]> git.sesse.net Git - bcachefs-tools-debian/blobdiff - libbcachefs/fsck.c
Update bcachefs sources to a5da815430 bcachefs: Convert constants to consts
[bcachefs-tools-debian] / libbcachefs / fsck.c
index 826a3577ee9318c115b1a7751eddf6b1e528af04..e232f331ae9a40f0cf65d034df6e53bf374ab9db 100644 (file)
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 #include "bcachefs.h"
 #include "bkey_buf.h"
 #include "btree_update.h"
+#include "darray.h"
 #include "dirent.h"
 #include "error.h"
 #include "fs-common.h"
 
 #define QSTR(n) { { { .len = strlen(n) } }, .name = n }
 
+/*
+ * XXX: this is handling transaction restarts without returning
+ * -BCH_ERR_transaction_restart_nested, this is not how we do things anymore:
+ */
 static s64 bch2_count_inode_sectors(struct btree_trans *trans, u64 inum,
                                    u32 snapshot)
 {
@@ -26,14 +31,12 @@ static s64 bch2_count_inode_sectors(struct btree_trans *trans, u64 inum,
        u64 sectors = 0;
        int ret;
 
-       for_each_btree_key(trans, iter, BTREE_ID_extents,
-                          SPOS(inum, 0, snapshot), 0, k, ret) {
-               if (k.k->p.inode != inum)
-                       break;
-
+       for_each_btree_key_upto(trans, iter, BTREE_ID_extents,
+                               SPOS(inum, 0, snapshot),
+                               POS(inum, U64_MAX),
+                               0, k, ret)
                if (bkey_extent_is_allocation(k.k))
                        sectors += k.k->size;
-       }
 
        bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, &iter);
 
@@ -49,11 +52,10 @@ static s64 bch2_count_subdirs(struct btree_trans *trans, u64 inum,
        u64 subdirs = 0;
        int ret;
 
-       for_each_btree_key(trans, iter, BTREE_ID_dirents,
-                          SPOS(inum, 0, snapshot), 0, k, ret) {
-               if (k.k->p.inode != inum)
-                       break;
-
+       for_each_btree_key_upto(trans, iter, BTREE_ID_dirents,
+                               SPOS(inum, 0, snapshot),
+                               POS(inum, U64_MAX),
+                               0, k, ret) {
                if (k.k->type != KEY_TYPE_dirent)
                        continue;
 
@@ -61,7 +63,6 @@ static s64 bch2_count_subdirs(struct btree_trans *trans, u64 inum,
                if (d.v->d_type == DT_DIR)
                        subdirs++;
        }
-
        bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, &iter);
 
        return ret ?: subdirs;
@@ -94,12 +95,6 @@ err:
 
 }
 
-static int snapshot_lookup_subvol(struct btree_trans *trans, u32 snapshot,
-                                 u32 *subvol)
-{
-       return lockrestart_do(trans, __snapshot_lookup_subvol(trans, snapshot, subvol));
-}
-
 static int __subvol_lookup(struct btree_trans *trans, u32 subvol,
                           u32 *snapshot, u64 *inum)
 {
@@ -119,6 +114,35 @@ static int subvol_lookup(struct btree_trans *trans, u32 subvol,
        return lockrestart_do(trans, __subvol_lookup(trans, subvol, snapshot, inum));
 }
 
+static int lookup_first_inode(struct btree_trans *trans, u64 inode_nr,
+                             struct bch_inode_unpacked *inode)
+{
+       struct btree_iter iter;
+       struct bkey_s_c k;
+       int ret;
+
+       bch2_trans_iter_init(trans, &iter, BTREE_ID_inodes,
+                            POS(0, inode_nr),
+                            BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS);
+       k = bch2_btree_iter_peek(&iter);
+       ret = bkey_err(k);
+       if (ret)
+               goto err;
+
+       if (!k.k || !bkey_eq(k.k->p, POS(0, inode_nr))) {
+               ret = -ENOENT;
+               goto err;
+       }
+
+       ret = bch2_inode_unpack(k, inode);
+err:
+       if (ret && !bch2_err_matches(ret, BCH_ERR_transaction_restart))
+               bch_err(trans->c, "error fetching inode %llu: %s",
+                       inode_nr, bch2_err_str(ret));
+       bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, &iter);
+       return ret;
+}
+
 static int __lookup_inode(struct btree_trans *trans, u64 inode_nr,
                          struct bch_inode_unpacked *inode,
                          u32 *snapshot)
@@ -134,11 +158,15 @@ static int __lookup_inode(struct btree_trans *trans, u64 inode_nr,
        if (ret)
                goto err;
 
-       *snapshot = iter.pos.snapshot;
-       ret = k.k->type == KEY_TYPE_inode
-               ? bch2_inode_unpack(bkey_s_c_to_inode(k), inode)
+       ret = bkey_is_inode(k.k)
+               ? bch2_inode_unpack(k, inode)
                : -ENOENT;
+       if (!ret)
+               *snapshot = iter.pos.snapshot;
 err:
+       if (ret && !bch2_err_matches(ret, BCH_ERR_transaction_restart))
+               bch_err(trans->c, "error fetching inode %llu:%u: %s",
+                       inode_nr, *snapshot, bch2_err_str(ret));
        bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, &iter);
        return ret;
 }
@@ -171,15 +199,6 @@ static int __lookup_dirent(struct btree_trans *trans,
        return 0;
 }
 
-static int lookup_dirent(struct btree_trans *trans,
-                        struct bch_hash_info hash_info,
-                        subvol_inum dir, struct qstr *name,
-                        u64 *target, unsigned *type)
-{
-       return lockrestart_do(trans,
-               __lookup_dirent(trans, hash_info, dir, name, target, type));
-}
-
 static int __write_inode(struct btree_trans *trans,
                         struct bch_inode_unpacked *inode,
                         u32 snapshot)
@@ -201,35 +220,39 @@ static int write_inode(struct btree_trans *trans,
                       struct bch_inode_unpacked *inode,
                       u32 snapshot)
 {
-       int ret = __bch2_trans_do(trans, NULL, NULL,
+       int ret = commit_do(trans, NULL, NULL,
                                  BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL|
                                  BTREE_INSERT_LAZY_RW,
                                  __write_inode(trans, inode, snapshot));
        if (ret)
-               bch_err(trans->c, "error in fsck: error %i updating inode", ret);
+               bch_err(trans->c, "error in fsck: error updating inode: %s",
+                       bch2_err_str(ret));
        return ret;
 }
 
 static int fsck_inode_rm(struct btree_trans *trans, u64 inum, u32 snapshot)
 {
+       struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
        struct btree_iter iter = { NULL };
        struct bkey_i_inode_generation delete;
        struct bch_inode_unpacked inode_u;
        struct bkey_s_c k;
        int ret;
 
-       ret   = bch2_btree_delete_range_trans(trans, BTREE_ID_extents,
-                                             SPOS(inum, 0, snapshot),
-                                             SPOS(inum, U64_MAX, snapshot),
-                                             0, NULL) ?:
-               bch2_btree_delete_range_trans(trans, BTREE_ID_dirents,
-                                             SPOS(inum, 0, snapshot),
-                                             SPOS(inum, U64_MAX, snapshot),
-                                             0, NULL) ?:
-               bch2_btree_delete_range_trans(trans, BTREE_ID_xattrs,
-                                             SPOS(inum, 0, snapshot),
-                                             SPOS(inum, U64_MAX, snapshot),
-                                             0, NULL);
+       do {
+               ret   = bch2_btree_delete_range_trans(trans, BTREE_ID_extents,
+                                                     SPOS(inum, 0, snapshot),
+                                                     SPOS(inum, U64_MAX, snapshot),
+                                                     0, NULL) ?:
+                       bch2_btree_delete_range_trans(trans, BTREE_ID_dirents,
+                                                     SPOS(inum, 0, snapshot),
+                                                     SPOS(inum, U64_MAX, snapshot),
+                                                     0, NULL) ?:
+                       bch2_btree_delete_range_trans(trans, BTREE_ID_xattrs,
+                                                     SPOS(inum, 0, snapshot),
+                                                     SPOS(inum, U64_MAX, snapshot),
+                                                     0, NULL);
+       } while (ret == -BCH_ERR_transaction_restart_nested);
        if (ret)
                goto err;
 retry:
@@ -243,22 +266,19 @@ retry:
        if (ret)
                goto err;
 
-       if (k.k->type != KEY_TYPE_inode) {
-               bch2_fs_inconsistent(trans->c,
+       if (!bkey_is_inode(k.k)) {
+               bch2_fs_inconsistent(c,
                                     "inode %llu:%u not found when deleting",
                                     inum, snapshot);
                ret = -EIO;
                goto err;
        }
 
-       bch2_inode_unpack(bkey_s_c_to_inode(k), &inode_u);
+       bch2_inode_unpack(k, &inode_u);
 
        /* Subvolume root? */
-       if (inode_u.bi_subvol) {
-               ret = bch2_subvolume_delete(trans, inode_u.bi_subvol, -1);
-               if (ret)
-                       goto err;
-       }
+       if (inode_u.bi_subvol)
+               bch_warn(c, "deleting inode %llu marked as unlinked, but also a subvolume root!?", inode_u.bi_inum);
 
        bkey_inode_generation_init(&delete.k_i);
        delete.k.p = iter.pos;
@@ -269,10 +289,10 @@ retry:
                                BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL);
 err:
        bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, &iter);
-       if (ret == -EINTR)
+       if (bch2_err_matches(ret, BCH_ERR_transaction_restart))
                goto retry;
 
-       return ret;
+       return ret ?: -BCH_ERR_transaction_restart_nested;
 }
 
 static int __remove_dirent(struct btree_trans *trans, struct bpos pos)
@@ -283,28 +303,21 @@ static int __remove_dirent(struct btree_trans *trans, struct bpos pos)
        struct bch_hash_info dir_hash_info;
        int ret;
 
