k->p.snapshot ||
+                           (btree_type_has_snapshots(btree_id) &&
+                            need_whiteout_for_snapshot(trans, btree_id, update->k.p)))
                                update->k.type = KEY_TYPE_whiteout;
-                       }
-
-                       bch2_trans_iter_init(trans, &update_iter, btree_id, update->k.p,
-                                            BTREE_ITER_NOT_EXTENTS|
-                                            BTREE_ITER_INTENT);
-                       ret   = bch2_btree_iter_traverse(&update_iter) ?:
-                               bch2_trans_update(trans, &update_iter, update,
-                                                 BTREE_UPDATE_INTERNAL_SNAPSHOT_NODE|
-                                                 flags);
-                       bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, &update_iter);
 
+                       ret = bch2_btree_insert_nonextent(trans, btree_id, update,
+                                                 BTREE_UPDATE_INTERNAL_SNAPSHOT_NODE|flags);
                        if (ret)
                                goto err;
                }
 
                if (back_split) {
-                       update = bch2_trans_kmalloc(trans, bkey_bytes(k.k));
+                       update = bch2_bkey_make_mut(trans, k);
                        if ((ret = PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(update)))
                                goto err;
 
-                       bkey_reassemble(update, k);
                        bch2_cut_front(insert->k.p, update);
 
                        ret = bch2_trans_update_by_path(trans, iter.path, update,
@@ -1411,22 +1461,10 @@ next:
        }
 
        if (bch2_bkey_maybe_mergable(&insert->k, k.k)) {
-               ret = check_pos_snapshot_overwritten(trans, btree_id, insert->k.p);
-               if (ret < 0)
-                       goto err;
+               ret = extent_back_merge(trans, &iter, insert, k);
                if (ret)
-                       goto nomerge2;
-
-               ret = check_pos_snapshot_overwritten(trans, btree_id, k.k->p);
-               if (ret < 0)
                        goto err;
-               if (ret)
-                       goto nomerge2;
-
-               bch2_bkey_merge(c, bkey_i_to_s(insert), k);
        }
-nomerge2:
-       ret = 0;
 out:
        if (!bkey_deleted(&insert->k)) {
                /*
@@ -1446,51 +1484,49 @@ err:
        return ret;
 }
 
-/*
- * When deleting, check if we need to emit a whiteout (because we're overwriting
- * something in an ancestor snapshot)
- */
-static int need_whiteout_for_snapshot(struct btree_trans *trans,
-                                     enum btree_id btree_id, struct bpos pos)
+static int __must_check
+bch2_trans_update_by_path_trace(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_path *path,
+                               struct bkey_i *k, enum btree_update_flags flags,
+                               unsigned long ip);
+
+static noinline int flush_new_cached_update(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                           struct btree_path *path,
+                                           struct btree_insert_entry *i,
+                                           enum btree_update_flags flags,
+                                           unsigned long ip)
 {
-       struct btree_iter iter;
-       struct bkey_s_c k;
-       u32 snapshot = pos.snapshot;
+       struct btree_path *btree_path;
        int ret;
 
-       if (!bch2_snapshot_parent(trans->c, pos.snapshot))
-               return 0;
-
-       pos.snapshot++;
+       i->key_cache_already_flushed = true;
+       i->flags |= BTREE_TRIGGER_NORUN;
 
-       for_each_btree_key_norestart(trans, iter, btree_id, pos,
-                          BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS|
-                          BTREE_ITER_NOPRESERVE, k, ret) {
-               if (bkey_cmp(k.k->p, pos))
-                       break;
+       btree_path = bch2_path_get(trans, path->btree_id, path->pos, 1, 0,
+                                  BTREE_ITER_INTENT, _THIS_IP_);
 
-               if (bch2_snapshot_is_ancestor(trans->c, snapshot,
-                                             k.k->p.snapshot)) {
-                       ret = !bkey_whiteout(k.k);
-                       break;
-               }
-       }
-       bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, &iter);
+       ret = bch2_btree_path_traverse(trans, btree_path, 0);
+       if (ret)
+               goto err;
 
