]> git.sesse.net Git - bcachefs-tools-debian/blobdiff - libbcachefs/fsck.c
Update bcachefs sources to c887148ebf99 thread_with_file: add f_ops.flush
[bcachefs-tools-debian] / libbcachefs / fsck.c
index d99c04af2c5514ea92afd750b9be84d43f0b04b5..144f074bbc6ce71dfdc68b009345c521891af29b 100644 (file)
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 
 #include "bcachefs.h"
 #include "bkey_buf.h"
+#include "btree_cache.h"
 #include "btree_update.h"
 #include "buckets.h"
-#include "darray.h"
 #include "dirent.h"
 #include "error.h"
 #include "fs-common.h"
 #include "inode.h"
 #include "keylist.h"
 #include "recovery.h"
-#include "subvolume.h"
+#include "snapshot.h"
 #include "super.h"
 #include "xattr.h"
 
 #include <linux/bsearch.h>
+#include <linux/darray.h>
 #include <linux/dcache.h> /* struct qstr */
 
-#define QSTR(n) { { { .len = strlen(n) } }, .name = n }
-
 /*
  * XXX: this is handling transaction restarts without returning
  * -BCH_ERR_transaction_restart_nested, this is not how we do things anymore:
 static s64 bch2_count_inode_sectors(struct btree_trans *trans, u64 inum,
                                    u32 snapshot)
 {
-       struct btree_iter iter;
-       struct bkey_s_c k;
        u64 sectors = 0;
-       int ret;
 
-       for_each_btree_key_upto(trans, iter, BTREE_ID_extents,
+       int ret = for_each_btree_key_upto(trans, iter, BTREE_ID_extents,
                                SPOS(inum, 0, snapshot),
                                POS(inum, U64_MAX),
-                               0, k, ret)
+                               0, k, ({
                if (bkey_extent_is_allocation(k.k))
                        sectors += k.k->size;
-
-       bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, &iter);
+               0;
+       }));
 
        return ret ?: sectors;
 }
@@ -48,45 +44,23 @@ static s64 bch2_count_inode_sectors(struct btree_trans *trans, u64 inum,
 static s64 bch2_count_subdirs(struct btree_trans *trans, u64 inum,
                                    u32 snapshot)
 {
-       struct btree_iter iter;
-       struct bkey_s_c k;
-       struct bkey_s_c_dirent d;
        u64 subdirs = 0;
-       int ret;
-
-       for_each_btree_key_upto(trans, iter, BTREE_ID_dirents,
-                               SPOS(inum, 0, snapshot),
-                               POS(inum, U64_MAX),
-                               0, k, ret) {
-               if (k.k->type != KEY_TYPE_dirent)
-                       continue;
 
-               d = bkey_s_c_to_dirent(k);
-               if (d.v->d_type == DT_DIR)
+       int ret = for_each_btree_key_upto(trans, iter, BTREE_ID_dirents,
+                                   SPOS(inum, 0, snapshot),
+                                   POS(inum, U64_MAX),
+                                   0, k, ({
+               if (k.k->type == KEY_TYPE_dirent &&
+                   bkey_s_c_to_dirent(k).v->d_type == DT_DIR)
                        subdirs++;
-       }
-       bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, &iter);
+               0;
+       }));
 
        return ret ?: subdirs;
 }
 
-static int __snapshot_lookup_subvol(struct btree_trans *trans, u32 snapshot,
-                                   u32 *subvol)
-{
-       struct bch_snapshot s;
-       int ret = bch2_bkey_get_val_typed(trans, BTREE_ID_snapshots,
-                                         POS(0, snapshot), 0,
-                                         snapshot, &s);
-       if (!ret)
-               *subvol = le32_to_cpu(s.subvol);
-       else if (bch2_err_matches(ret, ENOENT))
-               bch_err(trans->c, "snapshot %u not fonud", snapshot);
-       return ret;
-
-}
-
-static int __subvol_lookup(struct btree_trans *trans, u32 subvol,
-                          u32 *snapshot, u64 *inum)
+static int subvol_lookup(struct btree_trans *trans, u32 subvol,
+                        u32 *snapshot, u64 *inum)
 {
        struct bch_subvolume s;
        int ret;
@@ -98,12 +72,6 @@ static int __subvol_lookup(struct btree_trans *trans, u32 subvol,
        return ret;
 }
 
-static int subvol_lookup(struct btree_trans *trans, u32 subvol,
-                        u32 *snapshot, u64 *inum)
-{
-       return lockrestart_do(trans, __subvol_lookup(trans, subvol, snapshot, inum));
-}
-
 static int lookup_first_inode(struct btree_trans *trans, u64 inode_nr,
                              struct bch_inode_unpacked *inode)
 {
@@ -126,16 +94,14 @@ static int lookup_first_inode(struct btree_trans *trans, u64 inode_nr,
 
        ret = bch2_inode_unpack(k, inode);
 err:
-       if (ret && !bch2_err_matches(ret, BCH_ERR_transaction_restart))
-               bch_err(trans->c, "error fetching inode %llu: %s",
-                       inode_nr, bch2_err_str(ret));
+       bch_err_msg(trans->c, ret, "fetching inode %llu", inode_nr);
        bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, &iter);
        return ret;
 }
 
-static int __lookup_inode(struct btree_trans *trans, u64 inode_nr,
-                         struct bch_inode_unpacked *inode,
-                         u32 *snapshot)
+static int lookup_inode(struct btree_trans *trans, u64 inode_nr,
+                       struct bch_inode_unpacked *inode,
+                       u32 *snapshot)
 {
        struct btree_iter iter;
        struct bkey_s_c k;
@@ -153,31 +119,19 @@ static int __lookup_inode(struct btree_trans *trans, u64 inode_nr,
        if (!ret)
                *snapshot = iter.pos.snapshot;
 err:
-       if (ret && !bch2_err_matches(ret, BCH_ERR_transaction_restart))
-               bch_err(trans->c, "error fetching inode %llu:%u: %s",
-                       inode_nr, *snapshot, bch2_err_str(ret));
        bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, &iter);
        return ret;
 }
 
-static int lookup_inode(struct btree_trans *trans, u64 inode_nr,
-                       struct bch_inode_unpacked *inode,
-                       u32 *snapshot)
-{
-       return lockrestart_do(trans, __lookup_inode(trans, inode_nr, inode, snapshot));
-}
-
-static int __lookup_dirent(struct btree_trans *trans,
+static int lookup_dirent_in_snapshot(struct btree_trans *trans,
                           struct bch_hash_info hash_info,
                           subvol_inum dir, struct qstr *name,
-                          u64 *target, unsigned *type)
+                          u64 *target, unsigned *type, u32 snapshot)
 {
        struct btree_iter iter;
        struct bkey_s_c_dirent d;
-       int ret;
-
-       ret = bch2_hash_lookup(trans, &iter, bch2_dirent_hash_desc,
-                              &hash_info, dir, name, 0);
+       int ret = bch2_hash_lookup_in_snapshot(trans, &iter, bch2_dirent_hash_desc,
+                              &hash_info, dir, name, 0, snapshot);
        if (ret)
                return ret;
 
@@ -188,38 +142,6 @@ static int __lookup_dirent(struct btree_trans *trans,
        return 0;
 }
 
-static int __write_inode(struct btree_trans *trans,
-                        struct bch_inode_unpacked *inode,
-                        u32 snapshot)
-{
-       struct bkey_inode_buf *inode_p =
-               bch2_trans_kmalloc(trans, sizeof(*inode_p));
-
-       if (IS_ERR(inode_p))
-               return PTR_ERR(inode_p);
-
-       bch2_inode_pack(inode_p, inode);
-       inode_p->inode.k.p.snapshot = snapshot;
-
-       return bch2_btree_insert_nonextent(trans, BTREE_ID_inodes,
-                               &inode_p->inode.k_i,
-                               BTREE_UPDATE_INTERNAL_SNAPSHOT_NODE);
-}
-
-static int write_inode(struct btree_trans *trans,
-                      struct bch_inode_unpacked *inode,
-                      u32 snapshot)
-{
-       int ret = commit_do(trans, NULL, NULL,
-                                 BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL|
-                                 BTREE_INSERT_LAZY_RW,
-                                 __write_inode(trans, inode, snapshot));
-       if (ret)
-               bch_err(trans->c, "error in fsck: error updating inode: %s",
-                       bch2_err_str(ret));
-       return ret;
-}
-
 static int __remove_dirent(struct btree_trans *trans, struct bpos pos)
 {
        struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
@@ -241,71 +163,110 @@ static int __remove_dirent(struct btree_trans *trans, struct bpos pos)
                                  BTREE_UPDATE_INTERNAL_SNAPSHOT_NODE);
        bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, &iter);
 err:
-       if (ret && !bch2_err_matches(ret, BCH_ERR_transaction_restart))
-               bch_err_fn(c, ret);
+       bch_err_fn(c, ret);
        return ret;
 }
 
 /* Get lost+found, create if it doesn't exist: */
-static int lookup_lostfound(struct btree_trans *trans, u32 subvol,
+static int lookup_lostfound(struct btree_trans *trans, u32 snapshot,
                            struct bch_inode_unpacked *lostfound)
 {
        struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
-       struct bch_inode_unpacked root;
-       struct bch_hash_info root_hash_info;
        struct qstr lostfound_str = QSTR("lost+found");
-       subvol_inum root_inum = { .subvol = subvol };
        u64 inum = 0;
        unsigned d_type = 0;
-       u32 snapshot;
        int ret;
 
-       ret = __subvol_lookup(trans, subvol, &snapshot, &root_inum.inum);
+       struct bch_snapshot_tree st;
+       ret = bch2_snapshot_tree_lookup(trans,
+                       bch2_snapshot_tree(c, snapshot), &st);
+       if (ret)
+               return ret;
+
+       subvol_inum root_inum = { .subvol = le32_to_cpu(st.master_subvol) };
+       u32 subvol_snapshot;
+
+       ret = subvol_lookup(trans, le32_to_cpu(st.master_subvol),
+                           &subvol_snapshot, &root_inum.inum);
+       bch_err_msg(c, ret, "looking up root subvol");
        if (ret)
                return ret;
 
-       ret = __lookup_inode(trans, root_inum.inum, &root, &snapshot);
+       struct bch_inode_unpacked root_inode;
+       struct bch_hash_info root_hash_info;
+       u32 root_inode_snapshot = snapshot;
+       ret = lookup_inode(trans, root_inum.inum, &root_inode, &root_inode_snapshot);
+       bch_err_msg(c, ret, "looking up root inode");
        if (ret)
                return ret;
 
-       root_hash_info = bch2_hash_info_init(c, &root);
+       root_hash_info = bch2_hash_info_init(c, &root_inode);
 
-       ret = __lookup_dirent(trans, root_hash_info, root_inum,
-                           &lostfound_str, &inum, &d_type);
-       if (bch2_err_matches(ret, ENOENT)) {
-               bch_notice(c, "creating lost+found");
+       ret = lookup_dirent_in_snapshot(trans, root_hash_info, root_inum,
+                             &lostfound_str, &inum, &d_type, snapshot);
+       if (bch2_err_matches(ret, ENOENT))
                goto create_lostfound;
-       }
 
-       if (ret && !bch2_err_matches(ret, BCH_ERR_transaction_restart))
-               bch_err(c, "error looking up lost+found: %s", bch2_err_str(ret));
+       bch_err_fn(c, ret);
        if (ret)
                return ret;
 
        if (d_type != DT_DIR) {
                bch_err(c, "error looking up lost+found: not a directory");
-               return ret;
+               return -BCH_ERR_ENOENT_not_directory;
        }
 
        /*
         * The bch2_check_dirents pass has already run, dangling dirents
         * shouldn't exist here:
         */
-       return __lookup_inode(trans, inum, lostfound, &snapshot);
+       ret = lookup_inode(trans, inum, lostfound, &snapshot);
+       bch_err_msg(c, ret, "looking up lost+found %llu:%u in (root inode %llu, snapshot root %u)",
+                   inum, snapshot, root_inum.inum, bch2_snapshot_root(c, snapshot));
+       return ret;
 
 create_lostfound:
+       /*
+        * XXX: we could have a nicer log message here  if we had a nice way to
+        * walk backpointers to print a path
+        */
+       bch_notice(c, "creating lost+found in snapshot %u", le32_to_cpu(st.root_snapshot));
+
+       u64 now = bch2_current_time(c);
+       struct btree_iter lostfound_iter = { NULL };
+       u64 cpu = raw_smp_processor_id();
+
        bch2_inode_init_early(c, lostfound);
+       bch2_inode_init_late(lostfound, now, 0, 0, S_IFDIR|0700, 0, &root_inode);
+       lostfound->bi_dir = root_inode.bi_inum;
 