-       ret = lookup_inode(trans, pos.inode, &dir_inode, NULL);
+       ret = lookup_first_inode(trans, pos.inode, &dir_inode);
        if (ret)
-               return ret;
+               goto err;
 
        dir_hash_info = bch2_hash_info_init(c, &dir_inode);
 
        bch2_trans_iter_init(trans, &iter, BTREE_ID_dirents, pos, BTREE_ITER_INTENT);
 
        ret = bch2_hash_delete_at(trans, bch2_dirent_hash_desc,
-                                 &dir_hash_info, &iter, 0);
+                                 &dir_hash_info, &iter,
+                                 BTREE_UPDATE_INTERNAL_SNAPSHOT_NODE);
        bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, &iter);
-       return ret;
-}
-
-static int remove_dirent(struct btree_trans *trans, struct bpos pos)
-{
-       int ret = __bch2_trans_do(trans, NULL, NULL,
-                                 BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL|
-                                 BTREE_INSERT_LAZY_RW,
-                                 __remove_dirent(trans, pos));
-       if (ret)
-               bch_err(trans->c, "remove_dirent: err %i deleting dirent", ret);
+err:
+       if (ret && !bch2_err_matches(ret, BCH_ERR_transaction_restart))
+               bch_err(c, "%s(): error %s", __func__, bch2_err_str(ret));
        return ret;
 }
 
@@ -322,65 +335,52 @@ static int lookup_lostfound(struct btree_trans *trans, u32 subvol,
        u32 snapshot;
        int ret;
 
-       ret = subvol_lookup(trans, subvol, &snapshot, &root_inum.inum);
+       ret = __subvol_lookup(trans, subvol, &snapshot, &root_inum.inum);
        if (ret)
                return ret;
 
-       ret = lookup_inode(trans, root_inum.inum, &root, &snapshot);
-       if (ret) {
-               bch_err(c, "error fetching subvol root: %i", ret);
+       ret = __lookup_inode(trans, root_inum.inum, &root, &snapshot);
+       if (ret)
                return ret;
-       }
 
        root_hash_info = bch2_hash_info_init(c, &root);
 
-       ret = lookup_dirent(trans, root_hash_info, root_inum,
+       ret = __lookup_dirent(trans, root_hash_info, root_inum,
                            &lostfound_str, &inum, &d_type);
        if (ret == -ENOENT) {
                bch_notice(c, "creating lost+found");
                goto create_lostfound;
        }
 
-       if (ret) {
-               bch_err(c, "error looking up lost+found: %i", ret);
+       if (ret && !bch2_err_matches(ret, BCH_ERR_transaction_restart))
+               bch_err(c, "error looking up lost+found: %s", bch2_err_str(ret));
+       if (ret)
                return ret;
-       }
 
        if (d_type != DT_DIR) {
                bch_err(c, "error looking up lost+found: not a directory");
                return ret;
-
        }
 
-       ret = lookup_inode(trans, inum, lostfound, &snapshot);
-       if (ret && ret != -ENOENT) {
-               /*
-                * The check_dirents pass has already run, dangling dirents
-                * shouldn't exist here:
-                */
-               bch_err(c, "error looking up lost+found: %i", ret);
-               return ret;
-       }
+       /*
+        * The check_dirents pass has already run, dangling dirents
+        * shouldn't exist here:
+        */
+       return __lookup_inode(trans, inum, lostfound, &snapshot);
 
-       if (ret == -ENOENT) {
 create_lostfound:
-               bch2_inode_init_early(c, lostfound);
-
-               ret = __bch2_trans_do(trans, NULL, NULL,
-                                     BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL|
-                                     BTREE_INSERT_LAZY_RW,
-                       bch2_create_trans(trans, root_inum, &root,
-                                         lostfound, &lostfound_str,
-                                         0, 0, S_IFDIR|0700, 0, NULL, NULL,
-                                         (subvol_inum) { }, 0));
-               if (ret)
-                       bch_err(c, "error creating lost+found: %i", ret);
-       }
-
-       return 0;
+       bch2_inode_init_early(c, lostfound);
+
+       ret = bch2_create_trans(trans, root_inum, &root,
+                               lostfound, &lostfound_str,
+                               0, 0, S_IFDIR|0700, 0, NULL, NULL,
+                               (subvol_inum) { }, 0);
+       if (ret && !bch2_err_matches(ret, BCH_ERR_transaction_restart))
+               bch_err(c, "error creating lost+found: %s", bch2_err_str(ret));
+       return ret;
 }
 
-static int reattach_inode(struct btree_trans *trans,
+static int __reattach_inode(struct btree_trans *trans,
                          struct bch_inode_unpacked *inode,
                          u32 inode_snapshot)
 {
@@ -392,7 +392,7 @@ static int reattach_inode(struct btree_trans *trans,
        u32 subvol;
        int ret;
 
-       ret = snapshot_lookup_subvol(trans, inode_snapshot, &subvol);
+       ret = __snapshot_lookup_subvol(trans, inode_snapshot, &subvol);
        if (ret)
                return ret;
 
@@ -403,7 +403,7 @@ static int reattach_inode(struct btree_trans *trans,
        if (S_ISDIR(inode->bi_mode)) {
                lostfound.bi_nlink++;
 
-               ret = write_inode(trans, &lostfound, U32_MAX);
+               ret = __write_inode(trans, &lostfound, U32_MAX);
                if (ret)
                        return ret;
        }
@@ -413,26 +413,39 @@ static int reattach_inode(struct btree_trans *trans,
        snprintf(name_buf, sizeof(name_buf), "%llu", inode->bi_inum);
        name = (struct qstr) QSTR(name_buf);
 
-       ret = __bch2_trans_do(trans, NULL, NULL, BTREE_INSERT_LAZY_RW,
-                       bch2_dirent_create(trans,
-                                          (subvol_inum) {
-                                               .subvol = subvol,
-                                               .inum = lostfound.bi_inum,
-                                          },
-                                          &dir_hash,
-                                          mode_to_type(inode->bi_mode),
-                                          &name, inode->bi_inum, &dir_offset,
-                                          BCH_HASH_SET_MUST_CREATE));
-       if (ret) {
-               bch_err(trans->c, "error %i reattaching inode %llu",
-                       ret, inode->bi_inum);
+       ret = bch2_dirent_create(trans,
+                                (subvol_inum) {
+                                       .subvol = subvol,
+                                       .inum = lostfound.bi_inum,
+                                },
+                                &dir_hash,
+                                inode_d_type(inode),
+                                &name, inode->bi_inum, &dir_offset,
+                                BCH_HASH_SET_MUST_CREATE);
+       if (ret)
                return ret;
-       }
 
        inode->bi_dir           = lostfound.bi_inum;
        inode->bi_dir_offset    = dir_offset;
 
-       return write_inode(trans, inode, inode_snapshot);
+       return __write_inode(trans, inode, inode_snapshot);
+}
+
+static int reattach_inode(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                         struct bch_inode_unpacked *inode,
+                         u32 inode_snapshot)
+{
+       int ret = commit_do(trans, NULL, NULL,
+                                 BTREE_INSERT_LAZY_RW|
+                                 BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL,
+                       __reattach_inode(trans, inode, inode_snapshot));
+       if (ret) {
+               bch_err(trans->c, "error reattaching inode %llu: %s",
+                       inode->bi_inum, bch2_err_str(ret));
+               return ret;
+       }
+
+       return ret;
 }
 
 static int remove_backpointer(struct btree_trans *trans,
@@ -453,25 +466,88 @@ static int remove_backpointer(struct btree_trans *trans,
                goto out;
        }
 
-       ret = remove_dirent(trans, k.k->p);
+       ret = __remove_dirent(trans, k.k->p);
 out:
        bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, &iter);
        return ret;
 }
 
-static int snapshots_seen_update(struct bch_fs *c, struct snapshots_seen *s, struct bpos pos)
+struct snapshots_seen_entry {
+       u32                             id;
+       u32                             equiv;
+};
+
+struct snapshots_seen {
+       struct bpos                     pos;
+       DARRAY(struct snapshots_seen_entry) ids;
+};
+
+static inline void snapshots_seen_exit(struct snapshots_seen *s)
+{
+       darray_exit(&s->ids);
+}
+
+static inline void snapshots_seen_init(struct snapshots_seen *s)
+{
+       memset(s, 0, sizeof(*s));
+}
+
+static int snapshots_seen_add(struct bch_fs *c, struct snapshots_seen *s, u32 id)
+{
+       struct snapshots_seen_entry *i, n = { id, id };
+       int ret;
+
+       darray_for_each(s->ids, i) {
+               if (n.equiv < i->equiv)
+                       break;
+
+               if (i->equiv == n.equiv) {
+                       bch_err(c, "%s(): adding duplicate snapshot", __func__);
+                       return -EINVAL;
+               }
+       }
+
+       ret = darray_insert_item(&s->ids, i - s->ids.data, n);
+       if (ret)
+               bch_err(c, "error reallocating snapshots_seen table (size %zu)",
+                       s->ids.size);
+       return ret;
+}
+
+static int snapshots_seen_update(struct bch_fs *c, struct snapshots_seen *s,
+                                enum btree_id btree_id, struct bpos pos)
 {
-       pos.snapshot = snapshot_t(c, pos.snapshot)->equiv;
+       struct snapshots_seen_entry *i, n = {
+               .id     = pos.snapshot,
+               .equiv  = bch2_snapshot_equiv(c, pos.snapshot),
+       };
+       int ret = 0;
+
+       if (!bkey_eq(s->pos, pos))
+               s->ids.nr = 0;
 