+       btree_path_set_should_be_locked(btree_path);
+       ret = bch2_trans_update_by_path_trace(trans, btree_path, i->k, flags, ip);
+err:
+       bch2_path_put(trans, btree_path, true);
        return ret;
 }
 
 static int __must_check
-bch2_trans_update_by_path(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_path *path,
-                         struct bkey_i *k, enum btree_update_flags flags)
+bch2_trans_update_by_path_trace(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_path *path,
+                               struct bkey_i *k, enum btree_update_flags flags,
+                               unsigned long ip)
 {
        struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
        struct btree_insert_entry *i, n;
+       int cmp;
 
-       BUG_ON(!path->should_be_locked);
-
-       BUG_ON(trans->nr_updates >= BTREE_ITER_MAX);
-       BUG_ON(bpos_cmp(k->k.p, path->pos));
+       EBUG_ON(!path->should_be_locked);
+       EBUG_ON(trans->nr_updates >= BTREE_ITER_MAX);
+       EBUG_ON(!bpos_eq(k->k.p, path->pos));
 
        n = (struct btree_insert_entry) {
                .flags          = flags,
@@ -1500,7 +1536,7 @@ bch2_trans_update_by_path(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_path *path,
                .cached         = path->cached,
                .path           = path,
                .k              = k,
-               .ip_allocated   = _RET_IP_,
+               .ip_allocated   = ip,
        };
 
 #ifdef CONFIG_BCACHEFS_DEBUG
@@ -1513,13 +1549,14 @@ bch2_trans_update_by_path(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_path *path,
         * Pending updates are kept sorted: first, find position of new update,
         * then delete/trim any updates the new update overwrites:
         */
-       trans_for_each_update(trans, i)
-               if (btree_insert_entry_cmp(&n, i) <= 0)
+       trans_for_each_update(trans, i) {
+               cmp = btree_insert_entry_cmp(&n, i);
+               if (cmp <= 0)
                        break;
+       }
 
-       if (i < trans->updates + trans->nr_updates &&
-           !btree_insert_entry_cmp(&n, i)) {
-               BUG_ON(i->insert_trigger_run || i->overwrite_trigger_run);
+       if (!cmp && i < trans->updates + trans->nr_updates) {
+               EBUG_ON(i->insert_trigger_run || i->overwrite_trigger_run);
 
                bch2_path_put(trans, i->path, true);
                i->flags        = n.flags;
@@ -1531,10 +1568,10 @@ bch2_trans_update_by_path(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_path *path,
                array_insert_item(trans->updates, trans->nr_updates,
                                  i - trans->updates, n);
 
-               i->old_v = bch2_btree_path_peek_slot(path, &i->old_k).v;
+               i->old_v = bch2_btree_path_peek_slot_exact(path, &i->old_k).v;
                i->old_btree_u64s = !bkey_deleted(&i->old_k) ? i->old_k.u64s : 0;
 
-               if (unlikely(!test_bit(JOURNAL_REPLAY_DONE, &c->journal.flags))) {
+               if (unlikely(trans->journal_replay_not_finished)) {
                        struct bkey_i *j_k =
                                bch2_journal_keys_peek_slot(c, n.btree_id, n.level, k->k.p);
 
@@ -1545,10 +1582,30 @@ bch2_trans_update_by_path(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_path *path,
                }
        }
 
-       __btree_path_get(n.path, true);
+       __btree_path_get(i->path, true);
+
+       /*
+        * If a key is present in the key cache, it must also exist in the
+        * btree - this is necessary for cache coherency. When iterating over
+        * a btree that's cached in the key cache, the btree iter code checks
+        * the key cache - but the key has to exist in the btree for that to
+        * work:
+        */
+       if (path->cached &&
+           bkey_deleted(&i->old_k) &&
+           !(flags & BTREE_UPDATE_NO_KEY_CACHE_COHERENCY))
+               return flush_new_cached_update(trans, path, i, flags, ip);
+
        return 0;
 }
 