-       ret = bch2_create_trans(trans, root_inum, &root,
-                               lostfound, &lostfound_str,
-                               0, 0, S_IFDIR|0700, 0, NULL, NULL,
-                               (subvol_inum) { }, 0);
-       if (ret && !bch2_err_matches(ret, BCH_ERR_transaction_restart))
-               bch_err(c, "error creating lost+found: %s", bch2_err_str(ret));
+       root_inode.bi_nlink++;
+
+       ret = bch2_inode_create(trans, &lostfound_iter, lostfound, snapshot, cpu);
+       if (ret)
+               goto err;
+
+       bch2_btree_iter_set_snapshot(&lostfound_iter, snapshot);
+       ret = bch2_btree_iter_traverse(&lostfound_iter);
+       if (ret)
+               goto err;
+
+       ret =   bch2_dirent_create_snapshot(trans,
+                               0, root_inode.bi_inum, snapshot, &root_hash_info,
+                               mode_to_type(lostfound->bi_mode),
+                               &lostfound_str,
+                               lostfound->bi_inum,
+                               &lostfound->bi_dir_offset,
+                               BCH_HASH_SET_MUST_CREATE) ?:
+               bch2_inode_write_flags(trans, &lostfound_iter, lostfound,
+                                      BTREE_UPDATE_INTERNAL_SNAPSHOT_NODE);
+err:
+       bch_err_msg(c, ret, "creating lost+found");
+       bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, &lostfound_iter);
        return ret;
 }
 
-static int __reattach_inode(struct btree_trans *trans,
+static int reattach_inode(struct btree_trans *trans,
                          struct bch_inode_unpacked *inode,
                          u32 inode_snapshot)
 {
@@ -314,63 +275,55 @@ static int __reattach_inode(struct btree_trans *trans,
        char name_buf[20];
        struct qstr name;
        u64 dir_offset = 0;
-       u32 subvol;
+       u32 dirent_snapshot = inode_snapshot;
        int ret;
 
-       ret = __snapshot_lookup_subvol(trans, inode_snapshot, &subvol);
-       if (ret)
-               return ret;
+       if (inode->bi_subvol) {
+               inode->bi_parent_subvol = BCACHEFS_ROOT_SUBVOL;
+
+               u64 root_inum;
+               ret = subvol_lookup(trans, inode->bi_parent_subvol,
+                                   &dirent_snapshot, &root_inum);
+               if (ret)
+                       return ret;
+
+               snprintf(name_buf, sizeof(name_buf), "subvol-%u", inode->bi_subvol);
+       } else {
+               snprintf(name_buf, sizeof(name_buf), "%llu", inode->bi_inum);
+       }
 
-       ret = lookup_lostfound(trans, subvol, &lostfound);
+       ret = lookup_lostfound(trans, dirent_snapshot, &lostfound);
        if (ret)
                return ret;
 
        if (S_ISDIR(inode->bi_mode)) {
                lostfound.bi_nlink++;
 
-               ret = __write_inode(trans, &lostfound, U32_MAX);
+               ret = __bch2_fsck_write_inode(trans, &lostfound, U32_MAX);
                if (ret)
                        return ret;
        }
 
        dir_hash = bch2_hash_info_init(trans->c, &lostfound);
 
-       snprintf(name_buf, sizeof(name_buf), "%llu", inode->bi_inum);
        name = (struct qstr) QSTR(name_buf);
 
-       ret = bch2_dirent_create(trans,
-                                (subvol_inum) {
-                                       .subvol = subvol,
-                                       .inum = lostfound.bi_inum,
-                                },
-                                &dir_hash,
-                                inode_d_type(inode),
-                                &name, inode->bi_inum, &dir_offset,
-                                BCH_HASH_SET_MUST_CREATE);
+       ret = bch2_dirent_create_snapshot(trans,
+                               inode->bi_parent_subvol, lostfound.bi_inum,
+                               dirent_snapshot,
+                               &dir_hash,
+                               inode_d_type(inode),
+                               &name,
+                               inode->bi_subvol ?: inode->bi_inum,
+                               &dir_offset,
+                               BCH_HASH_SET_MUST_CREATE);
        if (ret)
                return ret;
 
        inode->bi_dir           = lostfound.bi_inum;
        inode->bi_dir_offset    = dir_offset;
 
-       return __write_inode(trans, inode, inode_snapshot);
-}
-
-static int reattach_inode(struct btree_trans *trans,
-                         struct bch_inode_unpacked *inode,
-                         u32 inode_snapshot)
-{
-       int ret = commit_do(trans, NULL, NULL,
-                                 BTREE_INSERT_LAZY_RW|
-                                 BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL,
-                       __reattach_inode(trans, inode, inode_snapshot));
-       if (ret) {
-               bch_err(trans->c, "error reattaching inode %llu: %s",
-                       inode->bi_inum, bch2_err_str(ret));
-               return ret;
-       }
-
-       return ret;
+       return __bch2_fsck_write_inode(trans, inode, inode_snapshot);
 }
 
 static int remove_backpointer(struct btree_trans *trans,
@@ -389,6 +342,27 @@ static int remove_backpointer(struct btree_trans *trans,
        return ret;
 }
 
+static int reattach_subvol(struct btree_trans *trans, struct bkey_s_c_subvolume s)
+{
+       struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
+
+       struct bch_inode_unpacked inode;
+       int ret = bch2_inode_find_by_inum_trans(trans,
+                               (subvol_inum) { s.k->p.offset, le64_to_cpu(s.v->inode) },
+                               &inode);
+       if (ret)
+               return ret;
+
+       ret = remove_backpointer(trans, &inode);
+       bch_err_msg(c, ret, "removing dirent");
+       if (ret)
+               return ret;
+
+       ret = reattach_inode(trans, &inode, le32_to_cpu(s.v->snapshot));
+       bch_err_msg(c, ret, "reattaching inode %llu", inode.bi_inum);
+       return ret;
+}
+
 struct snapshots_seen_entry {
        u32                             id;
        u32                             equiv;
@@ -409,10 +383,32 @@ static inline void snapshots_seen_init(struct snapshots_seen *s)
        memset(s, 0, sizeof(*s));
 }
 
+static int snapshots_seen_add_inorder(struct bch_fs *c, struct snapshots_seen *s, u32 id)
+{
+       struct snapshots_seen_entry *i, n = {
+               .id     = id,
+               .equiv  = bch2_snapshot_equiv(c, id),
+       };
+       int ret = 0;
+
+       __darray_for_each(s->ids, i) {
+               if (i->id == id)
+                       return 0;
+               if (i->id > id)
+                       break;
+       }
+
+       ret = darray_insert_item(&s->ids, i - s->ids.data, n);
+       if (ret)
+               bch_err(c, "error reallocating snapshots_seen table (size %zu)",
+                       s->ids.size);
+       return ret;
+}
+
 static int snapshots_seen_update(struct bch_fs *c, struct snapshots_seen *s,
                                 enum btree_id btree_id, struct bpos pos)
 {
-       struct snapshots_seen_entry *i, n = {
+       struct snapshots_seen_entry n = {
                .id     = pos.snapshot,
                .equiv  = bch2_snapshot_equiv(c, pos.snapshot),
        };
@@ -435,9 +431,10 @@ static int snapshots_seen_update(struct bch_fs *c, struct snapshots_seen *s,
                if (i->equiv == n.equiv) {
                        bch_err(c, "snapshot deletion did not finish:\n"
                                "  duplicate keys in btree %s at %llu:%llu snapshots %u, %u (equiv %u)\n",
-                               bch2_btree_ids[btree_id],
+                               bch2_btree_id_str(btree_id),
                                pos.inode, pos.offset,
                                i->id, n.id, n.equiv);
+                       set_bit(BCH_FS_need_delete_dead_snapshots, &c->flags);
                        return bch2_run_explicit_recovery_pass(c, BCH_RECOVERY_PASS_delete_dead_snapshots);
                }
        }
@@ -453,7 +450,12 @@ static int snapshots_seen_update(struct bch_fs *c, struct snapshots_seen *s,
  * key_visible_in_snapshot - returns true if @id is a descendent of @ancestor,
  * and @ancestor hasn't been overwritten in @seen
  *
- * That is, returns whether key in @ancestor snapshot is visible in @id snapshot
+ * @c:         filesystem handle
+ * @seen:      list of snapshot ids already seen at current position
+ * @id:                descendent snapshot id
+ * @ancestor:  ancestor snapshot id
+ *
+ * Returns:    whether key in @ancestor snapshot is visible in @id snapshot
  */
 static bool key_visible_in_snapshot(struct bch_fs *c, struct snapshots_seen *seen,
                                    u32 id, u32 ancestor)
@@ -498,14 +500,16 @@ static bool key_visible_in_snapshot(struct bch_fs *c, struct snapshots_seen *see
  * snapshot id @dst, test whether there is some snapshot in which @dst is
  * visible.
  *
- * This assumes we're visiting @src keys in natural key order.
+ * @c:         filesystem handle
+ * @s:         list of snapshot IDs already seen at @src
+ * @src:       snapshot ID of src key
+ * @dst:       snapshot ID of dst key
+ * Returns:    true if there is some snapshot in which @dst is visible
  *
- * @s  - list of snapshot IDs already seen at @src
- * @src        - snapshot ID of src key
- * @dst        - snapshot ID of dst key
+ * Assumes we're visiting @src keys in natural key order
  */
-static int ref_visible(struct bch_fs *c, struct snapshots_seen *s,
-                      u32 src, u32 dst)
+static bool ref_visible(struct bch_fs *c, struct snapshots_seen *s,
+                       u32 src, u32 dst)
 {
        return dst <= src
                ? key_visible_in_snapshot(c, s, dst, src)
@@ -575,14 +579,13 @@ static int get_inodes_all_snapshots(struct btree_trans *trans,
        struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
        struct btree_iter iter;
        struct bkey_s_c k;
-       u32 restart_count = trans->restart_count;
        int ret;
 
        w->recalculate_sums = false;
        w->inodes.nr = 0;
 
-       for_each_btree_key(trans, iter, BTREE_ID_inodes, POS(0, inum),
-                          BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS, k, ret) {
+       for_each_btree_key_norestart(trans, iter, BTREE_ID_inodes, POS(0, inum),
+                                    BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS, k, ret) {
                if (k.k->p.offset != inum)
                        break;
 
@@ -595,22 +598,17 @@ static int get_inodes_all_snapshots(struct btree_trans *trans,
                return ret;
 
        w->first_this_inode = true;
-
-       if (trans_was_restarted(trans, restart_count))
-               return -BCH_ERR_transaction_restart_nested;
-
        return 0;
 }
 
 static struct inode_walker_entry *
-lookup_inode_for_snapshot(struct bch_fs *c, struct inode_walker *w,
-                         u32 snapshot, bool is_whiteout)
+lookup_inode_for_snapshot(struct bch_fs *c, struct inode_walker *w, struct bkey_s_c k)
 {
-       struct inode_walker_entry *i;
+       bool is_whiteout = k.k->type == KEY_TYPE_whiteout;
+       u32 snapshot = bch2_snapshot_equiv(c, k.k->p.snapshot);
 
-       snapshot = bch2_snapshot_equiv(c, snapshot);
-
-       darray_for_each(w->inodes, i)
+       struct inode_walker_entry *i;
+       __darray_for_each(w->inodes, i)
                if (bch2_snapshot_is_ancestor(c, snapshot, i->snapshot))
                        goto found;
 
@@ -620,20 +618,24 @@ found:
 
        if (snapshot != i->snapshot && !is_whiteout) {
                struct inode_walker_entry new = *i;
-               size_t pos;
-               int ret;
 
                new.snapshot = snapshot;
                new.count = 0;
 
-               bch_info(c, "have key for inode %llu:%u but have inode in ancestor snapshot %u",
-                        w->last_pos.inode, snapshot, i->snapshot);
+               struct printbuf buf = PRINTBUF;
+               bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, k);
+
+               bch_info(c, "have key for inode %llu:%u but have inode in ancestor snapshot %u\n"
+                        "unexpected because we should always update the inode when we update a key in that inode\n"
+                        "%s",
+                        w->last_pos.inode, snapshot, i->snapshot, buf.buf);
+               printbuf_exit(&buf);
 
                while (i > w->inodes.data && i[-1].snapshot > snapshot)
                        --i;
 
-               pos = i - w->inodes.data;
-               ret = darray_insert_item(&w->inodes, pos, new);
+               size_t pos = i - w->inodes.data;
+               int ret = darray_insert_item(&w->inodes, pos, new);
                if (ret)
                        return ERR_PTR(ret);
 
@@ -644,24 +646,21 @@ found:
 }
 
 static struct inode_walker_entry *walk_inode(struct btree_trans *trans,
-                                            struct inode_walker *w, struct bpos pos,
-                                            bool is_whiteout)
+                                            struct inode_walker *w,
+                                            struct bkey_s_c k)
 {
-       if (w->last_pos.inode != pos.inode) {
-               int ret = get_inodes_all_snapshots(trans, w, pos.inode);
+       if (w->last_pos.inode != k.k->p.inode) {
+               int ret = get_inodes_all_snapshots(trans, w, k.k->p.inode);
                if (ret)
                        return ERR_PTR(ret);
-       } else if (bkey_cmp(w->last_pos, pos)) {
-               struct inode_walker_entry *i;
-
+       } else if (bkey_cmp(w->last_pos, k.k->p)) {
                darray_for_each(w->inodes, i)
                        i->seen_this_pos = false;
-
        }
 
-       w->last_pos = pos;
+       w->last_pos = k.k->p;
 