-       if (bkey_cmp(s->pos, pos))
-               s->nr = 0;
+       pos.snapshot = n.equiv;
        s->pos = pos;
 
-       /* Might get called multiple times due to lock restarts */
-       if (s->nr && s->d[s->nr - 1] == pos.snapshot)
-               return 0;
+       darray_for_each(s->ids, i)
+               if (i->equiv == n.equiv) {
+                       if (fsck_err_on(i->id != n.id, c,
+                                       "snapshot deletion did not run correctly:\n"
+                                       "  duplicate keys in btree %s at %llu:%llu snapshots %u, %u (equiv %u)\n",
+                                       bch2_btree_ids[btree_id],
+                                       pos.inode, pos.offset,
+                                       i->id, n.id, n.equiv))
+                               return -BCH_ERR_need_snapshot_cleanup;
+
+                       return 0;
+               }
 
-       return snapshots_seen_add(c, s, pos.snapshot);
+       ret = darray_push(&s->ids, n);
+       if (ret)
+               bch_err(c, "error reallocating snapshots_seen table (size %zu)",
+                       s->ids.size);
+fsck_err:
+       return ret;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -484,15 +560,15 @@ static bool key_visible_in_snapshot(struct bch_fs *c, struct snapshots_seen *see
                                    u32 id, u32 ancestor)
 {
        ssize_t i;
+       u32 top = seen->ids.nr ? seen->ids.data[seen->ids.nr - 1].equiv : 0;
 
        BUG_ON(id > ancestor);
-
-       id              = snapshot_t(c, id)->equiv;
-       ancestor        = snapshot_t(c, ancestor)->equiv;
+       BUG_ON(!bch2_snapshot_is_equiv(c, id));
+       BUG_ON(!bch2_snapshot_is_equiv(c, ancestor));
 
        /* @ancestor should be the snapshot most recently added to @seen */
-       BUG_ON(!seen->nr || seen->d[seen->nr - 1] != ancestor);
-       BUG_ON(seen->pos.snapshot != ancestor);
+       BUG_ON(ancestor != seen->pos.snapshot);
+       BUG_ON(ancestor != top);
 
        if (id == ancestor)
                return true;
@@ -500,11 +576,11 @@ static bool key_visible_in_snapshot(struct bch_fs *c, struct snapshots_seen *see
        if (!bch2_snapshot_is_ancestor(c, id, ancestor))
                return false;
 
-       for (i = seen->nr - 2;
-            i >= 0 && seen->d[i] >= id;
+       for (i = seen->ids.nr - 2;
+            i >= 0 && seen->ids.data[i].equiv >= id;
             --i)
-               if (bch2_snapshot_is_ancestor(c, id, seen->d[i]) &&
-                   bch2_snapshot_is_ancestor(c, seen->d[i], ancestor))
+               if (bch2_snapshot_is_ancestor(c, id, seen->ids.data[i].equiv) &&
+                   bch2_snapshot_is_ancestor(c, seen->ids.data[i].equiv, ancestor))
                        return false;
 
        return true;
@@ -529,27 +605,41 @@ static int ref_visible(struct bch_fs *c, struct snapshots_seen *s,
                : bch2_snapshot_is_ancestor(c, src, dst);
 }
 
-#define for_each_visible_inode(_c, _s, _w, _snapshot, _i)      \
-       for (_i = (_w)->d; _i < (_w)->d + (_w)->nr && (_i)->snapshot <= (_snapshot); _i++)\
+static int ref_visible2(struct bch_fs *c,
+                       u32 src, struct snapshots_seen *src_seen,
+                       u32 dst, struct snapshots_seen *dst_seen)
+{
+       src = bch2_snapshot_equiv(c, src);
+       dst = bch2_snapshot_equiv(c, dst);
+
+       if (dst > src) {
+               swap(dst, src);
+               swap(dst_seen, src_seen);
+       }
+       return key_visible_in_snapshot(c, src_seen, dst, src);
+}
+
+#define for_each_visible_inode(_c, _s, _w, _snapshot, _i)                              \
+       for (_i = (_w)->inodes.data; _i < (_w)->inodes.data + (_w)->inodes.nr &&        \
+            (_i)->snapshot <= (_snapshot); _i++)                                       \
                if (key_visible_in_snapshot(_c, _s, _i->snapshot, _snapshot))
 
+struct inode_walker_entry {
+       struct bch_inode_unpacked inode;
+       u32                     snapshot;
+       u64                     count;
+};
+
 struct inode_walker {
        bool                            first_this_inode;
        u64                             cur_inum;
 
-       size_t                          nr;
-       size_t                          size;
-       struct inode_walker_entry {
-               struct bch_inode_unpacked inode;
-               u32                     snapshot;
-               u64                     count;
-       } *d;
+       DARRAY(struct inode_walker_entry) inodes;
 };
 
 static void inode_walker_exit(struct inode_walker *w)
 {
-       kfree(w->d);
-       w->d = NULL;
+       darray_exit(&w->inodes);
 }
 
 static struct inode_walker inode_walker_init(void)
@@ -557,40 +647,17 @@ static struct inode_walker inode_walker_init(void)
        return (struct inode_walker) { 0, };
 }
 
-static int inode_walker_realloc(struct inode_walker *w)
-{
-       if (w->nr == w->size) {
-               size_t new_size = max_t(size_t, 8UL, w->size * 2);
-               void *d = krealloc(w->d, new_size * sizeof(w->d[0]),
-                                  GFP_KERNEL);
-               if (!d)
-                       return -ENOMEM;
-
-               w->d = d;
-               w->size = new_size;
-       }
-
-       return 0;
-}
-
 static int add_inode(struct bch_fs *c, struct inode_walker *w,
-                    struct bkey_s_c_inode inode)
+                    struct bkey_s_c inode)
 {
        struct bch_inode_unpacked u;
-       int ret;
-
-       ret = inode_walker_realloc(w);
-       if (ret)
-               return ret;
 
        BUG_ON(bch2_inode_unpack(inode, &u));
 
-       w->d[w->nr++] = (struct inode_walker_entry) {
+       return darray_push(&w->inodes, ((struct inode_walker_entry) {
                .inode          = u,
-               .snapshot       = snapshot_t(c, inode.k->p.snapshot)->equiv,
-       };
-
-       return 0;
+               .snapshot       = bch2_snapshot_equiv(c, inode.k->p.snapshot),
+       }));
 }
 
 static int __walk_inode(struct btree_trans *trans,
@@ -599,25 +666,26 @@ static int __walk_inode(struct btree_trans *trans,
        struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
        struct btree_iter iter;
        struct bkey_s_c k;
-       unsigned i, ancestor_pos;
+       u32 restart_count = trans->restart_count;
+       unsigned i;
        int ret;
 
-       pos.snapshot = snapshot_t(c, pos.snapshot)->equiv;
+       pos.snapshot = bch2_snapshot_equiv(c, pos.snapshot);
 
        if (pos.inode == w->cur_inum) {
                w->first_this_inode = false;
                goto lookup_snapshot;
        }
 
-       w->nr = 0;
+       w->inodes.nr = 0;
 
        for_each_btree_key(trans, iter, BTREE_ID_inodes, POS(0, pos.inode),
                           BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS, k, ret) {
                if (k.k->p.offset != pos.inode)
                        break;
 
-               if (k.k->type == KEY_TYPE_inode)
-                       add_inode(c, w, bkey_s_c_to_inode(k));
+               if (bkey_is_inode(k.k))
+                       add_inode(c, w, k);
        }
        bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, &iter);
 
@@ -626,38 +694,38 @@ static int __walk_inode(struct btree_trans *trans,
 
        w->cur_inum             = pos.inode;
        w->first_this_inode     = true;
+
+       if (trans_was_restarted(trans, restart_count))
+               return -BCH_ERR_transaction_restart_nested;
+
 lookup_snapshot:
-       for (i = 0; i < w->nr; i++)
-               if (bch2_snapshot_is_ancestor(c, pos.snapshot, w->d[i].snapshot))
+       for (i = 0; i < w->inodes.nr; i++)
+               if (bch2_snapshot_is_ancestor(c, pos.snapshot, w->inodes.data[i].snapshot))
                        goto found;
        return INT_MAX;
 found:
-       BUG_ON(pos.snapshot > w->d[i].snapshot);
+       BUG_ON(pos.snapshot > w->inodes.data[i].snapshot);
+
+       if (pos.snapshot != w->inodes.data[i].snapshot) {
+               struct inode_walker_entry e = w->inodes.data[i];
+
+               e.snapshot = pos.snapshot;
+               e.count = 0;
 
-       if (pos.snapshot != w->d[i].snapshot) {
-               ancestor_pos = i;
+               bch_info(c, "have key for inode %llu:%u but have inode in ancestor snapshot %u",
+                        pos.inode, pos.snapshot, w->inodes.data[i].snapshot);
 
-               while (i && w->d[i - 1].snapshot > pos.snapshot)
+               while (i && w->inodes.data[i - 1].snapshot > pos.snapshot)
                        --i;
 
-               ret = inode_walker_realloc(w);
+               ret = darray_insert_item(&w->inodes, i, e);
                if (ret)
                        return ret;
-
-               array_insert_item(w->d, w->nr, i, w->d[ancestor_pos]);
-               w->d[i].snapshot = pos.snapshot;
-               w->d[i].count   = 0;
        }
 
        return i;
 }
 
-static int walk_inode(struct btree_trans *trans,
-                     struct inode_walker *w, struct bpos pos)
-{
-       return lockrestart_do(trans, __walk_inode(trans, w, pos));
-}
-
 static int __get_visible_inodes(struct btree_trans *trans,
                                struct inode_walker *w,
                                struct snapshots_seen *s,
@@ -668,21 +736,23 @@ static int __get_visible_inodes(struct btree_trans *trans,
        struct bkey_s_c k;
        int ret;
 