+static inline int __must_check
+bch2_trans_update_by_path(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_path *path,
+                         struct bkey_i *k, enum btree_update_flags flags)
+{
+       return bch2_trans_update_by_path_trace(trans, path, k, flags, _RET_IP_);
+}
+
 int __must_check bch2_trans_update(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_iter *iter,
                                   struct bkey_i *k, enum btree_update_flags flags)
 {
@@ -1570,13 +1627,16 @@ int __must_check bch2_trans_update(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_iter
                        k->k.type = KEY_TYPE_whiteout;
        }
 
+       /*
+        * Ensure that updates to cached btrees go to the key cache:
+        */
        if (!(flags & BTREE_UPDATE_KEY_CACHE_RECLAIM) &&
            !path->cached &&
            !path->level &&
            btree_id_cached(trans->c, path->btree_id)) {
                if (!iter->key_cache_path ||
                    !iter->key_cache_path->should_be_locked ||
-                   bpos_cmp(iter->key_cache_path->pos, k->k.p)) {
+                   !bpos_eq(iter->key_cache_path->pos, k->k.p)) {
                        if (!iter->key_cache_path)
                                iter->key_cache_path =
                                        bch2_path_get(trans, path->btree_id, path->pos, 1, 0,
@@ -1596,12 +1656,11 @@ int __must_check bch2_trans_update(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_iter
                        ck = (void *) iter->key_cache_path->l[0].b;
 
                        if (test_bit(BKEY_CACHED_DIRTY, &ck->flags)) {
-                               trace_trans_restart_key_cache_raced(trans->fn, _RET_IP_);
-                               btree_trans_restart(trans);
-                               return -EINTR;
+                               trace_and_count(trans->c, trans_restart_key_cache_raced, trans, _RET_IP_);
+                               return btree_trans_restart(trans, BCH_ERR_transaction_restart_key_cache_raced);
                        }
 
-                       iter->key_cache_path->should_be_locked = true;
+                       btree_path_set_should_be_locked(iter->key_cache_path);
                }
 
                path = iter->key_cache_path;
@@ -1610,6 +1669,59 @@ int __must_check bch2_trans_update(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_iter
        return bch2_trans_update_by_path(trans, path, k, flags);
 }
 
+int __must_check bch2_trans_update_buffered(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                           enum btree_id btree,
+                                           struct bkey_i *k)
+{
+       struct btree_write_buffered_key *i;
+       int ret;
+
+       EBUG_ON(trans->nr_wb_updates > trans->wb_updates_size);
+       EBUG_ON(k->k.u64s > BTREE_WRITE_BUFERED_U64s_MAX);
+
+       trans_for_each_wb_update(trans, i) {
+               if (i->btree == btree && bpos_eq(i->k.k.p, k->k.p)) {
+                       bkey_copy(&i->k, k);
+                       return 0;
+               }
+       }
+
+       if (!trans->wb_updates ||
+           trans->nr_wb_updates == trans->wb_updates_size) {
+               struct btree_write_buffered_key *u;
+
+               if (trans->nr_wb_updates == trans->wb_updates_size) {
+                       struct btree_transaction_stats *s = btree_trans_stats(trans);
+
+                       BUG_ON(trans->wb_updates_size > U8_MAX / 2);
+                       trans->wb_updates_size = max(1, trans->wb_updates_size * 2);
+                       if (s)
+                               s->wb_updates_size = trans->wb_updates_size;
+               }
+
+               u = bch2_trans_kmalloc_nomemzero(trans,
+                                       trans->wb_updates_size *
+                                       sizeof(struct btree_write_buffered_key));
+               ret = PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(u);
+               if (ret)
+                       return ret;
+
+               if (trans->nr_wb_updates)
+                       memcpy(u, trans->wb_updates, trans->nr_wb_updates *
+                              sizeof(struct btree_write_buffered_key));
+               trans->wb_updates = u;
+       }
+
+       trans->wb_updates[trans->nr_wb_updates] = (struct btree_write_buffered_key) {
+               .btree  = btree,
+       };
+
+       bkey_copy(&trans->wb_updates[trans->nr_wb_updates].k, k);
+       trans->nr_wb_updates++;
+
+       return 0;
+}
+
 void bch2_trans_commit_hook(struct btree_trans *trans,
                            struct btree_trans_commit_hook *h)
 {
@@ -1617,16 +1729,33 @@ void bch2_trans_commit_hook(struct btree_trans *trans,
        trans->hooks = h;
 }
 