-       return lookup_inode_for_snapshot(trans->c, w, pos.snapshot, is_whiteout);
+       return lookup_inode_for_snapshot(trans->c, w, k);
 }
 
 static int __get_visible_inodes(struct btree_trans *trans,
@@ -706,8 +705,9 @@ static int check_key_has_snapshot(struct btree_trans *trans,
        int ret = 0;
 
        if (mustfix_fsck_err_on(!bch2_snapshot_equiv(c, k.k->p.snapshot), c,
-                       "key in missing snapshot: %s",
-                       (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, k), buf.buf)))
+                               bkey_in_missing_snapshot,
+                               "key in missing snapshot: %s",
+                               (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, k), buf.buf)))
                ret = bch2_btree_delete_at(trans, iter,
                                            BTREE_UPDATE_INTERNAL_SNAPSHOT_NODE) ?: 1;
 fsck_err:
@@ -735,14 +735,12 @@ static int hash_redo_key(struct btree_trans *trans,
        delete->k.p = k_iter->pos;
        return  bch2_btree_iter_traverse(k_iter) ?:
                bch2_trans_update(trans, k_iter, delete, 0) ?:
-               bch2_hash_set_snapshot(trans, desc, hash_info,
+               bch2_hash_set_in_snapshot(trans, desc, hash_info,
                                       (subvol_inum) { 0, k.k->p.inode },
                                       k.k->p.snapshot, tmp,
                                       BCH_HASH_SET_MUST_CREATE,
                                       BTREE_UPDATE_INTERNAL_SNAPSHOT_NODE) ?:
-               bch2_trans_commit(trans, NULL, NULL,
-                                 BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL|
-                                 BTREE_INSERT_LAZY_RW);
+               bch2_trans_commit(trans, NULL, NULL, BCH_TRANS_COMMIT_no_enospc);
 }
 
 static int hash_check_key(struct btree_trans *trans,
@@ -776,6 +774,7 @@ static int hash_check_key(struct btree_trans *trans,
 
                if (fsck_err_on(k.k->type == desc.key_type &&
                                !desc.cmp_bkey(k, hash_k), c,
+                               hash_table_key_duplicate,
                                "duplicate hash table keys:\n%s",
                                (printbuf_reset(&buf),
                                 bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, hash_k),
@@ -794,13 +793,13 @@ out:
        printbuf_exit(&buf);
        return ret;
 bad_hash:
-       if (fsck_err(c, "hash table key at wrong offset: btree %s inode %llu offset %llu, hashed to %llu\n%s",
-                    bch2_btree_ids[desc.btree_id], hash_k.k->p.inode, hash_k.k->p.offset, hash,
+       if (fsck_err(c, hash_table_key_wrong_offset,
+                    "hash table key at wrong offset: btree %s inode %llu offset %llu, hashed to %llu\n%s",
+                    bch2_btree_id_str(desc.btree_id), hash_k.k->p.inode, hash_k.k->p.offset, hash,
                     (printbuf_reset(&buf),
                      bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, hash_k), buf.buf))) {
                ret = hash_redo_key(trans, desc, hash_info, k_iter, hash_k);
-               if (ret && !bch2_err_matches(ret, BCH_ERR_transaction_restart))
-                       bch_err(c, "hash_redo_key err %s", bch2_err_str(ret));
+               bch_err_fn(c, ret);
                if (ret)
                        return ret;
                ret = -BCH_ERR_transaction_restart_nested;
@@ -809,6 +808,98 @@ fsck_err:
        goto out;
 }
 
+static struct bkey_s_c_dirent dirent_get_by_pos(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                               struct btree_iter *iter,
+                                               struct bpos pos)
+{
+       return bch2_bkey_get_iter_typed(trans, iter, BTREE_ID_dirents, pos, 0, dirent);
+}
+
+static struct bkey_s_c_dirent inode_get_dirent(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                              struct btree_iter *iter,
+                                              struct bch_inode_unpacked *inode,
+                                              u32 *snapshot)
+{
+       if (inode->bi_subvol) {
+               u64 inum;
+               int ret = subvol_lookup(trans, inode->bi_parent_subvol, snapshot, &inum);
+               if (ret)
+                       return ((struct bkey_s_c_dirent) { .k = ERR_PTR(ret) });
+       }
+
+       return dirent_get_by_pos(trans, iter, SPOS(inode->bi_dir, inode->bi_dir_offset, *snapshot));
+}
+
+static bool inode_points_to_dirent(struct bch_inode_unpacked *inode,
+                                  struct bkey_s_c_dirent d)
+{
+       return  inode->bi_dir           == d.k->p.inode &&
+               inode->bi_dir_offset    == d.k->p.offset;
+}
+
+static bool dirent_points_to_inode(struct bkey_s_c_dirent d,
+                                  struct bch_inode_unpacked *inode)
+{
+       return d.v->d_type == DT_SUBVOL
+               ? le32_to_cpu(d.v->d_child_subvol)      == inode->bi_subvol
+               : le64_to_cpu(d.v->d_inum)              == inode->bi_inum;
+}
+
+static int check_inode_deleted_list(struct btree_trans *trans, struct bpos p)
+{
+       struct btree_iter iter;
+       struct bkey_s_c k = bch2_bkey_get_iter(trans, &iter, BTREE_ID_deleted_inodes, p, 0);
+       int ret = bkey_err(k);
+       if (ret)
+               return ret;
+
+       bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, &iter);
+       return k.k->type == KEY_TYPE_set;
+}
+
+static int check_inode_dirent_inode(struct btree_trans *trans, struct bkey_s_c inode_k,
+                                   struct bch_inode_unpacked *inode,
+                                   u32 inode_snapshot, bool *write_inode)
+{
+       struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
+       struct printbuf buf = PRINTBUF;
+
+       struct btree_iter dirent_iter = {};
+       struct bkey_s_c_dirent d = inode_get_dirent(trans, &dirent_iter, inode, &inode_snapshot);
+       int ret = bkey_err(d);
+       if (ret && !bch2_err_matches(ret, ENOENT))
+               return ret;
+
+       if (fsck_err_on(ret,
+                       c, inode_points_to_missing_dirent,
+                       "inode points to missing dirent\n%s",
+                       (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, inode_k), buf.buf)) ||
+           fsck_err_on(!ret && !dirent_points_to_inode(d, inode),
+                       c, inode_points_to_wrong_dirent,
+                       "inode points to dirent that does not point back:\n%s",
+                       (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, inode_k),
+                        prt_newline(&buf),
+                        bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, d.s_c), buf.buf))) {
+               /*
+                * We just clear the backpointer fields for now. If we find a
+                * dirent that points to this inode in check_dirents(), we'll
+                * update it then; then when we get to check_path() if the
+                * backpointer is still 0 we'll reattach it.
+                */
+               inode->bi_dir = 0;
+               inode->bi_dir_offset = 0;
+               inode->bi_flags &= ~BCH_INODE_backptr_untrusted;
+               *write_inode = true;
+       }
+
+       ret = 0;
+fsck_err:
+       bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, &dirent_iter);
+       printbuf_exit(&buf);
+       bch_err_fn(c, ret);
+       return ret;
+}
+
 static int check_inode(struct btree_trans *trans,
                       struct btree_iter *iter,
                       struct bkey_s_c k,
@@ -831,58 +922,77 @@ static int check_inode(struct btree_trans *trans,
        if (ret)
                goto err;
 
-       /*
-        * if snapshot id isn't a leaf node, skip it - deletion in
-        * particular is not atomic, so on the internal snapshot nodes
-        * we can see inodes marked for deletion after a clean shutdown
-        */
-       if (bch2_snapshot_is_internal_node(c, k.k->p.snapshot))
-               return 0;
-
        if (!bkey_is_inode(k.k))
                return 0;
 
        BUG_ON(bch2_inode_unpack(k, &u));
 
        if (!full &&
-           !(u.bi_flags & (BCH_INODE_I_SIZE_DIRTY|
-                           BCH_INODE_I_SECTORS_DIRTY|
-                           BCH_INODE_UNLINKED)))
+           !(u.bi_flags & (BCH_INODE_i_size_dirty|
+                           BCH_INODE_i_sectors_dirty|
+                           BCH_INODE_unlinked)))
                return 0;
 
        if (prev->bi_inum != u.bi_inum)
                *prev = u;
 
        if (fsck_err_on(prev->bi_hash_seed      != u.bi_hash_seed ||
-                       inode_d_type(prev)      != inode_d_type(&u), c,
+                       inode_d_type(prev)      != inode_d_type(&u),
+                       c, inode_snapshot_mismatch,
                        "inodes in different snapshots don't match")) {
                bch_err(c, "repair not implemented yet");
-               return -EINVAL;
+               return -BCH_ERR_fsck_repair_unimplemented;
+       }
+
+       if ((u.bi_flags & (BCH_INODE_i_size_dirty|BCH_INODE_unlinked)) &&
+           bch2_key_has_snapshot_overwrites(trans, BTREE_ID_inodes, k.k->p)) {
+               struct bpos new_min_pos;
+
+               ret = bch2_propagate_key_to_snapshot_leaves(trans, iter->btree_id, k, &new_min_pos);
+               if (ret)
+                       goto err;
+
+               u.bi_flags &= ~BCH_INODE_i_size_dirty|BCH_INODE_unlinked;
+
+               ret = __bch2_fsck_write_inode(trans, &u, iter->pos.snapshot);
+
+               bch_err_msg(c, ret, "in fsck updating inode");
+               if (ret)
+                       return ret;
+
+               if (!bpos_eq(new_min_pos, POS_MIN))
+                       bch2_btree_iter_set_pos(iter, bpos_predecessor(new_min_pos));
+               return 0;
+       }
+
+       if (u.bi_flags & BCH_INODE_unlinked) {
+               ret = check_inode_deleted_list(trans, k.k->p);
+               if (ret < 0)
+                       return ret;
+
+               fsck_err_on(ret, c, unlinked_inode_not_on_deleted_list,
+                           "inode %llu:%u unlinked, but not on deleted list",
+                           u.bi_inum, k.k->p.snapshot);
+               ret = 0;
        }
 
-       if (u.bi_flags & BCH_INODE_UNLINKED &&
+       if (u.bi_flags & BCH_INODE_unlinked &&
            (!c->sb.clean ||
-            fsck_err(c, "filesystem marked clean, but inode %llu unlinked",
+            fsck_err(c, inode_unlinked_but_clean,
+                     "filesystem marked clean, but inode %llu unlinked",
                      u.bi_inum))) {
-               bch2_trans_unlock(trans);
-               bch2_fs_lazy_rw(c);
-
                ret = bch2_inode_rm_snapshot(trans, u.bi_inum, iter->pos.snapshot);
-               if (ret && !bch2_err_matches(ret, BCH_ERR_transaction_restart))
-                       bch_err(c, "error in fsck: error while deleting inode: %s",
-                               bch2_err_str(ret));
+               bch_err_msg(c, ret, "in fsck deleting inode");
                return ret;
        }
 
-       if (u.bi_flags & BCH_INODE_I_SIZE_DIRTY &&
+       if (u.bi_flags & BCH_INODE_i_size_dirty &&
            (!c->sb.clean ||
-            fsck_err(c, "filesystem marked clean, but inode %llu has i_size dirty",
+            fsck_err(c, inode_i_size_dirty_but_clean,
+                     "filesystem marked clean, but inode %llu has i_size dirty",
                      u.bi_inum))) {
                bch_verbose(c, "truncating inode %llu", u.bi_inum);
 
-               bch2_trans_unlock(trans);
-               bch2_fs_lazy_rw(c);
-
                /*
                 * XXX: need to truncate partial blocks too here - or ideally
                 * just switch units to bytes and that issue goes away
@@ -892,9 +1002,7 @@ static int check_inode(struct btree_trans *trans,
                                     iter->pos.snapshot),
                                POS(u.bi_inum, U64_MAX),
                                0, NULL);
-               if (ret && !bch2_err_matches(ret, BCH_ERR_transaction_restart))
-                       bch_err(c, "error in fsck: error truncating inode: %s",
-                               bch2_err_str(ret));
+               bch_err_msg(c, ret, "in fsck truncating inode");
                if (ret)
                        return ret;
 
@@ -902,15 +1010,16 @@ static int check_inode(struct btree_trans *trans,
                 * We truncated without our normal sector accounting hook, just
                 * make sure we recalculate it:
                 */
-               u.bi_flags |= BCH_INODE_I_SECTORS_DIRTY;
+               u.bi_flags |= BCH_INODE_i_sectors_dirty;
 
-               u.bi_flags &= ~BCH_INODE_I_SIZE_DIRTY;
+               u.bi_flags &= ~BCH_INODE_i_size_dirty;
                do_update = true;
        }
 
-       if (u.bi_flags & BCH_INODE_I_SECTORS_DIRTY &&
+       if (u.bi_flags & BCH_INODE_i_sectors_dirty &&
            (!c->sb.clean ||
-            fsck_err(c, "filesystem marked clean, but inode %llu has i_sectors dirty",
+            fsck_err(c, inode_i_sectors_dirty_but_clean,
+                     "filesystem marked clean, but inode %llu has i_sectors dirty",
                      u.bi_inum))) {
                s64 sectors;
 
@@ -919,111 +1028,101 @@ static int check_inode(struct btree_trans *trans,
 
                sectors = bch2_count_inode_sectors(trans, u.bi_inum, iter->pos.snapshot);
                if (sectors < 0) {
-                       bch_err(c, "error in fsck: error recounting inode sectors: %s",
-                               bch2_err_str(sectors));
+                       bch_err_msg(c, sectors, "in fsck recounting inode sectors");
                        return sectors;
                }
 
                u.bi_sectors = sectors;
-               u.bi_flags &= ~BCH_INODE_I_SECTORS_DIRTY;
+               u.bi_flags &= ~BCH_INODE_i_sectors_dirty;
                do_update = true;
        }
 