-       w->nr = 0;
+       w->inodes.nr = 0;
 
-       for_each_btree_key(trans, iter, BTREE_ID_inodes, POS(0, inum),
+       for_each_btree_key_norestart(trans, iter, BTREE_ID_inodes, POS(0, inum),
                           BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS, k, ret) {
+               u32 equiv = bch2_snapshot_equiv(c, k.k->p.snapshot);
+
                if (k.k->p.offset != inum)
                        break;
 
-               if (k.k->type != KEY_TYPE_inode)
+               if (!ref_visible(c, s, s->pos.snapshot, equiv))
                        continue;
 
-               if (ref_visible(c, s, s->pos.snapshot, k.k->p.snapshot)) {
-                       add_inode(c, w, bkey_s_c_to_inode(k));
-                       if (k.k->p.snapshot >= s->pos.snapshot)
-                               break;
-               }
+               if (bkey_is_inode(k.k))
+                       add_inode(c, w, k);
+
+               if (equiv >= s->pos.snapshot)
+                       break;
        }
        bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, &iter);
 
@@ -694,18 +764,16 @@ static int check_key_has_snapshot(struct btree_trans *trans,
                                  struct bkey_s_c k)
 {
        struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
-       char buf[200];
+       struct printbuf buf = PRINTBUF;
        int ret = 0;
 
-       if (fsck_err_on(!snapshot_t(c, k.k->p.snapshot)->equiv, c,
+       if (mustfix_fsck_err_on(!bch2_snapshot_equiv(c, k.k->p.snapshot), c,
                        "key in missing snapshot: %s",
-                       (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&PBUF(buf), c, k), buf))) {
-               ret = __bch2_trans_do(trans, NULL, NULL, BTREE_INSERT_LAZY_RW,
-                       bch2_btree_delete_at(trans, iter,
-                                            BTREE_UPDATE_INTERNAL_SNAPSHOT_NODE));
-               return ret ?: -EINTR;
-       }
+                       (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, k), buf.buf)))
+               ret = bch2_btree_delete_at(trans, iter,
+                                           BTREE_UPDATE_INTERNAL_SNAPSHOT_NODE) ?: 1;
 fsck_err:
+       printbuf_exit(&buf);
        return ret;
 }
 
@@ -714,9 +782,6 @@ static int hash_redo_key(struct btree_trans *trans,
                         struct bch_hash_info *hash_info,
                         struct btree_iter *k_iter, struct bkey_s_c k)
 {
-       bch_err(trans->c, "hash_redo_key() not implemented yet");
-       return -EINVAL;
-#if 0
        struct bkey_i *delete;
        struct bkey_i *tmp;
 
@@ -724,38 +789,22 @@ static int hash_redo_key(struct btree_trans *trans,
        if (IS_ERR(delete))
                return PTR_ERR(delete);
 
-       tmp = bch2_trans_kmalloc(trans, bkey_bytes(k.k));
+       tmp = bch2_bkey_make_mut(trans, k);
        if (IS_ERR(tmp))
                return PTR_ERR(tmp);
 
-       bkey_reassemble(tmp, k);
-
        bkey_init(&delete->k);
        delete->k.p = k_iter->pos;
        return  bch2_btree_iter_traverse(k_iter) ?:
                bch2_trans_update(trans, k_iter, delete, 0) ?:
-               bch2_hash_set(trans, desc, hash_info, k_iter->pos.inode, tmp, 0);
-#endif
-}
-
-static int fsck_hash_delete_at(struct btree_trans *trans,
-                              const struct bch_hash_desc desc,
-                              struct bch_hash_info *info,
-                              struct btree_iter *iter)
-{
-       int ret;
-retry:
-       ret   = bch2_hash_delete_at(trans, desc, info, iter, 0) ?:
+               bch2_hash_set_snapshot(trans, desc, hash_info,
+                                      (subvol_inum) { 0, k.k->p.inode },
+                                      k.k->p.snapshot, tmp,
+                                      BCH_HASH_SET_MUST_CREATE,
+                                      BTREE_UPDATE_INTERNAL_SNAPSHOT_NODE) ?:
                bch2_trans_commit(trans, NULL, NULL,
                                  BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL|
                                  BTREE_INSERT_LAZY_RW);
-       if (ret == -EINTR) {
-               ret = bch2_btree_iter_traverse(iter);
-               if (!ret)
-                       goto retry;
-       }
-
-       return ret;
 }
 
 static int hash_check_key(struct btree_trans *trans,
@@ -765,7 +814,7 @@ static int hash_check_key(struct btree_trans *trans,
 {
        struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
        struct btree_iter iter = { NULL };
-       char buf[200];
+       struct printbuf buf = PRINTBUF;
        struct bkey_s_c k;
        u64 hash;
        int ret = 0;
@@ -781,20 +830,19 @@ static int hash_check_key(struct btree_trans *trans,
        if (hash_k.k->p.offset < hash)
                goto bad_hash;
 
-       for_each_btree_key(trans, iter, desc.btree_id, POS(hash_k.k->p.inode, hash),
-                          BTREE_ITER_SLOTS, k, ret) {
-               if (!bkey_cmp(k.k->p, hash_k.k->p))
+       for_each_btree_key_norestart(trans, iter, desc.btree_id,
+                                    SPOS(hash_k.k->p.inode, hash, hash_k.k->p.snapshot),
+                                    BTREE_ITER_SLOTS, k, ret) {
+               if (bkey_eq(k.k->p, hash_k.k->p))
                        break;
 
                if (fsck_err_on(k.k->type == desc.key_type &&
                                !desc.cmp_bkey(k, hash_k), c,
                                "duplicate hash table keys:\n%s",
-                               (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&PBUF(buf), c,
-                                                      hash_k), buf))) {
-                       ret = fsck_hash_delete_at(trans, desc, hash_info, k_iter);
-                       if (ret)
-                               return ret;
-                       ret = 1;
+                               (printbuf_reset(&buf),
+                                bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, hash_k),
+                                buf.buf))) {
+                       ret = bch2_hash_delete_at(trans, desc, hash_info, k_iter, 0) ?: 1;
                        break;
                }
 
@@ -802,41 +850,73 @@ static int hash_check_key(struct btree_trans *trans,
                        bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, &iter);
                        goto bad_hash;
                }
-
        }
+out:
        bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, &iter);
+       printbuf_exit(&buf);
        return ret;
 bad_hash:
-       if (fsck_err(c, "hash table key at wrong offset: btree %u inode %llu offset %llu, "
-                    "hashed to %llu\n%s",
-                    desc.btree_id, hash_k.k->p.inode, hash_k.k->p.offset, hash,
-                    (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&PBUF(buf), c, hash_k), buf)) == FSCK_ERR_IGNORE)
-               return 0;
-
-       ret = __bch2_trans_do(trans, NULL, NULL,
-                             BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL|BTREE_INSERT_LAZY_RW,
-               hash_redo_key(trans, desc, hash_info, k_iter, hash_k));
-       if (ret) {
-               bch_err(c, "hash_redo_key err %i", ret);
-               return ret;
+       if (fsck_err(c, "hash table key at wrong offset: btree %s inode %llu offset %llu, hashed to %llu\n%s",
+                    bch2_btree_ids[desc.btree_id], hash_k.k->p.inode, hash_k.k->p.offset, hash,
+                    (printbuf_reset(&buf),
+                     bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, hash_k), buf.buf))) {
+               ret = hash_redo_key(trans, desc, hash_info, k_iter, hash_k);
+               if (ret) {
+                       bch_err(c, "hash_redo_key err %s", bch2_err_str(ret));
+                       return ret;
+               }
+               ret = -BCH_ERR_transaction_restart_nested;
        }
-       return -EINTR;
 fsck_err:
-       return ret;
+       goto out;
 }
 
 static int check_inode(struct btree_trans *trans,
                       struct btree_iter *iter,
+                      struct bkey_s_c k,
                       struct bch_inode_unpacked *prev,
-                      struct bch_inode_unpacked u)
+                      struct snapshots_seen *s,
+                      bool full)
 {
        struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
+       struct bch_inode_unpacked u;
        bool do_update = false;
-       int ret = 0;
+       int ret;
+
+       ret = check_key_has_snapshot(trans, iter, k);
+       if (ret < 0)
+               goto err;
+       if (ret)
+               return 0;
+
+       ret = snapshots_seen_update(c, s, iter->btree_id, k.k->p);
+       if (ret)
+               goto err;
 
-       if (fsck_err_on(prev &&
-                       (prev->bi_hash_seed             != u.bi_hash_seed ||
-                        mode_to_type(prev->bi_mode) != mode_to_type(u.bi_mode)), c,
+       /*
+        * if snapshot id isn't a leaf node, skip it - deletion in
+        * particular is not atomic, so on the internal snapshot nodes
+        * we can see inodes marked for deletion after a clean shutdown
+        */
+       if (bch2_snapshot_internal_node(c, k.k->p.snapshot))
+               return 0;
+
+       if (!bkey_is_inode(k.k))
+               return 0;
+
+       BUG_ON(bch2_inode_unpack(k, &u));
+
+       if (!full &&
+           !(u.bi_flags & (BCH_INODE_I_SIZE_DIRTY|
+                           BCH_INODE_I_SECTORS_DIRTY|
+                           BCH_INODE_UNLINKED)))
+               return 0;
+
+       if (prev->bi_inum != u.bi_inum)
+               *prev = u;
+
+       if (fsck_err_on(prev->bi_hash_seed      != u.bi_hash_seed ||
+                       inode_d_type(prev)      != inode_d_type(&u), c,
                        "inodes in different snapshots don't match")) {
                bch_err(c, "repair not implemented yet");
                return -EINVAL;
@@ -850,8 +930,9 @@ static int check_inode(struct btree_trans *trans,
                bch2_fs_lazy_rw(c);
 
                ret = fsck_inode_rm(trans, u.bi_inum, iter->pos.snapshot);
-               if (ret)
-                       bch_err(c, "error in fsck: error %i while deleting inode", ret);
+               if (ret && !bch2_err_matches(ret, BCH_ERR_transaction_restart))
+                       bch_err(c, "error in fsck: error while deleting inode: %s",
+                               bch2_err_str(ret));
                return ret;
        }
 