-int __bch2_btree_insert(struct btree_trans *trans,
-                       enum btree_id id, struct bkey_i *k)
+int bch2_btree_insert_nonextent(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                               enum btree_id btree, struct bkey_i *k,
+                               enum btree_update_flags flags)
+{
+       struct btree_iter iter;
+       int ret;
+
+       bch2_trans_iter_init(trans, &iter, btree, k->k.p,
+                            BTREE_ITER_NOT_EXTENTS|
+                            BTREE_ITER_INTENT);
+       ret   = bch2_btree_iter_traverse(&iter) ?:
+               bch2_trans_update(trans, &iter, k, flags);
+       bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, &iter);
+       return ret;
+}
+
+int __bch2_btree_insert(struct btree_trans *trans, enum btree_id id,
+                       struct bkey_i *k, enum btree_update_flags flags)
 {
        struct btree_iter iter;
        int ret;
 
        bch2_trans_iter_init(trans, &iter, id, bkey_start_pos(&k->k),
+                            BTREE_ITER_CACHED|
                             BTREE_ITER_INTENT);
        ret   = bch2_btree_iter_traverse(&iter) ?:
-               bch2_trans_update(trans, &iter, k, 0);
+               bch2_trans_update(trans, &iter, k, flags);
        bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, &iter);
        return ret;
 }
@@ -1644,7 +1773,7 @@ int bch2_btree_insert(struct bch_fs *c, enum btree_id id,
                      u64 *journal_seq, int flags)
 {
        return bch2_trans_do(c, disk_res, journal_seq, flags,
-                            __bch2_btree_insert(&trans, id, k));
+                            __bch2_btree_insert(&trans, id, k, 0));
 }
 
 int bch2_btree_delete_extent_at(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_iter *iter,
@@ -1673,20 +1802,21 @@ int bch2_btree_delete_range_trans(struct btree_trans *trans, enum btree_id id,
                                  unsigned update_flags,
                                  u64 *journal_seq)
 {
+       u32 restart_count = trans->restart_count;
        struct btree_iter iter;
        struct bkey_s_c k;
        int ret = 0;
 
        bch2_trans_iter_init(trans, &iter, id, start, BTREE_ITER_INTENT);
-retry:
-       while ((bch2_trans_begin(trans),
-              (k = bch2_btree_iter_peek(&iter)).k) &&
-              !(ret = bkey_err(k)) &&
-              bkey_cmp(iter.pos, end) < 0) {
+       while ((k = bch2_btree_iter_peek_upto(&iter, end)).k) {
                struct disk_reservation disk_res =
                        bch2_disk_reservation_init(trans->c, 0);
                struct bkey_i delete;
 
+               ret = bkey_err(k);
+               if (ret)
+                       goto err;
+
                bkey_init(&delete.k);
 
                /*
@@ -1705,33 +1835,33 @@ retry:
                 */
                delete.k.p = iter.pos;
 
-               if (iter.flags & BTREE_ITER_IS_EXTENTS) {
-                       unsigned max_sectors =
-                               KEY_SIZE_MAX & (~0 << trans->c->block_bits);
-
-                       /* create the biggest key we can */
-                       bch2_key_resize(&delete.k, max_sectors);
-                       bch2_cut_back(end, &delete);
-
-                       ret = bch2_extent_trim_atomic(trans, &iter, &delete);
-                       if (ret)
-                               break;
-               }
+               if (iter.flags & BTREE_ITER_IS_EXTENTS)
+                       bch2_key_resize(&delete.k,
+                                       bpos_min(end, k.k->p).offset -
+                                       iter.pos.offset);
 