-       if (u.bi_flags & BCH_INODE_BACKPTR_UNTRUSTED) {
+       if (u.bi_flags & BCH_INODE_backptr_untrusted) {
                u.bi_dir = 0;
                u.bi_dir_offset = 0;
-               u.bi_flags &= ~BCH_INODE_BACKPTR_UNTRUSTED;
+               u.bi_flags &= ~BCH_INODE_backptr_untrusted;
+               do_update = true;
+       }
+
+       if (u.bi_dir || u.bi_dir_offset) {
+               ret = check_inode_dirent_inode(trans, k, &u, k.k->p.snapshot, &do_update);
+               if (ret)
+                       goto err;
+       }
+
+       if (fsck_err_on(u.bi_parent_subvol &&
+                       (u.bi_subvol == 0 ||
+                        u.bi_subvol == BCACHEFS_ROOT_SUBVOL),
+                       c, inode_bi_parent_nonzero,
+                       "inode %llu:%u has subvol %u but nonzero parent subvol %u",
+                       u.bi_inum, k.k->p.snapshot, u.bi_subvol, u.bi_parent_subvol)) {
+               u.bi_parent_subvol = 0;
                do_update = true;
        }
 
+       if (u.bi_subvol) {
+               struct bch_subvolume s;
+
+               ret = bch2_subvolume_get(trans, u.bi_subvol, false, 0, &s);
+               if (ret && !bch2_err_matches(ret, ENOENT))
+                       goto err;
+
+               if (fsck_err_on(ret,
+                               c, inode_bi_subvol_missing,
+                               "inode %llu:%u bi_subvol points to missing subvolume %u",
+                               u.bi_inum, k.k->p.snapshot, u.bi_subvol) ||
+                   fsck_err_on(le64_to_cpu(s.inode) != u.bi_inum ||
+                               !bch2_snapshot_is_ancestor(c, le32_to_cpu(s.snapshot),
+                                                          k.k->p.snapshot),
+                               c, inode_bi_subvol_wrong,
+                               "inode %llu:%u points to subvol %u, but subvol points to %llu:%u",
+                               u.bi_inum, k.k->p.snapshot, u.bi_subvol,
+                               le64_to_cpu(s.inode),
+                               le32_to_cpu(s.snapshot))) {
+                       u.bi_subvol = 0;
+                       u.bi_parent_subvol = 0;
+                       do_update = true;
+               }
+       }
+
        if (do_update) {
-               ret = __write_inode(trans, &u, iter->pos.snapshot);
+               ret = __bch2_fsck_write_inode(trans, &u, iter->pos.snapshot);
+               bch_err_msg(c, ret, "in fsck updating inode");
                if (ret)
-                       bch_err(c, "error in fsck: error updating inode: %s",
-                               bch2_err_str(ret));
+                       return ret;
        }
 err:
 fsck_err:
-       if (ret)
-               bch_err_fn(c, ret);
+       bch_err_fn(c, ret);
        return ret;
 }
 
-noinline_for_stack
 int bch2_check_inodes(struct bch_fs *c)
 {
        bool full = c->opts.fsck;
-       struct btree_trans trans;
-       struct btree_iter iter;
        struct bch_inode_unpacked prev = { 0 };
        struct snapshots_seen s;
-       struct bkey_s_c k;
-       int ret;
 
        snapshots_seen_init(&s);
-       bch2_trans_init(&trans, c, BTREE_ITER_MAX, 0);
 
-       ret = for_each_btree_key_commit(&trans, iter, BTREE_ID_inodes,
-                       POS_MIN,
-                       BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH|BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS, k,
-                       NULL, NULL, BTREE_INSERT_LAZY_RW|BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL,
-               check_inode(&trans, &iter, k, &prev, &s, full));
+       int ret = bch2_trans_run(c,
+               for_each_btree_key_commit(trans, iter, BTREE_ID_inodes,
+                               POS_MIN,
+                               BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH|BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS, k,
+                               NULL, NULL, BCH_TRANS_COMMIT_no_enospc,
+                       check_inode(trans, &iter, k, &prev, &s, full)));
 
-       bch2_trans_exit(&trans);
        snapshots_seen_exit(&s);
-       if (ret)
-               bch_err_fn(c, ret);
+       bch_err_fn(c, ret);
        return ret;
 }
 
-static struct bkey_s_c_dirent dirent_get_by_pos(struct btree_trans *trans,
-                                               struct btree_iter *iter,
-                                               struct bpos pos)
+static int check_i_sectors(struct btree_trans *trans, struct inode_walker *w)
 {
-       return bch2_bkey_get_iter_typed(trans, iter, BTREE_ID_dirents, pos, 0, dirent);
-}
-
-static bool inode_points_to_dirent(struct bch_inode_unpacked *inode,
-                                  struct bkey_s_c_dirent d)
-{
-       return  inode->bi_dir           == d.k->p.inode &&
-               inode->bi_dir_offset    == d.k->p.offset;
-}
-
-static bool dirent_points_to_inode(struct bkey_s_c_dirent d,
-                                  struct bch_inode_unpacked *inode)
-{
-       return d.v->d_type == DT_SUBVOL
-               ? le32_to_cpu(d.v->d_child_subvol)      == inode->bi_subvol
-               : le64_to_cpu(d.v->d_inum)              == inode->bi_inum;
-}
-
-static int inode_backpointer_exists(struct btree_trans *trans,
-                                   struct bch_inode_unpacked *inode,
-                                   u32 snapshot)
-{
-       struct btree_iter iter;
-       struct bkey_s_c_dirent d;
-       int ret;
-
-       d = dirent_get_by_pos(trans, &iter,
-                       SPOS(inode->bi_dir, inode->bi_dir_offset, snapshot));
-       ret = bkey_err(d);
-       if (ret)
-               return bch2_err_matches(ret, ENOENT) ? 0 : ret;
-
-       ret = dirent_points_to_inode(d, inode);
-       bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, &iter);
-       return ret;
-}
-
-static int check_i_sectors(struct btree_trans *trans, struct inode_walker *w)
-{
-       struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
-       struct inode_walker_entry *i;
-       u32 restart_count = trans->restart_count;
-       int ret = 0;
-       s64 count2;
+       struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
+       u32 restart_count = trans->restart_count;
+       int ret = 0;
+       s64 count2;
 
        darray_for_each(w->inodes, i) {
                if (i->inode.bi_sectors == i->count)
@@ -1040,22 +1139,20 @@ static int check_i_sectors(struct btree_trans *trans, struct inode_walker *w)
                        return -BCH_ERR_internal_fsck_err;
                }
 
-               if (fsck_err_on(!(i->inode.bi_flags & BCH_INODE_I_SECTORS_DIRTY), c,
-                           "inode %llu:%u has incorrect i_sectors: got %llu, should be %llu",
-                           w->last_pos.inode, i->snapshot,
-                           i->inode.bi_sectors, i->count)) {
+               if (fsck_err_on(!(i->inode.bi_flags & BCH_INODE_i_sectors_dirty),
+                               c, inode_i_sectors_wrong,
+                               "inode %llu:%u has incorrect i_sectors: got %llu, should be %llu",
+                               w->last_pos.inode, i->snapshot,
+                               i->inode.bi_sectors, i->count)) {
                        i->inode.bi_sectors = i->count;
-                       ret = write_inode(trans, &i->inode, i->snapshot);
+                       ret = bch2_fsck_write_inode(trans, &i->inode, i->snapshot);
                        if (ret)
                                break;
                }
        }
 fsck_err:
-       if (ret)
-               bch_err_fn(c, ret);
-       if (!ret && trans_was_restarted(trans, restart_count))
-               ret = -BCH_ERR_transaction_restart_nested;
-       return ret;
+       bch_err_fn(c, ret);
+       return ret ?: trans_was_restarted(trans, restart_count);
 }
 
 struct extent_end {
@@ -1071,11 +1168,8 @@ struct extent_ends {
 
 static void extent_ends_reset(struct extent_ends *extent_ends)
 {
-       struct extent_end *i;
-
        darray_for_each(extent_ends->e, i)
                snapshots_seen_exit(&i->seen);
-
        extent_ends->e.nr = 0;
 }
 
@@ -1107,7 +1201,7 @@ static int extent_ends_at(struct bch_fs *c,
        if (!n.seen.ids.data)
                return -BCH_ERR_ENOMEM_fsck_extent_ends_at;
 
-       darray_for_each(extent_ends->e, i) {
+       __darray_for_each(extent_ends->e, i) {
                if (i->snapshot == k.k->p.snapshot) {
                        snapshots_seen_exit(&i->seen);
                        *i = n;
@@ -1123,7 +1217,8 @@ static int extent_ends_at(struct bch_fs *c,
 
 static int overlapping_extents_found(struct btree_trans *trans,
                                     enum btree_id btree,
-                                    struct bpos pos1, struct bkey pos2,
+                                    struct bpos pos1, struct snapshots_seen *pos1_seen,
+                                    struct bkey pos2,
                                     bool *fixed,
                                     struct extent_end *extent_end)
 {
@@ -1186,7 +1281,8 @@ static int overlapping_extents_found(struct btree_trans *trans,
        prt_printf(&buf, "\n  overwriting %s extent",
                   pos1.snapshot >= pos2.p.snapshot ? "first" : "second");
 
-       if (fsck_err(c, "overlapping extents%s", buf.buf)) {
+       if (fsck_err(c, extent_overlapping,
+                    "overlapping extents%s", buf.buf)) {
                struct btree_iter *old_iter = &iter1;
                struct disk_reservation res = { 0 };
 
@@ -1195,13 +1291,12 @@ static int overlapping_extents_found(struct btree_trans *trans,
                        swap(k1, k2);
                }
 
-               trans->extra_journal_res += bch2_bkey_sectors_compressed(k2);
+               trans->extra_disk_res += bch2_bkey_sectors_compressed(k2);
 
                ret =   bch2_trans_update_extent_overwrite(trans, old_iter,
                                BTREE_UPDATE_INTERNAL_SNAPSHOT_NODE,
                                k1, k2) ?:
-                       bch2_trans_commit(trans, &res, NULL,
-                               BTREE_INSERT_LAZY_RW|BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL);
+                       bch2_trans_commit(trans, &res, NULL, BCH_TRANS_COMMIT_no_enospc);
                bch2_disk_reservation_put(c, &res);
 
                if (ret)
@@ -1209,10 +1304,24 @@ static int overlapping_extents_found(struct btree_trans *trans,
 
                *fixed = true;
 
-               if (pos1.snapshot == pos2.p.snapshot)
+               if (pos1.snapshot == pos2.p.snapshot) {
+                       /*
+                        * We overwrote the first extent, and did the overwrite
+                        * in the same snapshot:
+                        */
                        extent_end->offset = bkey_start_offset(&pos2);
-               else
+               } else if (pos1.snapshot > pos2.p.snapshot) {
+                       /*
+                        * We overwrote the first extent in pos2's snapshot:
+                        */
+                       ret = snapshots_seen_add_inorder(c, pos1_seen, pos2.p.snapshot);
+               } else {
+                       /*
+                        * We overwrote the second extent - restart
+                        * check_extent() from the top:
+                        */
                        ret = -BCH_ERR_transaction_restart_nested;
+               }
        }
 fsck_err:
 err:
@@ -1231,7 +1340,6 @@ static int check_overlapping_extents(struct btree_trans *trans,
                              bool *fixed)
 {
        struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
-       struct extent_end *i;
        int ret = 0;
 
        /* transaction restart, running again */
@@ -1254,6 +1362,7 @@ static int check_overlapping_extents(struct btree_trans *trans,
                                                SPOS(iter->pos.inode,
                                                     i->offset,
                                                     i->snapshot),
+                                               &i->seen,
                                                *k.k, fixed, i);
                if (ret)
                        goto err;
@@ -1268,6 +1377,28 @@ err:
        return ret;
 }
 
+static int check_extent_overbig(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_iter *iter,
+                               struct bkey_s_c k)
+{
+       struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
+       struct bkey_ptrs_c ptrs = bch2_bkey_ptrs_c(k);
+       struct bch_extent_crc_unpacked crc;
+       const union bch_extent_entry *i;
+       unsigned encoded_extent_max_sectors = c->opts.encoded_extent_max >> 9;
+
+       bkey_for_each_crc(k.k, ptrs, crc, i)
+               if (crc_is_encoded(crc) &&
+                   crc.uncompressed_size > encoded_extent_max_sectors) {
+                       struct printbuf buf = PRINTBUF;
+
+                       bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, k);
+                       bch_err(c, "overbig encoded extent, please report this:\n  %s", buf.buf);
+                       printbuf_exit(&buf);
+               }
+
+       return 0;
+}
+
 static int check_extent(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_iter *iter,
                        struct bkey_s_c k,
                        struct inode_walker *inode,
@@ -1294,7 +1425,7 @@ static int check_extent(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_iter *iter,
                        goto err;
        }
 