@@ -874,7 +955,8 @@ static int check_inode(struct btree_trans *trans,
                                POS(u.bi_inum, U64_MAX),
                                0, NULL);
                if (ret) {
-                       bch_err(c, "error in fsck: error %i truncating inode", ret);
+                       bch_err(c, "error in fsck: error truncating inode: %s",
+                               bch2_err_str(ret));
                        return ret;
                }
 
@@ -899,8 +981,8 @@ static int check_inode(struct btree_trans *trans,
 
                sectors = bch2_count_inode_sectors(trans, u.bi_inum, iter->pos.snapshot);
                if (sectors < 0) {
-                       bch_err(c, "error in fsck: error %i recounting inode sectors",
-                               (int) sectors);
+                       bch_err(c, "error in fsck: error recounting inode sectors: %s",
+                               bch2_err_str(sectors));
                        return sectors;
                }
 
@@ -917,12 +999,15 @@ static int check_inode(struct btree_trans *trans,
        }
 
        if (do_update) {
-               ret = write_inode(trans, &u, iter->pos.snapshot);
+               ret = __write_inode(trans, &u, iter->pos.snapshot);
                if (ret)
-                       bch_err(c, "error in fsck: error %i "
-                               "updating inode", ret);
+                       bch_err(c, "error in fsck: error updating inode: %s",
+                               bch2_err_str(ret));
        }
+err:
 fsck_err:
+       if (ret)
+               bch_err(c, "%s(): error %s", __func__, bch2_err_str(ret));
        return ret;
 }
 
@@ -931,75 +1016,24 @@ static int check_inodes(struct bch_fs *c, bool full)
 {
        struct btree_trans trans;
        struct btree_iter iter;
-       struct bkey_s_c k;
-       struct bkey_s_c_inode inode;
-       struct bch_inode_unpacked prev, u;
-       int ret;
-
-       memset(&prev, 0, sizeof(prev));
-
-       bch2_trans_init(&trans, c, BTREE_ITER_MAX, 0);
-
-       for_each_btree_key(&trans, iter, BTREE_ID_inodes, POS_MIN,
-                          BTREE_ITER_INTENT|
-                          BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH|
-                          BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS, k, ret) {
-               ret = check_key_has_snapshot(&trans, &iter, k);
-               if (ret)
-                       break;
-
-               /*
-                * if snapshot id isn't a leaf node, skip it - deletion in
-                * particular is not atomic, so on the internal snapshot nodes
-                * we can see inodes marked for deletion after a clean shutdown
-                */
-               if (bch2_snapshot_internal_node(c, k.k->p.snapshot))
-                       continue;
-
-               if (k.k->type != KEY_TYPE_inode)
-                       continue;
-
-               inode = bkey_s_c_to_inode(k);
-
-               if (!full &&
-                   !(inode.v->bi_flags & (BCH_INODE_I_SIZE_DIRTY|
-                                          BCH_INODE_I_SECTORS_DIRTY|
-                                          BCH_INODE_UNLINKED)))
-                       continue;
-
-               BUG_ON(bch2_inode_unpack(inode, &u));
-
-               ret = check_inode(&trans, &iter,
-                                 full && prev.bi_inum == u.bi_inum
-                                 ? &prev : NULL, u);
-               if (ret)
-                       break;
-
-               prev = u;
-       }
-       bch2_trans_iter_exit(&trans, &iter);
-
-       BUG_ON(ret == -EINTR);
-
-       return bch2_trans_exit(&trans) ?: ret;
-}
-
-noinline_for_stack
-static int check_subvols(struct bch_fs *c)
-{
-       struct btree_trans trans;
-       struct btree_iter iter;
+       struct bch_inode_unpacked prev = { 0 };
+       struct snapshots_seen s;
        struct bkey_s_c k;
        int ret;
 
+       snapshots_seen_init(&s);
        bch2_trans_init(&trans, c, BTREE_ITER_MAX, 0);
 
-       for_each_btree_key(&trans, iter, BTREE_ID_subvolumes, POS_MIN,
-                          0, k, ret) {
-       }
-       bch2_trans_iter_exit(&trans, &iter);
+       ret = for_each_btree_key_commit(&trans, iter, BTREE_ID_inodes,
+                       POS_MIN,
+                       BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH|BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS, k,
+                       NULL, NULL, BTREE_INSERT_LAZY_RW|BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL,
+               check_inode(&trans, &iter, k, &prev, &s, full));
 
        bch2_trans_exit(&trans);
+       snapshots_seen_exit(&s);
+       if (ret)
+               bch_err(c, "%s(): error %s", __func__, bch2_err_str(ret));
        return ret;
 }
 
@@ -1044,59 +1078,73 @@ static int fix_overlapping_extent(struct btree_trans *trans,
 }
 #endif
 
-static int inode_backpointer_exists(struct btree_trans *trans,
-                                   struct bch_inode_unpacked *inode,
-                                   u32 snapshot)
+static struct bkey_s_c_dirent dirent_get_by_pos(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                               struct btree_iter *iter,
+                                               struct bpos pos)
 {
-       struct btree_iter iter;
        struct bkey_s_c k;
-       u32 target_subvol, target_snapshot;
-       u64 target_inum;
        int ret;
 
-       bch2_trans_iter_init(trans, &iter, BTREE_ID_dirents,
-                       SPOS(inode->bi_dir, inode->bi_dir_offset, snapshot), 0);
-       k = bch2_btree_iter_peek_slot(&iter);
+       bch2_trans_iter_init(trans, iter, BTREE_ID_dirents, pos, 0);
+       k = bch2_btree_iter_peek_slot(iter);
        ret = bkey_err(k);
-       if (ret)
-               goto out;
-       if (k.k->type != KEY_TYPE_dirent)
-               goto out;
+       if (!ret && k.k->type != KEY_TYPE_dirent)
+               ret = -ENOENT;
+       if (ret) {
+               bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, iter);
+               return (struct bkey_s_c_dirent) { .k = ERR_PTR(ret) };
+       }
 
-       ret = __bch2_dirent_read_target(trans, bkey_s_c_to_dirent(k),
-                                       &target_subvol,
-                                       &target_snapshot,
-                                       &target_inum,
-                                       true);
-       if (ret)
-               goto out;
+       return bkey_s_c_to_dirent(k);
+}
 
-       ret = target_inum == inode->bi_inum;
-out:
-       bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, &iter);
-       return ret;
+static bool inode_points_to_dirent(struct bch_inode_unpacked *inode,
+                                  struct bkey_s_c_dirent d)
+{
+       return  inode->bi_dir           == d.k->p.inode &&
+               inode->bi_dir_offset    == d.k->p.offset;
+}
+
+static bool dirent_points_to_inode(struct bkey_s_c_dirent d,
+                                  struct bch_inode_unpacked *inode)
+{
+       return d.v->d_type == DT_SUBVOL
+               ? le32_to_cpu(d.v->d_child_subvol)      == inode->bi_subvol
+               : le64_to_cpu(d.v->d_inum)              == inode->bi_inum;
 }
 
-static bool inode_backpointer_matches(struct bkey_s_c_dirent d,
-                                     struct bch_inode_unpacked *inode)
+static int inode_backpointer_exists(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                                   struct bch_inode_unpacked *inode,
+                                   u32 snapshot)
 {
-       return d.k->p.inode == inode->bi_dir &&
-               d.k->p.offset == inode->bi_dir_offset;
+       struct btree_iter iter;
+       struct bkey_s_c_dirent d;
+       int ret;
+
+       d = dirent_get_by_pos(trans, &iter,
+                       SPOS(inode->bi_dir, inode->bi_dir_offset, snapshot));
+       ret = bkey_err(d.s_c);
+       if (ret)
+               return ret == -ENOENT ? 0 : ret;
+
+       ret = dirent_points_to_inode(d, inode);
+       bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, &iter);
+       return ret;
 }
 
 static int check_i_sectors(struct btree_trans *trans, struct inode_walker *w)
 {
        struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
        struct inode_walker_entry *i;
-       int ret = 0, ret2 = 0;
+       u32 restart_count = trans->restart_count;
+       int ret = 0;
        s64 count2;
 
-       for (i = w->d; i < w->d + w->nr; i++) {
+       darray_for_each(w->inodes, i) {
                if (i->inode.bi_sectors == i->count)
                        continue;
 