                ret   = bch2_trans_update(trans, &iter, &delete, update_flags) ?:
                        bch2_trans_commit(trans, &disk_res, journal_seq,
                                          BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL);
                bch2_disk_reservation_put(trans->c, &disk_res);
+err:
+               /*
+                * the bch2_trans_begin() call is in a weird place because we
+                * need to call it after every transaction commit, to avoid path
+                * overflow, but don't want to call it if the delete operation
+                * is a no-op and we have no work to do:
+                */
+               bch2_trans_begin(trans);
+
+               if (bch2_err_matches(ret, BCH_ERR_transaction_restart))
+                       ret = 0;
                if (ret)
                        break;
        }
-
-       if (ret == -EINTR) {
-               ret = 0;
-               goto retry;
-       }
-
        bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, &iter);
+
+       if (!ret && trans_was_restarted(trans, restart_count))
+               ret = -BCH_ERR_transaction_restart_nested;
        return ret;
 }
 
@@ -1745,23 +1875,33 @@ int bch2_btree_delete_range(struct bch_fs *c, enum btree_id id,
                            unsigned update_flags,
                            u64 *journal_seq)
 {
-       return bch2_trans_do(c, NULL, journal_seq, 0,
-                            bch2_btree_delete_range_trans(&trans, id, start, end,
-                                                          update_flags, journal_seq));
+       int ret = bch2_trans_run(c,
+                       bch2_btree_delete_range_trans(&trans, id, start, end,
+                                                     update_flags, journal_seq));
+       if (ret == -BCH_ERR_transaction_restart_nested)
+               ret = 0;
+       return ret;
 }
 
-int bch2_trans_log_msg(struct btree_trans *trans, const char *msg)
+static int __bch2_trans_log_msg(darray_u64 *entries, const char *fmt, va_list args)
 {
-       unsigned len = strlen(msg);
-       unsigned u64s = DIV_ROUND_UP(len, sizeof(u64));
+       struct printbuf buf = PRINTBUF;
        struct jset_entry_log *l;
+       unsigned u64s;
        int ret;
 
-       ret = darray_make_room(&trans->extra_journal_entries, jset_u64s(u64s));
+       prt_vprintf(&buf, fmt, args);
+       ret = buf.allocation_failure ? -ENOMEM : 0;
        if (ret)
-               return ret;
+               goto err;
+
+       u64s = DIV_ROUND_UP(buf.pos, sizeof(u64));
 
-       l = (void *) &darray_top(trans->extra_journal_entries);
+       ret = darray_make_room(entries, jset_u64s(u64s));
+       if (ret)
+               goto err;
+
+       l = (void *) &darray_top(*entries);
        l->entry.u64s           = cpu_to_le16(u64s);
        l->entry.btree_id       = 0;
        l->entry.level          = 1;
@@ -1769,10 +1909,44 @@ int bch2_trans_log_msg(struct btree_trans *trans, const char *msg)
        l->entry.pad[0]         = 0;
        l->entry.pad[1]         = 0;
        l->entry.pad[2]         = 0;
-       memcpy(l->d, msg, len);
-       while (len & 7)
-               l->d[len++] = '\0';
+       memcpy(l->d, buf.buf, buf.pos);
+       while (buf.pos & 7)
+               l->d[buf.pos++] = '\0';
+
+       entries->nr += jset_u64s(u64s);
+err:
+       printbuf_exit(&buf);
+       return ret;
+}
+
+int bch2_trans_log_msg(struct btree_trans *trans, const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+       va_list args;
+       int ret;
+
+       va_start(args, fmt);
+       ret = __bch2_trans_log_msg(&trans->extra_journal_entries, fmt, args);
+       va_end(args);
+
+       return ret;
+}
+
+int bch2_fs_log_msg(struct bch_fs *c, const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+       va_list args;
+       int ret;
+
+       va_start(args, fmt);
+
+       if (!test_bit(JOURNAL_STARTED, &c->journal.flags)) {
+               ret = __bch2_trans_log_msg(&c->journal.early_journal_entries, fmt, args);
+       } else {
+               ret = bch2_trans_do(c, NULL, NULL, BTREE_INSERT_LAZY_RW,
+                       __bch2_trans_log_msg(&trans.extra_journal_entries, fmt, args));
+       }
+
+       va_end(args);
+
+       return ret;
 
-       trans->extra_journal_entries.nr += jset_u64s(u64s);
-       return 0;
 }