-       i = walk_inode(trans, inode, equiv, k.k->type == KEY_TYPE_whiteout);
+       i = walk_inode(trans, inode, k);
        ret = PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(i);
        if (ret)
                goto err;
@@ -1304,7 +1435,7 @@ static int check_extent(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_iter *iter,
                goto err;
 
        if (k.k->type != KEY_TYPE_whiteout) {
-               if (fsck_err_on(!i, c,
+               if (fsck_err_on(!i, c, extent_in_missing_inode,
                                "extent in missing inode:\n  %s",
                                (printbuf_reset(&buf),
                                 bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, k), buf.buf)))
@@ -1312,7 +1443,8 @@ static int check_extent(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_iter *iter,
 
                if (fsck_err_on(i &&
                                !S_ISREG(i->inode.bi_mode) &&
-                               !S_ISLNK(i->inode.bi_mode), c,
+                               !S_ISLNK(i->inode.bi_mode),
+                               c, extent_in_non_reg_inode,
                                "extent in non regular inode mode %o:\n  %s",
                                i->inode.bi_mode,
                                (printbuf_reset(&buf),
@@ -1342,9 +1474,10 @@ static int check_extent(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_iter *iter,
                        continue;
 
                if (k.k->type != KEY_TYPE_whiteout) {
-                       if (fsck_err_on(!(i->inode.bi_flags & BCH_INODE_I_SIZE_DIRTY) &&
+                       if (fsck_err_on(!(i->inode.bi_flags & BCH_INODE_i_size_dirty) &&
                                        k.k->p.offset > round_up(i->inode.bi_size, block_bytes(c)) >> 9 &&
-                                       !bkey_extent_is_reservation(k), c,
+                                       !bkey_extent_is_reservation(k),
+                                       c, extent_past_end_of_inode,
                                        "extent type past end of inode %llu:%u, i_size %llu\n  %s",
                                        i->inode.bi_inum, i->snapshot, i->inode.bi_size,
                                        (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, k), buf.buf))) {
@@ -1372,9 +1505,7 @@ out:
 err:
 fsck_err:
        printbuf_exit(&buf);
-
-       if (ret && !bch2_err_matches(ret, BCH_ERR_transaction_restart))
-               bch_err_fn(c, ret);
+       bch_err_fn(c, ret);
        return ret;
 delete:
        ret = bch2_btree_delete_at(trans, iter, BTREE_UPDATE_INTERNAL_SNAPSHOT_NODE);
@@ -1389,42 +1520,55 @@ int bch2_check_extents(struct bch_fs *c)
 {
        struct inode_walker w = inode_walker_init();
        struct snapshots_seen s;
-       struct btree_trans trans;
-       struct btree_iter iter;
-       struct bkey_s_c k;
        struct extent_ends extent_ends;
        struct disk_reservation res = { 0 };
-       int ret = 0;
 
        snapshots_seen_init(&s);
        extent_ends_init(&extent_ends);
-       bch2_trans_init(&trans, c, BTREE_ITER_MAX, 4096);
 
-       ret = for_each_btree_key_commit(&trans, iter, BTREE_ID_extents,
-                       POS(BCACHEFS_ROOT_INO, 0),
-                       BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH|BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS, k,
-                       &res, NULL,
-                       BTREE_INSERT_LAZY_RW|BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL, ({
-               bch2_disk_reservation_put(c, &res);
-               check_extent(&trans, &iter, k, &w, &s, &extent_ends);
-       })) ?:
-       check_i_sectors(&trans, &w);
+       int ret = bch2_trans_run(c,
+               for_each_btree_key_commit(trans, iter, BTREE_ID_extents,
+                               POS(BCACHEFS_ROOT_INO, 0),
+                               BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH|BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS, k,
+                               &res, NULL,
+                               BCH_TRANS_COMMIT_no_enospc, ({
+                       bch2_disk_reservation_put(c, &res);
+                       check_extent(trans, &iter, k, &w, &s, &extent_ends) ?:
+                       check_extent_overbig(trans, &iter, k);
+               })) ?:
+               check_i_sectors(trans, &w));
 
        bch2_disk_reservation_put(c, &res);
        extent_ends_exit(&extent_ends);
        inode_walker_exit(&w);
-       bch2_trans_exit(&trans);
        snapshots_seen_exit(&s);
 
-       if (ret)
-               bch_err_fn(c, ret);
+       bch_err_fn(c, ret);
+       return ret;
+}
+
+int bch2_check_indirect_extents(struct bch_fs *c)
+{
+       struct disk_reservation res = { 0 };
+
+       int ret = bch2_trans_run(c,
+               for_each_btree_key_commit(trans, iter, BTREE_ID_reflink,
+                               POS_MIN,
+                               BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH, k,
+                               &res, NULL,
+                               BCH_TRANS_COMMIT_no_enospc, ({
+                       bch2_disk_reservation_put(c, &res);
+                       check_extent_overbig(trans, &iter, k);
+               })));
+
+       bch2_disk_reservation_put(c, &res);
+       bch_err_fn(c, ret);
        return ret;
 }
 
 static int check_subdir_count(struct btree_trans *trans, struct inode_walker *w)
 {
        struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
-       struct inode_walker_entry *i;
        u32 restart_count = trans->restart_count;
        int ret = 0;
        s64 count2;
@@ -1445,92 +1589,124 @@ static int check_subdir_count(struct btree_trans *trans, struct inode_walker *w)
                                continue;
                }
 
-               if (fsck_err_on(i->inode.bi_nlink != i->count, c,
+               if (fsck_err_on(i->inode.bi_nlink != i->count,
+                               c, inode_dir_wrong_nlink,
                                "directory %llu:%u with wrong i_nlink: got %u, should be %llu",
                                w->last_pos.inode, i->snapshot, i->inode.bi_nlink, i->count)) {
                        i->inode.bi_nlink = i->count;
-                       ret = write_inode(trans, &i->inode, i->snapshot);
+                       ret = bch2_fsck_write_inode(trans, &i->inode, i->snapshot);
                        if (ret)
                                break;
                }
        }
 fsck_err:
-       if (ret)
-               bch_err_fn(c, ret);
-       if (!ret && trans_was_restarted(trans, restart_count))
-               ret = -BCH_ERR_transaction_restart_nested;
-       return ret;
+       bch_err_fn(c, ret);
+       return ret ?: trans_was_restarted(trans, restart_count);
 }
 
-static int check_dirent_target(struct btree_trans *trans,
-                              struct btree_iter *iter,
-                              struct bkey_s_c_dirent d,
-                              struct bch_inode_unpacked *target,
-                              u32 target_snapshot)
+static int check_dirent_inode_dirent(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                  struct btree_iter *iter,
+                                  struct bkey_s_c_dirent d,
+                                  struct bch_inode_unpacked *target,
+                                  u32 target_snapshot)
 {
        struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
-       struct bkey_i_dirent *n;
-       bool backpointer_exists = true;
        struct printbuf buf = PRINTBUF;
        int ret = 0;
 
+       if (inode_points_to_dirent(target, d))
+               return 0;
+
        if (!target->bi_dir &&
            !target->bi_dir_offset) {
                target->bi_dir          = d.k->p.inode;
                target->bi_dir_offset   = d.k->p.offset;
-
-               ret = __write_inode(trans, target, target_snapshot);
-               if (ret)
-                       goto err;
+               return __bch2_fsck_write_inode(trans, target, target_snapshot);
        }
 
-       if (!inode_points_to_dirent(target, d)) {
-               ret = inode_backpointer_exists(trans, target, d.k->p.snapshot);
-               if (ret < 0)
-                       goto err;
+       struct btree_iter bp_iter = { NULL };
+       struct bkey_s_c_dirent bp_dirent = dirent_get_by_pos(trans, &bp_iter,
+                             SPOS(target->bi_dir, target->bi_dir_offset, target_snapshot));
+       ret = bkey_err(bp_dirent);
+       if (ret && !bch2_err_matches(ret, ENOENT))
+               goto err;
 
-               backpointer_exists = ret;
-               ret = 0;
+       bool backpointer_exists = !ret;
+       ret = 0;
+
+       if (fsck_err_on(!backpointer_exists,
+                       c, inode_wrong_backpointer,
+                       "inode %llu:%u has wrong backpointer:\n"
+                       "got       %llu:%llu\n"
+                       "should be %llu:%llu",
+                       target->bi_inum, target_snapshot,
+                       target->bi_dir,
+                       target->bi_dir_offset,
+                       d.k->p.inode,
+                       d.k->p.offset)) {
+               target->bi_dir          = d.k->p.inode;
+               target->bi_dir_offset   = d.k->p.offset;
+               ret = __bch2_fsck_write_inode(trans, target, target_snapshot);
+               goto out;
+       }
 
-               if (fsck_err_on(S_ISDIR(target->bi_mode) &&
-                               backpointer_exists, c,
-                               "directory %llu with multiple links",
-                               target->bi_inum)) {
-                       ret = __remove_dirent(trans, d.k->p);
-                       goto out;
-               }
+       bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, d.s_c);
+       prt_newline(&buf);
+       if (backpointer_exists)
+               bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, bp_dirent.s_c);
+
+       if (fsck_err_on(backpointer_exists &&
+                       (S_ISDIR(target->bi_mode) ||
+                        target->bi_subvol),
+                       c, inode_dir_multiple_links,
+                       "%s %llu:%u with multiple links\n%s",
+                       S_ISDIR(target->bi_mode) ? "directory" : "subvolume",
+                       target->bi_inum, target_snapshot, buf.buf)) {
+               ret = __remove_dirent(trans, d.k->p);
+               goto out;
+       }
 
-               if (fsck_err_on(backpointer_exists &&
-                               !target->bi_nlink, c,
-                               "inode %llu type %s has multiple links but i_nlink 0",
-                               target->bi_inum, bch2_d_types[d.v->d_type])) {
-                       target->bi_nlink++;
-                       target->bi_flags &= ~BCH_INODE_UNLINKED;
+       /*
+        * hardlinked file with nlink 0:
+        * We're just adjusting nlink here so check_nlinks() will pick
+        * it up, it ignores inodes with nlink 0
+        */
+       if (fsck_err_on(backpointer_exists && !target->bi_nlink,
+                       c, inode_multiple_links_but_nlink_0,
+                       "inode %llu:%u type %s has multiple links but i_nlink 0\n%s",
+                       target->bi_inum, target_snapshot, bch2_d_types[d.v->d_type], buf.buf)) {
+               target->bi_nlink++;
+               target->bi_flags &= ~BCH_INODE_unlinked;
+               ret = __bch2_fsck_write_inode(trans, target, target_snapshot);
+               if (ret)
+                       goto err;
+       }
+out:
+err:
+fsck_err:
+       bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, &bp_iter);
+       printbuf_exit(&buf);
+       bch_err_fn(c, ret);
+       return ret;
+}
 
-                       ret = __write_inode(trans, target, target_snapshot);
-                       if (ret)
-                               goto err;
-               }
+static int check_dirent_target(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                              struct btree_iter *iter,
+                              struct bkey_s_c_dirent d,
+                              struct bch_inode_unpacked *target,
+                              u32 target_snapshot)
+{
+       struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
+       struct bkey_i_dirent *n;
+       struct printbuf buf = PRINTBUF;
+       int ret = 0;
 
-               if (fsck_err_on(!backpointer_exists, c,
-                               "inode %llu:%u has wrong backpointer:\n"
-                               "got       %llu:%llu\n"
-                               "should be %llu:%llu",
-                               target->bi_inum, target_snapshot,
-                               target->bi_dir,
-                               target->bi_dir_offset,
-                               d.k->p.inode,
-                               d.k->p.offset)) {
-                       target->bi_dir          = d.k->p.inode;
-                       target->bi_dir_offset   = d.k->p.offset;
-
-                       ret = __write_inode(trans, target, target_snapshot);
-                       if (ret)
-                               goto err;
-               }
-       }
+       ret = check_dirent_inode_dirent(trans, iter, d, target, target_snapshot);
+       if (ret)
+               goto err;
 
-       if (fsck_err_on(d.v->d_type != inode_d_type(target), c,
+       if (fsck_err_on(d.v->d_type != inode_d_type(target),
+                       c, dirent_d_type_wrong,
                        "incorrect d_type: got %s, should be %s:\n%s",
                        bch2_d_type_str(d.v->d_type),
                        bch2_d_type_str(inode_d_type(target)),
@@ -1543,6 +1719,12 @@ static int check_dirent_target(struct btree_trans *trans,
 
                bkey_reassemble(&n->k_i, d.s_c);
                n->v.d_type = inode_d_type(target);
+               if (n->v.d_type == DT_SUBVOL) {
+                       n->v.d_parent_subvol = cpu_to_le32(target->bi_parent_subvol);
+                       n->v.d_child_subvol = cpu_to_le32(target->bi_subvol);
+               } else {
+                       n->v.d_inum = cpu_to_le64(target->bi_inum);
+               }
 
                ret = bch2_trans_update(trans, iter, &n->k_i, 0);
                if (ret)
@@ -1550,34 +1732,134 @@ static int check_dirent_target(struct btree_trans *trans,
 
                d = dirent_i_to_s_c(n);
        }
+err:
+fsck_err:
+       printbuf_exit(&buf);
+       bch_err_fn(c, ret);
+       return ret;
+}
 