-               count2 = lockrestart_do(trans,
-                       bch2_count_inode_sectors(trans, w->cur_inum, i->snapshot));
+               count2 = bch2_count_inode_sectors(trans, w->cur_inum, i->snapshot);
 
                if (i->count != count2) {
                        bch_err(c, "fsck counted i_sectors wrong: got %llu should be %llu",
@@ -1109,116 +1157,240 @@ static int check_i_sectors(struct btree_trans *trans, struct inode_walker *w)
                if (fsck_err_on(!(i->inode.bi_flags & BCH_INODE_I_SECTORS_DIRTY), c,
                            "inode %llu:%u has incorrect i_sectors: got %llu, should be %llu",
                            w->cur_inum, i->snapshot,
-                           i->inode.bi_sectors, i->count) == FSCK_ERR_IGNORE)
+                           i->inode.bi_sectors, i->count)) {
+                       i->inode.bi_sectors = i->count;
+                       ret = write_inode(trans, &i->inode, i->snapshot);
+                       if (ret)
+                               break;
+               }
+       }
+fsck_err:
+       if (ret)
+               bch_err(c, "%s(): error %s", __func__, bch2_err_str(ret));
+       if (!ret && trans_was_restarted(trans, restart_count))
+               ret = -BCH_ERR_transaction_restart_nested;
+       return ret;
+}
+
+struct extent_end {
+       u32                     snapshot;
+       u64                     offset;
+       struct snapshots_seen   seen;
+};
+
+typedef DARRAY(struct extent_end) extent_ends;
+
+static int check_overlapping_extents(struct btree_trans *trans,
+                             struct snapshots_seen *seen,
+                             extent_ends *extent_ends,
+                             struct bkey_s_c k,
+                             struct btree_iter *iter)
+{
+       struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
+       struct extent_end *i;
+       struct printbuf buf = PRINTBUF;
+       int ret = 0;
+
+       darray_for_each(*extent_ends, i) {
+               /* duplicate, due to transaction restart: */
+               if (i->offset   == k.k->p.offset &&
+                   i->snapshot == k.k->p.snapshot)
                        continue;
 
-               i->inode.bi_sectors = i->count;
-               ret = write_inode(trans, &i->inode, i->snapshot);
-               if (ret)
-                       break;
-               ret2 = -EINTR;
+               if (!ref_visible2(c,
+                                 k.k->p.snapshot, seen,
+                                 i->snapshot, &i->seen))
+                       continue;
+
+               if (fsck_err_on(i->offset > bkey_start_offset(k.k), c,
+                               "overlapping extents: extent in snapshot %u ends at %llu overlaps with\n%s",
+                               i->snapshot,
+                               i->offset,
+                               (printbuf_reset(&buf),
+                                bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, k), buf.buf))) {
+                       struct bkey_i *update = bch2_trans_kmalloc(trans, bkey_bytes(k.k));
+                       if ((ret = PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(update)))
+                               goto err;
+                       bkey_reassemble(update, k);
+                       ret = bch2_trans_update_extent(trans, iter, update, 0);
+                       if (!ret)
+                               goto err;
+               }
        }
+err:
 fsck_err:
-       return ret ?: ret2;
+       printbuf_exit(&buf);
+       return ret;
+}
+
+static int extent_ends_at(extent_ends *extent_ends,
+                         struct snapshots_seen *seen,
+                         struct bkey_s_c k)
+{
+       struct extent_end *i, n = (struct extent_end) {
+               .snapshot       = k.k->p.snapshot,
+               .offset         = k.k->p.offset,
+               .seen           = *seen,
+       };
+
+       n.seen.ids.data = kmemdup(seen->ids.data,
+                             sizeof(seen->ids.data[0]) * seen->ids.size,
+                             GFP_KERNEL);
+       if (!n.seen.ids.data)
+               return -ENOMEM;
+
+       darray_for_each(*extent_ends, i) {
+               if (i->snapshot == k.k->p.snapshot) {
+                       snapshots_seen_exit(&i->seen);
+                       *i = n;
+                       return 0;
+               }
+
+               if (i->snapshot >= k.k->p.snapshot)
+                       break;
+       }
+
+       return darray_insert_item(extent_ends, i - extent_ends->data, n);
+}
+
+static void extent_ends_reset(extent_ends *extent_ends)
+{
+       struct extent_end *i;
+
+       darray_for_each(*extent_ends, i)
+               snapshots_seen_exit(&i->seen);
+
+       extent_ends->nr = 0;
 }
 
 static int check_extent(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_iter *iter,
+                       struct bkey_s_c k,
                        struct inode_walker *inode,
-                       struct snapshots_seen *s)
+                       struct snapshots_seen *s,
+                       extent_ends *extent_ends)
 {
        struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
-       struct bkey_s_c k;
        struct inode_walker_entry *i;
-       char buf[200];
+       struct printbuf buf = PRINTBUF;
+       struct bpos equiv;
        int ret = 0;
 
-       k = bch2_btree_iter_peek(iter);
-       if (!k.k)
-               return 0;
-
-       ret = bkey_err(k);
-       if (ret)
-               return ret;
-
        ret = check_key_has_snapshot(trans, iter, k);
-       if (ret)
-               return ret;
+       if (ret) {
+               ret = ret < 0 ? ret : 0;
+               goto out;
+       }
 
-       ret = snapshots_seen_update(c, s, k.k->p);
+       equiv = k.k->p;
+       equiv.snapshot = bch2_snapshot_equiv(c, k.k->p.snapshot);
+
+       ret = snapshots_seen_update(c, s, iter->btree_id, k.k->p);
        if (ret)
-               return ret;
+               goto err;
 
        if (k.k->type == KEY_TYPE_whiteout)
-               return 0;
+               goto out;
 
        if (inode->cur_inum != k.k->p.inode) {
                ret = check_i_sectors(trans, inode);
                if (ret)
-                       return ret;
+                       goto err;
+
+               extent_ends_reset(extent_ends);
        }
-#if 0
-       if (bkey_cmp(prev.k->k.p, bkey_start_pos(k.k)) > 0) {
-               char buf1[200];
-               char buf2[200];
 
-               bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&PBUF(buf1), c, bkey_i_to_s_c(prev.k));
-               bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&PBUF(buf2), c, k);
+       BUG_ON(!iter->path->should_be_locked);
 
-               if (fsck_err(c, "overlapping extents:\n%s\n%s", buf1, buf2))
-                       return fix_overlapping_extent(trans, k, prev.k->k.p) ?: -EINTR;
-       }
-#endif
-       ret = __walk_inode(trans, inode, k.k->p);
+       ret = check_overlapping_extents(trans, s, extent_ends, k, iter);
+       if (ret)
+               goto err;
+
+       ret = extent_ends_at(extent_ends, s, k);
+       if (ret)
+               goto err;
+
+       ret = __walk_inode(trans, inode, equiv);
        if (ret < 0)
-               return ret;
+               goto err;
 
        if (fsck_err_on(ret == INT_MAX, c,
                        "extent in missing inode:\n  %s",
-                       (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&PBUF(buf), c, k), buf)))
-               return __bch2_trans_do(trans, NULL, NULL, BTREE_INSERT_LAZY_RW,
-                       bch2_btree_delete_at(trans, iter,
-                                            BTREE_UPDATE_INTERNAL_SNAPSHOT_NODE));
+                       (printbuf_reset(&buf),
+                        bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, k), buf.buf))) {
+               ret = bch2_btree_delete_at(trans, iter,
+                                           BTREE_UPDATE_INTERNAL_SNAPSHOT_NODE);
+               goto out;
+       }
 
-       if (ret == INT_MAX)
-               return 0;
+       if (ret == INT_MAX) {
+               ret = 0;
+               goto out;
+       }
 
-       i = inode->d + ret;
+       i = inode->inodes.data + ret;
        ret = 0;
 
        if (fsck_err_on(!S_ISREG(i->inode.bi_mode) &&
                        !S_ISLNK(i->inode.bi_mode), c,
                        "extent in non regular inode mode %o:\n  %s",
                        i->inode.bi_mode,
-                       (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&PBUF(buf), c, k), buf)))
-               return __bch2_trans_do(trans, NULL, NULL, BTREE_INSERT_LAZY_RW,
-                        bch2_btree_delete_at(trans, iter,
-                                             BTREE_UPDATE_INTERNAL_SNAPSHOT_NODE));
-
-       if (!bch2_snapshot_internal_node(c, k.k->p.snapshot)) {
-               for_each_visible_inode(c, s, inode, k.k->p.snapshot, i) {
-                       if (fsck_err_on(!(i->inode.bi_flags & BCH_INODE_I_SIZE_DIRTY) &&
-                                       k.k->type != KEY_TYPE_reservation &&
-                                       k.k->p.offset > round_up(i->inode.bi_size, block_bytes(c)) >> 9, c,
-                                       "extent type %u offset %llu past end of inode %llu, i_size %llu",
-                                       k.k->type, k.k->p.offset, k.k->p.inode, i->inode.bi_size)) {
-                               bch2_fs_lazy_rw(c);
-                               return bch2_btree_delete_range_trans(trans, BTREE_ID_extents,
-                                               SPOS(k.k->p.inode, round_up(i->inode.bi_size, block_bytes(c)) >> 9,
-                                                    k.k->p.snapshot),
-                                               POS(k.k->p.inode, U64_MAX),
-                                               0, NULL) ?: -EINTR;
+                       (printbuf_reset(&buf),
+                        bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, k), buf.buf))) {
+               ret = bch2_btree_delete_at(trans, iter,
+                                           BTREE_UPDATE_INTERNAL_SNAPSHOT_NODE);
+               goto out;
+       }
+
+       /*
+        * Check inodes in reverse order, from oldest snapshots to newest, so
+        * that we emit the fewest number of whiteouts necessary:
+        */
+       for (i = inode->inodes.data + inode->inodes.nr - 1;
+            i >= inode->inodes.data;
+            --i) {
+               if (i->snapshot > equiv.snapshot ||
+                   !key_visible_in_snapshot(c, s, i->snapshot, equiv.snapshot))
+                       continue;
+
+               if (fsck_err_on(!(i->inode.bi_flags & BCH_INODE_I_SIZE_DIRTY) &&
+                               k.k->p.offset > round_up(i->inode.bi_size, block_bytes(c)) >> 9 &&
+                               !bkey_extent_is_reservation(k), c,
+                               "extent type past end of inode %llu:%u, i_size %llu\n  %s",
+                               i->inode.bi_inum, i->snapshot, i->inode.bi_size,
+                               (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, k), buf.buf))) {
+                       struct btree_iter iter2;
+
+                       bch2_trans_copy_iter(&iter2, iter);
+                       bch2_btree_iter_set_snapshot(&iter2, i->snapshot);
+                       ret =   bch2_btree_iter_traverse(&iter2) ?:
+                               bch2_btree_delete_at(trans, &iter2,
+                                       BTREE_UPDATE_INTERNAL_SNAPSHOT_NODE);
+                       bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, &iter2);
+                       if (ret)
+                               goto err;
+
+                       if (i->snapshot != equiv.snapshot) {
+                               ret = snapshots_seen_add(c, s, i->snapshot);
+                               if (ret)
+                                       goto err;
                        }
                }
        }
 
        if (bkey_extent_is_allocation(k.k))
-               for_each_visible_inode(c, s, inode, k.k->p.snapshot, i)
+               for_each_visible_inode(c, s, inode, equiv.snapshot, i)
                        i->count += k.k->size;
 #if 0
        bch2_bkey_buf_reassemble(&prev, c, k);
 #endif
 