-       if (d.v->d_type == DT_SUBVOL &&
-           target->bi_parent_subvol != le32_to_cpu(d.v->d_parent_subvol) &&
-           (c->sb.version < bcachefs_metadata_version_subvol_dirent ||
-            fsck_err(c, "dirent has wrong d_parent_subvol field: got %u, should be %u",
-                     le32_to_cpu(d.v->d_parent_subvol),
-                     target->bi_parent_subvol))) {
-               n = bch2_trans_kmalloc(trans, bkey_bytes(d.k));
-               ret = PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(n);
+/* find a subvolume that's a descendent of @snapshot: */
+static int find_snapshot_subvol(struct btree_trans *trans, u32 snapshot, u32 *subvolid)
+{
+       struct btree_iter iter;
+       struct bkey_s_c k;
+       int ret;
+
+       for_each_btree_key_norestart(trans, iter, BTREE_ID_subvolumes, POS_MIN, 0, k, ret) {
+               if (k.k->type != KEY_TYPE_subvolume)
+                       continue;
+
+               struct bkey_s_c_subvolume s = bkey_s_c_to_subvolume(k);
+               if (bch2_snapshot_is_ancestor(trans->c, le32_to_cpu(s.v->snapshot), snapshot)) {
+                       bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, &iter);
+                       *subvolid = k.k->p.offset;
+                       goto found;
+               }
+       }
+       if (!ret)
+               ret = -ENOENT;
+found:
+       bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, &iter);
+       return ret;
+}
+
+static int check_dirent_to_subvol(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_iter *iter,
+                                 struct bkey_s_c_dirent d)
+{
+       struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
+       struct btree_iter subvol_iter = {};
+       struct bch_inode_unpacked subvol_root;
+       u32 parent_subvol = le32_to_cpu(d.v->d_parent_subvol);
+       u32 target_subvol = le32_to_cpu(d.v->d_child_subvol);
+       u32 parent_snapshot;
+       u64 parent_inum;
+       struct printbuf buf = PRINTBUF;
+       int ret = 0;
+
+       ret = subvol_lookup(trans, parent_subvol, &parent_snapshot, &parent_inum);
+       if (ret && !bch2_err_matches(ret, ENOENT))
+               return ret;
+
+       if (fsck_err_on(ret, c, dirent_to_missing_parent_subvol,
+                       "dirent parent_subvol points to missing subvolume\n%s",
+                       (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, d.s_c), buf.buf)) ||
+           fsck_err_on(!ret && !bch2_snapshot_is_ancestor(c, parent_snapshot, d.k->p.snapshot),
+                       c, dirent_not_visible_in_parent_subvol,
+                       "dirent not visible in parent_subvol (not an ancestor of subvol snap %u)\n%s",
+                       parent_snapshot,
+                       (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, d.s_c), buf.buf))) {
+               u32 new_parent_subvol;
+               ret = find_snapshot_subvol(trans, d.k->p.snapshot, &new_parent_subvol);
                if (ret)
                        goto err;
 
-               bkey_reassemble(&n->k_i, d.s_c);
-               n->v.d_parent_subvol = cpu_to_le32(target->bi_parent_subvol);
+               struct bkey_i_dirent *new_dirent = bch2_bkey_make_mut_typed(trans, iter, &d.s_c, 0, dirent);
+               ret = PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(new_dirent);
+               if (ret)
+                       goto err;
 
-               ret = bch2_trans_update(trans, iter, &n->k_i, 0);
+               new_dirent->v.d_parent_subvol = cpu_to_le32(new_parent_subvol);
+       }
+
+       struct bkey_s_c_subvolume s =
+               bch2_bkey_get_iter_typed(trans, &subvol_iter,
+                                        BTREE_ID_subvolumes, POS(0, target_subvol),
+                                        0, subvolume);
+       ret = bkey_err(s.s_c);
+       if (ret && !bch2_err_matches(ret, ENOENT))
+               return ret;
+
+       if (ret) {
+               if (fsck_err(c, dirent_to_missing_subvol,
+                            "dirent points to missing subvolume\n%s",
+                            (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, d.s_c), buf.buf)))
+                       return __remove_dirent(trans, d.k->p);
+               ret = 0;
+               goto out;
+       }
+
+       if (fsck_err_on(le32_to_cpu(s.v->fs_path_parent) != parent_subvol,
+                       c, subvol_fs_path_parent_wrong,
+                       "subvol with wrong fs_path_parent, should be be %u\n%s",
+                       parent_subvol,
+                       (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, s.s_c), buf.buf))) {
+               struct bkey_i_subvolume *n =
+                       bch2_bkey_make_mut_typed(trans, &subvol_iter, &s.s_c, 0, subvolume);
+               ret = PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(n);
                if (ret)
                        goto err;
 
-               d = dirent_i_to_s_c(n);
+               n->v.fs_path_parent = cpu_to_le32(parent_subvol);
+       }
+
+       u64 target_inum = le64_to_cpu(s.v->inode);
+       u32 target_snapshot = le32_to_cpu(s.v->snapshot);
+
+       ret = lookup_inode(trans, target_inum, &subvol_root, &target_snapshot);
+       if (ret && !bch2_err_matches(ret, ENOENT))
+               return ret;
+
+       if (fsck_err_on(parent_subvol != subvol_root.bi_parent_subvol,
+                       c, inode_bi_parent_wrong,
+                       "subvol root %llu has wrong bi_parent_subvol: got %u, should be %u",
+                       target_inum,
+                       subvol_root.bi_parent_subvol, parent_subvol)) {
+               subvol_root.bi_parent_subvol = parent_subvol;
+               ret = __bch2_fsck_write_inode(trans, &subvol_root, target_snapshot);
+               if (ret)
+                       return ret;
        }
+
+       ret = check_dirent_target(trans, iter, d, &subvol_root,
+                                 target_snapshot);
+       if (ret)
+               return ret;
 out:
 err:
 fsck_err:
+       bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, &subvol_iter);
        printbuf_exit(&buf);
-
-       if (ret && !bch2_err_matches(ret, BCH_ERR_transaction_restart))
-               bch_err_fn(c, ret);
        return ret;
 }
 
@@ -1617,9 +1899,9 @@ static int check_dirent(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_iter *iter,
                        goto err;
        }
 
-       BUG_ON(!iter->path->should_be_locked);
+       BUG_ON(!btree_iter_path(trans, iter)->should_be_locked);
 
-       i = walk_inode(trans, dir, equiv, k.k->type == KEY_TYPE_whiteout);
+       i = walk_inode(trans, dir, k);
        ret = PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(i);
        if (ret < 0)
                goto err;
@@ -1628,7 +1910,7 @@ static int check_dirent(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_iter *iter,
                *hash_info = bch2_hash_info_init(c, &dir->inodes.data[0].inode);
        dir->first_this_inode = false;
 
-       if (fsck_err_on(!i, c,
+       if (fsck_err_on(!i, c, dirent_in_missing_dir_inode,
                        "dirent in nonexisting directory:\n%s",
                        (printbuf_reset(&buf),
                         bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, k), buf.buf))) {
@@ -1640,7 +1922,8 @@ static int check_dirent(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_iter *iter,
        if (!i)
                goto out;
 
-       if (fsck_err_on(!S_ISDIR(i->inode.bi_mode), c,
+       if (fsck_err_on(!S_ISDIR(i->inode.bi_mode),
+                       c, dirent_in_non_dir_inode,
                        "dirent in non directory inode type %s:\n%s",
                        bch2_d_type_str(inode_d_type(&i->inode)),
                        (printbuf_reset(&buf),
@@ -1664,49 +1947,7 @@ static int check_dirent(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_iter *iter,
        d = bkey_s_c_to_dirent(k);
 
        if (d.v->d_type == DT_SUBVOL) {
-               struct bch_inode_unpacked subvol_root;
-               u32 target_subvol = le32_to_cpu(d.v->d_child_subvol);
-               u32 target_snapshot;
-               u64 target_inum;
-
-               ret = __subvol_lookup(trans, target_subvol,
-                                     &target_snapshot, &target_inum);
-               if (ret && !bch2_err_matches(ret, ENOENT))
-                       goto err;
-
-               if (fsck_err_on(ret, c,
-                               "dirent points to missing subvolume %u",
-                               le32_to_cpu(d.v->d_child_subvol))) {
-                       ret = __remove_dirent(trans, d.k->p);
-                       goto err;
-               }
-
-               ret = __lookup_inode(trans, target_inum,
-                                  &subvol_root, &target_snapshot);
-               if (ret && !bch2_err_matches(ret, ENOENT))
-                       goto err;
-
-               if (fsck_err_on(ret, c,
-                               "subvolume %u points to missing subvolume root %llu",
-                               target_subvol,
-                               target_inum)) {
-                       bch_err(c, "repair not implemented yet");
-                       ret = -EINVAL;
-                       goto err;
-               }
-
-               if (fsck_err_on(subvol_root.bi_subvol != target_subvol, c,
-                               "subvol root %llu has wrong bi_subvol field: got %u, should be %u",
-                               target_inum,
-                               subvol_root.bi_subvol, target_subvol)) {
-                       subvol_root.bi_subvol = target_subvol;
-                       ret = __write_inode(trans, &subvol_root, target_snapshot);
-                       if (ret)
-                               goto err;
-               }
-
-               ret = check_dirent_target(trans, iter, d, &subvol_root,
-                                         target_snapshot);
+               ret = check_dirent_to_subvol(trans, iter, d);
                if (ret)
                        goto err;
        } else {
@@ -1714,7 +1955,8 @@ static int check_dirent(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_iter *iter,
                if (ret)
                        goto err;
 
-               if (fsck_err_on(!target->inodes.nr, c,
+               if (fsck_err_on(!target->inodes.nr,
+                               c, dirent_to_missing_inode,
                                "dirent points to missing inode: (equiv %u)\n%s",
                                equiv.snapshot,
                                (printbuf_reset(&buf),
@@ -1731,19 +1973,16 @@ static int check_dirent(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_iter *iter,
                        if (ret)
                                goto err;
                }
-       }
-
-       if (d.v->d_type == DT_DIR)
-               for_each_visible_inode(c, s, dir, equiv.snapshot, i)
-                       i->count++;
 
+               if (d.v->d_type == DT_DIR)
+                       for_each_visible_inode(c, s, dir, equiv.snapshot, i)
+                               i->count++;
+       }
 out:
 err:
 fsck_err:
        printbuf_exit(&buf);
-
-       if (ret && !bch2_err_matches(ret, BCH_ERR_transaction_restart))
-               bch_err_fn(c, ret);
+       bch_err_fn(c, ret);
        return ret;
 }
 
@@ -1757,29 +1996,22 @@ int bch2_check_dirents(struct bch_fs *c)
        struct inode_walker target = inode_walker_init();
        struct snapshots_seen s;
        struct bch_hash_info hash_info;
-       struct btree_trans trans;
-       struct btree_iter iter;
-       struct bkey_s_c k;
-       int ret = 0;
 
        snapshots_seen_init(&s);
-       bch2_trans_init(&trans, c, BTREE_ITER_MAX, 0);
 
-       ret = for_each_btree_key_commit(&trans, iter, BTREE_ID_dirents,
-                       POS(BCACHEFS_ROOT_INO, 0),
-                       BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH|BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS,
-                       k,
-                       NULL, NULL,
-                       BTREE_INSERT_LAZY_RW|BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL,
-               check_dirent(&trans, &iter, k, &hash_info, &dir, &target, &s));
+       int ret = bch2_trans_run(c,
+               for_each_btree_key_commit(trans, iter, BTREE_ID_dirents,
+                               POS(BCACHEFS_ROOT_INO, 0),
+                               BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH|BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS,
+                               k,
+                               NULL, NULL,
+                               BCH_TRANS_COMMIT_no_enospc,
+                       check_dirent(trans, &iter, k, &hash_info, &dir, &target, &s)));
 
-       bch2_trans_exit(&trans);
        snapshots_seen_exit(&s);
        inode_walker_exit(&dir);
        inode_walker_exit(&target);
-
-       if (ret)
-               bch_err_fn(c, ret);
+       bch_err_fn(c, ret);
        return ret;
 }
 
@@ -1796,7 +2028,7 @@ static int check_xattr(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_iter *iter,
        if (ret)
                return ret;
 
-       i = walk_inode(trans, inode, k.k->p, k.k->type == KEY_TYPE_whiteout);
+       i = walk_inode(trans, inode, k);
        ret = PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(i);
        if (ret)
                return ret;
@@ -1805,7 +2037,7 @@ static int check_xattr(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_iter *iter,
                *hash_info = bch2_hash_info_init(c, &inode->inodes.data[0].inode);
        inode->first_this_inode = false;
 
-       if (fsck_err_on(!i, c,
+       if (fsck_err_on(!i, c, xattr_in_missing_inode,
                        "xattr for missing inode %llu",
                        k.k->p.inode))
                return bch2_btree_delete_at(trans, iter, 0);
@@ -1815,8 +2047,7 @@ static int check_xattr(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_iter *iter,
 
        ret = hash_check_key(trans, bch2_xattr_hash_desc, hash_info, iter, k);
 fsck_err:
-       if (ret && !bch2_err_matches(ret, BCH_ERR_transaction_restart))
-               bch_err_fn(c, ret);
+       bch_err_fn(c, ret);
        return ret;
 }
 
@@ -1827,25 +2058,17 @@ int bch2_check_xattrs(struct bch_fs *c)
 {
        struct inode_walker inode = inode_walker_init();
        struct bch_hash_info hash_info;
-       struct btree_trans trans;
-       struct btree_iter iter;
-       struct bkey_s_c k;
        int ret = 0;
 
-       bch2_trans_init(&trans, c, BTREE_ITER_MAX, 0);
-
-       ret = for_each_btree_key_commit(&trans, iter, BTREE_ID_xattrs,
+       ret = bch2_trans_run(c,
+               for_each_btree_key_commit(trans, iter, BTREE_ID_xattrs,
                        POS(BCACHEFS_ROOT_INO, 0),
                        BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH|BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS,
                        k,
                        NULL, NULL,
-                       BTREE_INSERT_LAZY_RW|BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL,
-               check_xattr(&trans, &iter, k, &hash_info, &inode));
-
-       bch2_trans_exit(&trans);
-
-       if (ret)
-               bch_err_fn(c, ret);
+                       BCH_TRANS_COMMIT_no_enospc,
+               check_xattr(trans, &iter, k, &hash_info, &inode)));
+       bch_err_fn(c, ret);
        return ret;
 }
 
@@ -1857,11 +2080,12 @@ static int check_root_trans(struct btree_trans *trans)
        u64 inum;
        int ret;
 
-       ret = __subvol_lookup(trans, BCACHEFS_ROOT_SUBVOL, &snapshot, &inum);
+       ret = subvol_lookup(trans, BCACHEFS_ROOT_SUBVOL, &snapshot, &inum);
        if (ret && !bch2_err_matches(ret, ENOENT))
                return ret;
 
-       if (mustfix_fsck_err_on(ret, c, "root subvol missing")) {
+       if (mustfix_fsck_err_on(ret, c, root_subvol_missing,
+                               "root subvol missing")) {
                struct bkey_i_subvolume root_subvol;
 
                snapshot        = U32_MAX;
@@ -1872,32 +2096,27 @@ static int check_root_trans(struct btree_trans *trans)
                root_subvol.v.flags     = 0;
                root_subvol.v.snapshot  = cpu_to_le32(snapshot);
                root_subvol.v.inode     = cpu_to_le64(inum);
-               ret = commit_do(trans, NULL, NULL,
-                                     BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL|
-                                     BTREE_INSERT_LAZY_RW,
-                       __bch2_btree_insert(trans, BTREE_ID_subvolumes,
-                                           &root_subvol.k_i, 0));
-               if (ret) {
-                       bch_err(c, "error writing root subvol: %s", bch2_err_str(ret));
+               ret = bch2_btree_insert_trans(trans, BTREE_ID_subvolumes, &root_subvol.k_i, 0);
+               bch_err_msg(c, ret, "writing root subvol");
+               if (ret)
                        goto err;
-               }
-
        }
 
-       ret = __lookup_inode(trans, BCACHEFS_ROOT_INO, &root_inode, &snapshot);
+       ret = lookup_inode(trans, BCACHEFS_ROOT_INO, &root_inode, &snapshot);
        if (ret && !bch2_err_matches(ret, ENOENT))
                return ret;
 
-       if (mustfix_fsck_err_on(ret, c, "root directory missing") ||
-           mustfix_fsck_err_on(!S_ISDIR(root_inode.bi_mode), c,
+       if (mustfix_fsck_err_on(ret, c, root_dir_missing,
+                               "root directory missing") ||
+           mustfix_fsck_err_on(!S_ISDIR(root_inode.bi_mode),
+                               c, root_inode_not_dir,
                                "root inode not a directory")) {
                bch2_inode_init(c, &root_inode, 0, 0, S_IFDIR|0755,
                                0, NULL);
                root_inode.bi_inum = inum;
 
-               ret = __write_inode(trans, &root_inode, snapshot);
-               if (ret)
-                       bch_err(c, "error writing root inode: %s", bch2_err_str(ret));
+               ret = __bch2_fsck_write_inode(trans, &root_inode, snapshot);
+               bch_err_msg(c, ret, "writing root inode");
        }
 err:
 fsck_err:
@@ -1907,15 +2126,110 @@ fsck_err:
 /* Get root directory, create if it doesn't exist: */
 int bch2_check_root(struct bch_fs *c)
 {
-       int ret;
+       int ret = bch2_trans_do(c, NULL, NULL, BCH_TRANS_COMMIT_no_enospc,
+               check_root_trans(trans));
+       bch_err_fn(c, ret);
+       return ret;
+}
 
-       ret = bch2_trans_do(c, NULL, NULL,
-                            BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL|
-                            BTREE_INSERT_LAZY_RW,
-               check_root_trans(&trans));
+typedef DARRAY(u32) darray_u32;
 
+static bool darray_u32_has(darray_u32 *d, u32 v)
+{
+       darray_for_each(*d, i)
+               if (*i == v)
+                       return true;
+       return false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * We've checked that inode backpointers point to valid dirents; here, it's
+ * sufficient to check that the subvolume root has a dirent:
+ */
+static int subvol_has_dirent(struct btree_trans *trans, struct bkey_s_c_subvolume s)
+{
+       struct bch_inode_unpacked inode;
+       int ret = bch2_inode_find_by_inum_trans(trans,
+                               (subvol_inum) { s.k->p.offset, le64_to_cpu(s.v->inode) },
+                               &inode);
        if (ret)
-               bch_err_fn(c, ret);
+               return ret;
+
+       return inode.bi_dir != 0;
+}
+
+static int check_subvol_path(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_iter *iter, struct bkey_s_c k)
+{
+       struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
+       struct btree_iter parent_iter = {};
+       darray_u32 subvol_path = {};
+       struct printbuf buf = PRINTBUF;
+       int ret = 0;
+
+       if (k.k->type != KEY_TYPE_subvolume)
+               return 0;
+
+       while (k.k->p.offset != BCACHEFS_ROOT_SUBVOL) {
+               ret = darray_push(&subvol_path, k.k->p.offset);
+               if (ret)
+                       goto err;
+
+               struct bkey_s_c_subvolume s = bkey_s_c_to_subvolume(k);
+
+               ret = subvol_has_dirent(trans, s);
+               if (ret < 0)
+                       break;
+
+               if (fsck_err_on(!ret,
+                               c, subvol_unreachable,
+                               "unreachable subvolume %s",
+                               (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, s.s_c),
+                                buf.buf))) {
+                       ret = reattach_subvol(trans, s);
+                       break;
+               }
+
+               u32 parent = le32_to_cpu(s.v->fs_path_parent);
+
+               if (darray_u32_has(&subvol_path, parent)) {
+                       if (fsck_err(c, subvol_loop, "subvolume loop"))
+                               ret = reattach_subvol(trans, s);
+                       break;
+               }
+
+               bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, &parent_iter);
+               bch2_trans_iter_init(trans, &parent_iter,
+                                    BTREE_ID_subvolumes, POS(0, parent), 0);
+               k = bch2_btree_iter_peek_slot(&parent_iter);
+               ret = bkey_err(k);
+               if (ret)
+                       goto err;
+
+               if (fsck_err_on(k.k->type != KEY_TYPE_subvolume,
+                               c, subvol_unreachable,
+                               "unreachable subvolume %s",
+                               (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, s.s_c),
+                                buf.buf))) {
+                       ret = reattach_subvol(trans, s);
+                       break;
+               }
+       }
+fsck_err:
+err:
+       printbuf_exit(&buf);
+       darray_exit(&subvol_path);
+       bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, &parent_iter);
+       return ret;
+}
+
+int bch2_check_subvolume_structure(struct bch_fs *c)
+{
+       int ret = bch2_trans_run(c,
+               for_each_btree_key_commit(trans, iter,
+                               BTREE_ID_subvolumes, POS_MIN, BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH, k,
+                               NULL, NULL, BCH_TRANS_COMMIT_no_enospc,
+                       check_subvol_path(trans, &iter, k)));
+       bch_err_fn(c, ret);
        return ret;
 }
 
@@ -1928,132 +2242,112 @@ typedef DARRAY(struct pathbuf_entry) pathbuf;
 
 static bool path_is_dup(pathbuf *p, u64 inum, u32 snapshot)
 {
-       struct pathbuf_entry *i;
-
        darray_for_each(*p, i)
                if (i->inum     == inum &&
                    i->snapshot == snapshot)
                        return true;
-
        return false;
 }
 
-static int path_down(struct bch_fs *c, pathbuf *p,
-                    u64 inum, u32 snapshot)
-{
-       int ret = darray_push(p, ((struct pathbuf_entry) {
-               .inum           = inum,
-               .snapshot       = snapshot,
-       }));
-
-       if (ret)
-               bch_err(c, "fsck: error allocating memory for pathbuf, size %zu",
-                       p->size);
-       return ret;
-}
-
 /*
- * Check that a given inode is reachable from the root:
+ * Check that a given inode is reachable from its subvolume root - we already
+ * verified subvolume connectivity:
  *
  * XXX: we should also be verifying that inodes are in the right subvolumes
  */
-static int check_path(struct btree_trans *trans,
-                     pathbuf *p,
-                     struct bch_inode_unpacked *inode,
-                     u32 snapshot)
+static int check_path(struct btree_trans *trans, pathbuf *p, struct bkey_s_c inode_k)
 {
        struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
+       struct btree_iter inode_iter = {};
+       struct bch_inode_unpacked inode;
+       struct printbuf buf = PRINTBUF;
+       u32 snapshot = bch2_snapshot_equiv(c, inode_k.k->p.snapshot);
        int ret = 0;
 
-       snapshot = bch2_snapshot_equiv(c, snapshot);
        p->nr = 0;
 
-       while (!(inode->bi_inum == BCACHEFS_ROOT_INO &&
-                inode->bi_subvol == BCACHEFS_ROOT_SUBVOL)) {
+       BUG_ON(bch2_inode_unpack(inode_k, &inode));
+
+       while (!inode.bi_subvol) {
                struct btree_iter dirent_iter;
                struct bkey_s_c_dirent d;
                u32 parent_snapshot = snapshot;
 
-               if (inode->bi_subvol) {
-                       u64 inum;
-
-                       ret = subvol_lookup(trans, inode->bi_parent_subvol,
-                                           &parent_snapshot, &inum);
-                       if (ret)
-                               break;
-               }
-
-               ret = lockrestart_do(trans,
-                       PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO((d = dirent_get_by_pos(trans, &dirent_iter,
-                                         SPOS(inode->bi_dir, inode->bi_dir_offset,
-                                              parent_snapshot))).k));
+               d = inode_get_dirent(trans, &dirent_iter, &inode, &parent_snapshot);
+               ret = bkey_err(d.s_c);
                if (ret && !bch2_err_matches(ret, ENOENT))
                        break;
 
-               if (!ret && !dirent_points_to_inode(d, inode)) {
+               if (!ret && !dirent_points_to_inode(d, &inode)) {
                        bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, &dirent_iter);
                        ret = -BCH_ERR_ENOENT_dirent_doesnt_match_inode;
                }
 
                if (bch2_err_matches(ret, ENOENT)) {
-                       if (fsck_err(c,  "unreachable inode %llu:%u, type %s nlink %u backptr %llu:%llu",
-                                    inode->bi_inum, snapshot,
-                                    bch2_d_type_str(inode_d_type(inode)),
-                                    inode->bi_nlink,
-                                    inode->bi_dir,
-                                    inode->bi_dir_offset))
-                               ret = reattach_inode(trans, inode, snapshot);
-                       break;
+                       ret = 0;
+                       if (fsck_err(c, inode_unreachable,
+                                    "unreachable inode\n%s",
+                                    (printbuf_reset(&buf),
+                                     bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, inode_k),
+                                     buf.buf)))
+                               ret = reattach_inode(trans, &inode, snapshot);
+                       goto out;
                }
 
                bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, &dirent_iter);
 
-               if (!S_ISDIR(inode->bi_mode))
+               if (!S_ISDIR(inode.bi_mode))
                        break;
 
-               ret = path_down(c, p, inode->bi_inum, snapshot);
-               if (ret) {
-                       bch_err(c, "memory allocation failure");
+               ret = darray_push(p, ((struct pathbuf_entry) {
+                       .inum           = inode.bi_inum,
+                       .snapshot       = snapshot,
+               }));
+               if (ret)
                        return ret;
-               }
 
                snapshot = parent_snapshot;
 
-               ret = lookup_inode(trans, inode->bi_dir, inode, &snapshot);
+               bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, &inode_iter);
+               inode_k = bch2_bkey_get_iter(trans, &inode_iter, BTREE_ID_inodes,
+                                            SPOS(0, inode.bi_dir, snapshot), 0);
+               ret = bkey_err(inode_k) ?:
+                       !bkey_is_inode(inode_k.k) ? -BCH_ERR_ENOENT_inode
+                       : bch2_inode_unpack(inode_k, &inode);
                if (ret) {
                        /* Should have been caught in dirents pass */
-                       bch_err(c, "error looking up parent directory: %i", ret);
+                       if (!bch2_err_matches(ret, BCH_ERR_transaction_restart))
+                               bch_err(c, "error looking up parent directory: %i", ret);
                        break;
                }
 
-               if (path_is_dup(p, inode->bi_inum, snapshot)) {
-                       struct pathbuf_entry *i;
+               snapshot = inode_k.k->p.snapshot;
 