+out:
+err:
 fsck_err:
+       printbuf_exit(&buf);
+
+       if (ret && !bch2_err_matches(ret, BCH_ERR_transaction_restart))
+               bch_err(c, "%s(): error %s", __func__, bch2_err_str(ret));
        return ret;
 }
 
@@ -1233,38 +1405,30 @@ static int check_extents(struct bch_fs *c)
        struct snapshots_seen s;
        struct btree_trans trans;
        struct btree_iter iter;
+       struct bkey_s_c k;
+       extent_ends extent_ends = { 0 };
        int ret = 0;
 
-#if 0
-       struct bkey_buf prev;
-       bch2_bkey_buf_init(&prev);
-       prev.k->k = KEY(0, 0, 0);
-#endif
        snapshots_seen_init(&s);
        bch2_trans_init(&trans, c, BTREE_ITER_MAX, 0);
 
        bch_verbose(c, "checking extents");
 
-       bch2_trans_iter_init(&trans, &iter, BTREE_ID_extents,
-                            POS(BCACHEFS_ROOT_INO, 0),
-                            BTREE_ITER_INTENT|
-                            BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH|
-                            BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS);
+       ret = for_each_btree_key_commit(&trans, iter, BTREE_ID_extents,
+                       POS(BCACHEFS_ROOT_INO, 0),
+                       BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH|BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS, k,
+                       NULL, NULL,
+                       BTREE_INSERT_LAZY_RW|BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL,
+               check_extent(&trans, &iter, k, &w, &s, &extent_ends));
 
-       do {
-               ret = lockrestart_do(&trans,
-                       check_extent(&trans, &iter, &w, &s));
-               if (ret)
-                       break;
-       } while (bch2_btree_iter_advance(&iter));
-       bch2_trans_iter_exit(&trans, &iter);
-#if 0
-       bch2_bkey_buf_exit(&prev, c);
-#endif
+       extent_ends_reset(&extent_ends);
+       darray_exit(&extent_ends);
        inode_walker_exit(&w);
        bch2_trans_exit(&trans);
        snapshots_seen_exit(&s);
 
+       if (ret)
+               bch_err(c, "%s(): error %s", __func__, bch2_err_str(ret));
        return ret;
 }
 
@@ -1272,15 +1436,17 @@ static int check_subdir_count(struct btree_trans *trans, struct inode_walker *w)
 {
        struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
        struct inode_walker_entry *i;
-       int ret = 0, ret2 = 0;
+       u32 restart_count = trans->restart_count;
+       int ret = 0;
        s64 count2;
 
-       for (i = w->d; i < w->d + w->nr; i++) {
+       darray_for_each(w->inodes, i) {
                if (i->inode.bi_nlink == i->count)
                        continue;
 
-               count2 = lockrestart_do(trans,
-                               bch2_count_subdirs(trans, w->cur_inum, i->snapshot));
+               count2 = bch2_count_subdirs(trans, w->cur_inum, i->snapshot);
+               if (count2 < 0)
+                       return count2;
 
                if (i->count != count2) {
                        bch_err(c, "fsck counted subdirectories wrong: got %llu should be %llu",
@@ -1297,11 +1463,14 @@ static int check_subdir_count(struct btree_trans *trans, struct inode_walker *w)
                        ret = write_inode(trans, &i->inode, i->snapshot);
                        if (ret)
                                break;
-                       ret2 = -EINTR;
                }
        }
 fsck_err:
-       return ret ?: ret2;
+       if (ret)
+               bch_err(c, "%s(): error %s", __func__, bch2_err_str(ret));
+       if (!ret && trans_was_restarted(trans, restart_count))
+               ret = -BCH_ERR_transaction_restart_nested;
+       return ret;
 }
 
 static int check_dirent_target(struct btree_trans *trans,
@@ -1311,8 +1480,9 @@ static int check_dirent_target(struct btree_trans *trans,
                               u32 target_snapshot)
 {
        struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
+       struct bkey_i_dirent *n;
        bool backpointer_exists = true;
-       char buf[200];
+       struct printbuf buf = PRINTBUF;
        int ret = 0;
 
        if (!target->bi_dir &&
@@ -1320,12 +1490,12 @@ static int check_dirent_target(struct btree_trans *trans,
                target->bi_dir          = d.k->p.inode;
                target->bi_dir_offset   = d.k->p.offset;
 
-               ret = write_inode(trans, target, target_snapshot);
+               ret = __write_inode(trans, target, target_snapshot);
                if (ret)
                        goto err;
        }
 
-       if (!inode_backpointer_matches(d, target)) {
+       if (!inode_points_to_dirent(target, d)) {
                ret = inode_backpointer_exists(trans, target, d.k->p.snapshot);
                if (ret < 0)
                        goto err;
@@ -1337,29 +1507,27 @@ static int check_dirent_target(struct btree_trans *trans,
                                backpointer_exists, c,
                                "directory %llu with multiple links",
                                target->bi_inum)) {
-                       ret = remove_dirent(trans, d.k->p);
-                       if (ret)
-                               goto err;
-                       return 0;
+                       ret = __remove_dirent(trans, d.k->p);
+                       goto out;
                }
 
                if (fsck_err_on(backpointer_exists &&
                                !target->bi_nlink, c,
-                               "inode %llu has multiple links but i_nlink 0",
-                               target->bi_inum)) {
+                               "inode %llu type %s has multiple links but i_nlink 0",
+                               target->bi_inum, bch2_d_types[d.v->d_type])) {
                        target->bi_nlink++;
                        target->bi_flags &= ~BCH_INODE_UNLINKED;
 
-                       ret = write_inode(trans, target, target_snapshot);
+                       ret = __write_inode(trans, target, target_snapshot);
                        if (ret)
                                goto err;
                }
 
                if (fsck_err_on(!backpointer_exists, c,
-                               "inode %llu has wrong backpointer:\n"
+                               "inode %llu:%u has wrong backpointer:\n"
                                "got       %llu:%llu\n"
                                "should be %llu:%llu",
-                               target->bi_inum,
+                               target->bi_inum, target_snapshot,
                                target->bi_dir,
                                target->bi_dir_offset,
                                d.k->p.inode,
@@ -1367,147 +1535,179 @@ static int check_dirent_target(struct btree_trans *trans,
                        target->bi_dir          = d.k->p.inode;
                        target->bi_dir_offset   = d.k->p.offset;
 
-                       ret = write_inode(trans, target, target_snapshot);
+                       ret = __write_inode(trans, target, target_snapshot);
                        if (ret)
                                goto err;
                }
        }
 
-       if (fsck_err_on(vfs_d_type(d.v->d_type) != mode_to_type(target->bi_mode), c,
-                       "incorrect d_type: should be %u:\n%s",
-                       mode_to_type(target->bi_mode),
-                       (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&PBUF(buf), c, d.s_c), buf))) {
-               struct bkey_i_dirent *n;
+       if (fsck_err_on(d.v->d_type != inode_d_type(target), c,
+                       "incorrect d_type: got %s, should be %s:\n%s",
+                       bch2_d_type_str(d.v->d_type),
+                       bch2_d_type_str(inode_d_type(target)),
+                       (printbuf_reset(&buf),
+                        bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, d.s_c), buf.buf))) {
+               n = bch2_trans_kmalloc(trans, bkey_bytes(d.k));
+               ret = PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(n);
+               if (ret)
+                       goto err;
+
+               bkey_reassemble(&n->k_i, d.s_c);
+               n->v.d_type = inode_d_type(target);
 
-               n = kmalloc(bkey_bytes(d.k), GFP_KERNEL);
-               if (!n) {
-                       ret = -ENOMEM;
+               ret = bch2_trans_update(trans, iter, &n->k_i, 0);
+               if (ret)
+                       goto err;
+
+               d = dirent_i_to_s_c(n);
+       }
+
+       if (d.v->d_type == DT_SUBVOL &&
+           target->bi_parent_subvol != le32_to_cpu(d.v->d_parent_subvol) &&
+           (c->sb.version < bcachefs_metadata_version_subvol_dirent ||
+            fsck_err(c, "dirent has wrong d_parent_subvol field: got %u, should be %u",
+                     le32_to_cpu(d.v->d_parent_subvol),
+                     target->bi_parent_subvol))) {
+               n = bch2_trans_kmalloc(trans, bkey_bytes(d.k));
+               ret = PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(n);
+               if (ret)
                        goto err;
-               }
 
                bkey_reassemble(&n->k_i, d.s_c);
-               n->v.d_type = mode_to_type(target->bi_mode);
+               n->v.d_parent_subvol = cpu_to_le32(target->bi_parent_subvol);
 