+               if (path_is_dup(p, inode.bi_inum, snapshot)) {
                        /* XXX print path */
                        bch_err(c, "directory structure loop");
 
                        darray_for_each(*p, i)
                                pr_err("%llu:%u", i->inum, i->snapshot);
-                       pr_err("%llu:%u", inode->bi_inum, snapshot);
+                       pr_err("%llu:%u", inode.bi_inum, snapshot);
 
-                       if (!fsck_err(c, "directory structure loop"))
-                               return 0;
+                       if (fsck_err(c, dir_loop, "directory structure loop")) {
+                               ret = remove_backpointer(trans, &inode);
+                               bch_err_msg(c, ret, "removing dirent");
+                               if (ret)
+                                       break;
 
-                       ret = commit_do(trans, NULL, NULL,
-                                             BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL|
-                                             BTREE_INSERT_LAZY_RW,
-                                       remove_backpointer(trans, inode));
-                       if (ret) {
-                               bch_err(c, "error removing dirent: %i", ret);
-                               break;
+                               ret = reattach_inode(trans, &inode, snapshot);
+                               bch_err_msg(c, ret, "reattaching inode %llu", inode.bi_inum);
                        }
-
-                       ret = reattach_inode(trans, inode, snapshot);
+                       break;
                }
        }
+out:
 fsck_err:
-       if (ret)
-               bch_err_fn(c, ret);
+       bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, &inode_iter);
+       printbuf_exit(&buf);
+       bch_err_fn(c, ret);
        return ret;
 }
 
@@ -2064,47 +2358,29 @@ fsck_err:
  */
 int bch2_check_directory_structure(struct bch_fs *c)
 {
-       struct btree_trans trans;
-       struct btree_iter iter;
-       struct bkey_s_c k;
-       struct bch_inode_unpacked u;
        pathbuf path = { 0, };
        int ret;
 
-       bch2_trans_init(&trans, c, BTREE_ITER_MAX, 0);
-
-       for_each_btree_key(&trans, iter, BTREE_ID_inodes, POS_MIN,
-                          BTREE_ITER_INTENT|
-                          BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH|
-                          BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS, k, ret) {
-               if (!bkey_is_inode(k.k))
-                       continue;
-
-               ret = bch2_inode_unpack(k, &u);
-               if (ret) {
-                       /* Should have been caught earlier in fsck: */
-                       bch_err(c, "error unpacking inode %llu: %i", k.k->p.offset, ret);
-                       break;
-               }
+       ret = bch2_trans_run(c,
+               for_each_btree_key_commit(trans, iter, BTREE_ID_inodes, POS_MIN,
+                                         BTREE_ITER_INTENT|
+                                         BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH|
+                                         BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS, k,
+                                         NULL, NULL, BCH_TRANS_COMMIT_no_enospc, ({
+                       if (!bkey_is_inode(k.k))
+                               continue;
 
-               if (u.bi_flags & BCH_INODE_UNLINKED)
-                       continue;
+                       if (bch2_inode_flags(k) & BCH_INODE_unlinked)
+                               continue;
 
-               ret = check_path(&trans, &path, &u, iter.pos.snapshot);
-               if (ret)
-                       break;
-       }
-       bch2_trans_iter_exit(&trans, &iter);
-       bch2_trans_exit(&trans);
+                       check_path(trans, &path, k);
+               })));
        darray_exit(&path);
 
-       if (ret)
-               bch_err_fn(c, ret);
+       bch_err_fn(c, ret);
        return ret;
 }
 
-/* check_nlink pass: */
-
 struct nlink_table {
        size_t          nr;
        size_t          size;
@@ -2151,7 +2427,7 @@ static int nlink_cmp(const void *_l, const void *_r)
        const struct nlink *l = _l;
        const struct nlink *r = _r;
 
-       return cmp_int(l->inum, r->inum) ?: cmp_int(l->snapshot, r->snapshot);
+       return cmp_int(l->inum, r->inum);
 }
 
 static void inc_link(struct bch_fs *c, struct snapshots_seen *s,
@@ -2186,49 +2462,39 @@ static int check_nlinks_find_hardlinks(struct bch_fs *c,
                                       struct nlink_table *t,
                                       u64 start, u64 *end)
 {
-       struct btree_trans trans;
-       struct btree_iter iter;
-       struct bkey_s_c k;
-       struct bch_inode_unpacked u;
-       int ret = 0;
-
-       bch2_trans_init(&trans, c, BTREE_ITER_MAX, 0);
-
-       for_each_btree_key(&trans, iter, BTREE_ID_inodes,
-                          POS(0, start),
-                          BTREE_ITER_INTENT|
-                          BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH|
-                          BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS, k, ret) {
-               if (!bkey_is_inode(k.k))
-                       continue;
-
-               /* Should never fail, checked by bch2_inode_invalid: */
-               BUG_ON(bch2_inode_unpack(k, &u));
-
-               /*
-                * Backpointer and directory structure checks are sufficient for
-                * directories, since they can't have hardlinks:
-                */
-               if (S_ISDIR(u.bi_mode))
-                       continue;
+       int ret = bch2_trans_run(c,
+               for_each_btree_key(trans, iter, BTREE_ID_inodes,
+                                  POS(0, start),
+                                  BTREE_ITER_INTENT|
+                                  BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH|
+                                  BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS, k, ({
+                       if (!bkey_is_inode(k.k))
+                               continue;
 
-               if (!u.bi_nlink)
-                       continue;
+                       /* Should never fail, checked by bch2_inode_invalid: */
+                       struct bch_inode_unpacked u;
+                       BUG_ON(bch2_inode_unpack(k, &u));
 
-               ret = add_nlink(c, t, k.k->p.offset, k.k->p.snapshot);
-               if (ret) {
-                       *end = k.k->p.offset;
-                       ret = 0;
-                       break;
-               }
+                       /*
+                        * Backpointer and directory structure checks are sufficient for
+                        * directories, since they can't have hardlinks:
+                        */
+                       if (S_ISDIR(u.bi_mode))
+                               continue;
 
-       }
-       bch2_trans_iter_exit(&trans, &iter);
-       bch2_trans_exit(&trans);
+                       if (!u.bi_nlink)
+                               continue;
 
-       if (ret)
-               bch_err(c, "error in fsck: btree error %i while walking inodes", ret);
+                       ret = add_nlink(c, t, k.k->p.offset, k.k->p.snapshot);
+                       if (ret) {
+                               *end = k.k->p.offset;
+                               ret = 0;
+                               break;
+                       }
+                       0;
+               })));
 
+       bch_err_fn(c, ret);
        return ret;
 }
 
@@ -2236,44 +2502,34 @@ noinline_for_stack
 static int check_nlinks_walk_dirents(struct bch_fs *c, struct nlink_table *links,
                                     u64 range_start, u64 range_end)
 {
-       struct btree_trans trans;
        struct snapshots_seen s;
-       struct btree_iter iter;
-       struct bkey_s_c k;
-       struct bkey_s_c_dirent d;
-       int ret;
 
        snapshots_seen_init(&s);
 
-       bch2_trans_init(&trans, c, BTREE_ITER_MAX, 0);
-
-       for_each_btree_key(&trans, iter, BTREE_ID_dirents, POS_MIN,
-                          BTREE_ITER_INTENT|
-                          BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH|
-                          BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS, k, ret) {
-               ret = snapshots_seen_update(c, &s, iter.btree_id, k.k->p);
-               if (ret)
-                       break;
-
-               switch (k.k->type) {
-               case KEY_TYPE_dirent:
-                       d = bkey_s_c_to_dirent(k);
+       int ret = bch2_trans_run(c,
+               for_each_btree_key(trans, iter, BTREE_ID_dirents, POS_MIN,
+                                  BTREE_ITER_INTENT|
+                                  BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH|
+                                  BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS, k, ({
+                       ret = snapshots_seen_update(c, &s, iter.btree_id, k.k->p);
+                       if (ret)
+                               break;
 
-                       if (d.v->d_type != DT_DIR &&
-                           d.v->d_type != DT_SUBVOL)
-                               inc_link(c, &s, links, range_start, range_end,
-                                        le64_to_cpu(d.v->d_inum),
-                                        bch2_snapshot_equiv(c, d.k->p.snapshot));
-                       break;
-               }
-       }
-       bch2_trans_iter_exit(&trans, &iter);
+                       if (k.k->type == KEY_TYPE_dirent) {
+                               struct bkey_s_c_dirent d = bkey_s_c_to_dirent(k);
 
-       if (ret)
-               bch_err(c, "error in fsck: btree error %i while walking dirents", ret);
+                               if (d.v->d_type != DT_DIR &&
+                                   d.v->d_type != DT_SUBVOL)
+                                       inc_link(c, &s, links, range_start, range_end,
+                                                le64_to_cpu(d.v->d_inum),
+                                                bch2_snapshot_equiv(c, d.k->p.snapshot));
+                       }
+                       0;
+               })));
 
-       bch2_trans_exit(&trans);
        snapshots_seen_exit(&s);
+
+       bch_err_fn(c, ret);
        return ret;
 }
 
@@ -2307,12 +2563,13 @@ static int check_nlinks_update_inode(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_ite
                link = &links->d[++*idx];
        }
 
-       if (fsck_err_on(bch2_inode_nlink_get(&u) != link->count, c,
+       if (fsck_err_on(bch2_inode_nlink_get(&u) != link->count,
+                       c, inode_wrong_nlink,
                        "inode %llu type %s has wrong i_nlink (%u, should be %u)",
                        u.bi_inum, bch2_d_types[mode_to_type(u.bi_mode)],
                        bch2_inode_nlink_get(&u), link->count)) {
                bch2_inode_nlink_set(&u, link->count);
-               ret = __write_inode(trans, &u, k.k->p.snapshot);
+               ret = __bch2_fsck_write_inode(trans, &u, k.k->p.snapshot);
        }
 fsck_err:
        return ret;
@@ -2323,24 +2580,16 @@ static int check_nlinks_update_hardlinks(struct bch_fs *c,
                               struct nlink_table *links,
                               u64 range_start, u64 range_end)
 {
-       struct btree_trans trans;
-       struct btree_iter iter;
-       struct bkey_s_c k;
        size_t idx = 0;
-       int ret = 0;
-
-       bch2_trans_init(&trans, c, BTREE_ITER_MAX, 0);
-
-       ret = for_each_btree_key_commit(&trans, iter, BTREE_ID_inodes,
-                       POS(0, range_start),
-                       BTREE_ITER_INTENT|BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH|BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS, k,
-                       NULL, NULL, BTREE_INSERT_LAZY_RW|BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL,
-               check_nlinks_update_inode(&trans, &iter, k, links, &idx, range_end));
-
-       bch2_trans_exit(&trans);
 
+       int ret = bch2_trans_run(c,
+               for_each_btree_key_commit(trans, iter, BTREE_ID_inodes,
+                               POS(0, range_start),
+                               BTREE_ITER_INTENT|BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH|BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS, k,
+                               NULL, NULL, BCH_TRANS_COMMIT_no_enospc,
+                       check_nlinks_update_inode(trans, &iter, k, links, &idx, range_end)));
        if (ret < 0) {
-               bch_err(c, "error in fsck: btree error %i while walking inodes", ret);
+               bch_err(c, "error in fsck walking inodes: %s", bch2_err_str(ret));
                return ret;
        }
 
@@ -2377,9 +2626,7 @@ int bch2_check_nlinks(struct bch_fs *c)
        } while (next_iter_range_start != U64_MAX);
 
        kvfree(links.d);
-
-       if (ret)
-               bch_err_fn(c, ret);
+       bch_err_fn(c, ret);
        return ret;
 }
 
@@ -2388,7 +2635,6 @@ static int fix_reflink_p_key(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_iter *iter,
 {
        struct bkey_s_c_reflink_p p;
        struct bkey_i_reflink_p *u;
-       int ret;
 
        if (k.k->type != KEY_TYPE_reflink_p)
                return 0;
@@ -2399,7 +2645,7 @@ static int fix_reflink_p_key(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_iter *iter,
                return 0;
 
        u = bch2_trans_kmalloc(trans, sizeof(*u));
-       ret = PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(u);
+       int ret = PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(u);
        if (ret)
                return ret;
 
@@ -2412,22 +2658,16 @@ static int fix_reflink_p_key(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_iter *iter,
 
 int bch2_fix_reflink_p(struct bch_fs *c)
 {
-       struct btree_iter iter;
-       struct bkey_s_c k;
-       int ret;
-
        if (c->sb.version >= bcachefs_metadata_version_reflink_p_fix)
                return 0;
 
-       ret = bch2_trans_run(c,
-               for_each_btree_key_commit(&trans, iter,
+       int ret = bch2_trans_run(c,
+               for_each_btree_key_commit(trans, iter,
                                BTREE_ID_extents, POS_MIN,
                                BTREE_ITER_INTENT|BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH|
                                BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS, k,
-                               NULL, NULL, BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL|BTREE_INSERT_LAZY_RW,
-                       fix_reflink_p_key(&trans, &iter, k)));
-
-       if (ret)
-               bch_err_fn(c, ret);
+                               NULL, NULL, BCH_TRANS_COMMIT_no_enospc,
+                       fix_reflink_p_key(trans, &iter, k)));
+       bch_err_fn(c, ret);
        return ret;
 }