-               ret = __bch2_trans_do(trans, NULL, NULL,
-                                     BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL|
-                                     BTREE_INSERT_LAZY_RW,
-                       bch2_trans_update(trans, iter, &n->k_i, 0));
-               kfree(n);
+               ret = bch2_trans_update(trans, iter, &n->k_i, 0);
                if (ret)
                        goto err;
+
+               d = dirent_i_to_s_c(n);
        }
+out:
 err:
 fsck_err:
+       printbuf_exit(&buf);
+
+       if (ret && !bch2_err_matches(ret, BCH_ERR_transaction_restart))
+               bch_err(c, "%s(): error %s", __func__, bch2_err_str(ret));
        return ret;
 }
 
 static int check_dirent(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_iter *iter,
+                       struct bkey_s_c k,
                        struct bch_hash_info *hash_info,
                        struct inode_walker *dir,
                        struct inode_walker *target,
                        struct snapshots_seen *s)
 {
        struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
-       struct bkey_s_c k;
        struct bkey_s_c_dirent d;
        struct inode_walker_entry *i;
-       u32 target_snapshot;
-       u32 target_subvol;
-       u64 target_inum;
-       char buf[200];
-       int ret;
-
-       k = bch2_btree_iter_peek(iter);
-       if (!k.k)
-               return 0;
-
-       ret = bkey_err(k);
-       if (ret)
-               return ret;
+       struct printbuf buf = PRINTBUF;
+       struct bpos equiv;
+       int ret = 0;
 
        ret = check_key_has_snapshot(trans, iter, k);
-       if (ret)
-               return ret;
+       if (ret) {
+               ret = ret < 0 ? ret : 0;
+               goto out;
+       }
 
-       ret = snapshots_seen_update(c, s, k.k->p);
+       equiv = k.k->p;
+       equiv.snapshot = bch2_snapshot_equiv(c, k.k->p.snapshot);
+
+       ret = snapshots_seen_update(c, s, iter->btree_id, k.k->p);
        if (ret)
-               return ret;
+               goto err;
 
        if (k.k->type == KEY_TYPE_whiteout)
-               return 0;
+               goto out;
 
        if (dir->cur_inum != k.k->p.inode) {
                ret = check_subdir_count(trans, dir);
                if (ret)
-                       return ret;
+                       goto err;
        }
 
-       ret = __walk_inode(trans, dir, k.k->p);
+       BUG_ON(!iter->path->should_be_locked);
+
+       ret = __walk_inode(trans, dir, equiv);
        if (ret < 0)
-               return ret;
+               goto err;
 
        if (fsck_err_on(ret == INT_MAX, c,
                        "dirent in nonexisting directory:\n%s",
-                       (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&PBUF(buf), c, k), buf)))
-               return __bch2_trans_do(trans, NULL, NULL, BTREE_INSERT_LAZY_RW,
-                               bch2_btree_delete_at(trans, iter,
-                                                    BTREE_UPDATE_INTERNAL_SNAPSHOT_NODE));
+                       (printbuf_reset(&buf),
+                        bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, k), buf.buf))) {
+               ret = bch2_btree_delete_at(trans, iter,
+                               BTREE_UPDATE_INTERNAL_SNAPSHOT_NODE);
+               goto out;
+       }
 
-       if (ret == INT_MAX)
-               return 0;
+       if (ret == INT_MAX) {
+               ret = 0;
+               goto out;
+       }
 
-       i = dir->d + ret;
+       i = dir->inodes.data + ret;
        ret = 0;
 
        if (fsck_err_on(!S_ISDIR(i->inode.bi_mode), c,
-                       "dirent in non directory inode type %u:\n%s",
-                       mode_to_type(i->inode.bi_mode),
-                       (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&PBUF(buf), c, k), buf)))
-               return __bch2_trans_do(trans, NULL, NULL, 0,
-                               bch2_btree_delete_at(trans, iter, 0));
+                       "dirent in non directory inode type %s:\n%s",
+                       bch2_d_type_str(inode_d_type(&i->inode)),
+                       (printbuf_reset(&buf),
+                        bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, k), buf.buf))) {
+               ret = bch2_btree_delete_at(trans, iter, 0);
+               goto out;
+       }
 
        if (dir->first_this_inode)
-               *hash_info = bch2_hash_info_init(c, &dir->d[0].inode);
+               *hash_info = bch2_hash_info_init(c, &dir->inodes.data[0].inode);
 
        ret = hash_check_key(trans, bch2_dirent_hash_desc,
                             hash_info, iter, k);
        if (ret < 0)
-               return ret;
-       if (ret) /* dirent has been deleted */
-               return 0;
+               goto err;
+       if (ret) {
+               /* dirent has been deleted */
+               ret = 0;
+               goto out;
+       }
 
        if (k.k->type != KEY_TYPE_dirent)
-               return 0;
+               goto out;
 
        d = bkey_s_c_to_dirent(k);
 
-       ret = __bch2_dirent_read_target(trans, d,
-                                       &target_subvol,
-                                       &target_snapshot,
-                                       &target_inum,
-                                       true);
-       if (ret && ret != -ENOENT)
-               return ret;
+       if (d.v->d_type == DT_SUBVOL) {
+               struct bch_inode_unpacked subvol_root;
+               u32 target_subvol = le32_to_cpu(d.v->d_child_subvol);
+               u32 target_snapshot;
+               u64 target_inum;
 
-       if (fsck_err_on(ret, c,
-                       "dirent points to missing subvolume %llu",
-                       le64_to_cpu(d.v->d_inum)))
-               return remove_dirent(trans, d.k->p);
+               ret = __subvol_lookup(trans, target_subvol,
+                                     &target_snapshot, &target_inum);
+               if (ret && ret != -ENOENT)
+                       goto err;
 
-       if (target_subvol) {
-               struct bch_inode_unpacked subvol_root;
+               if (fsck_err_on(ret, c,
+                               "dirent points to missing subvolume %llu",
+                               le64_to_cpu(d.v->d_child_subvol))) {
+                       ret = __remove_dirent(trans, d.k->p);
+                       goto err;
+               }
 
                ret = __lookup_inode(trans, target_inum,
                                   &subvol_root, &target_snapshot);
                if (ret && ret != -ENOENT)
-                       return ret;
+                       goto err;
 
                if (fsck_err_on(ret, c,
                                "subvolume %u points to missing subvolume root %llu",
                                target_subvol,
                                target_inum)) {
                        bch_err(c, "repair not implemented yet");
-                       return -EINVAL;
+                       ret = -EINVAL;
+                       goto err;
                }
 
                if (fsck_err_on(subvol_root.bi_subvol != target_subvol, c,
@@ -1515,42 +1715,50 @@ static int check_dirent(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_iter *iter,
                                target_inum,
                                subvol_root.bi_subvol, target_subvol)) {
                        subvol_root.bi_subvol = target_subvol;
-                       ret = write_inode(trans, &subvol_root, target_snapshot);
+                       ret = __write_inode(trans, &subvol_root, target_snapshot);
                        if (ret)
-                               return ret;
+                               goto err;
                }
 
                ret = check_dirent_target(trans, iter, d, &subvol_root,
                                          target_snapshot);
                if (ret)
-                       return ret;
+                       goto err;
        } else {
-               ret = __get_visible_inodes(trans, target, s, target_inum);
+               ret = __get_visible_inodes(trans, target, s, le64_to_cpu(d.v->d_inum));
                if (ret)
-                       return ret;
+                       goto err;
 
-               if (fsck_err_on(!target->nr, c,
-                               "dirent points to missing inode:\n%s",
-                               (bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&PBUF(buf), c,
-                                                      k), buf))) {
-                       ret = remove_dirent(trans, d.k->p);
+               if (fsck_err_on(!target->inodes.nr, c,
+                               "dirent points to missing inode: (equiv %u)\n%s",
+                               equiv.snapshot,
+                               (printbuf_reset(&buf),
+                                bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf, c, k),
+                                buf.buf))) {
+                       ret = __remove_dirent(trans, d.k->p);
                        if (ret)
-                               return ret;
+                               goto err;
                }
 
-               for (i = target->d; i < target->d + target->nr; i++) {
+               darray_for_each(target->inodes, i) {
                        ret = check_dirent_target(trans, iter, d,
                                                  &i->inode, i->snapshot);
                        if (ret)
-                               return ret;
+                               goto err;
                }
        }
 
        if (d.v->d_type == DT_DIR)
-               for_each_visible_inode(c, s, dir, d.k->p.snapshot, i)
+               for_each_visible_inode(c, s, dir, equiv.snapshot, i)
                        i->count++;
 
+out:
+err:
 fsck_err:
+       printbuf_exit(&buf);
+
+       if (ret && !bch2_err_matches(ret, BCH_ERR_transaction_restart))
+               bch_err(c, "%s(): error %s", __func__, bch2_err_str(ret));
        return ret;
 }
 
@@ -1567,6 +1775,7 @@ static int check_dirents(struct bch_fs *c)
        struct bch_hash_info hash_info;
        struct btree_trans trans;
        struct btree_iter iter;
+       struct bkey_s_c k;
        int ret = 0;
 
        bch_verbose(c, "checking dirents");
@@ -1574,25 +1783,57 @@ static int check_dirents(struct bch_fs *c)
        snapshots_seen_init(&s);
        bch2_trans_init(&trans, c, BTREE_ITER_MAX, 0);
 
-       bch2_trans_iter_init(&trans, &iter, BTREE_ID_dirents,
-                            POS(BCACHEFS_ROOT_INO, 0),
-                            BTREE_ITER_INTENT|
-                            BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH|
-                            BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS);
-
-       do {
-               ret = lockrestart_do(&trans,
-                       check_dirent(&trans, &iter, &hash_info,
-                                    &dir, &target, &s));
-               if (ret)
-                       break;
-       } while (bch2_btree_iter_advance(&iter));
-       bch2_trans_iter_exit(&trans, &iter);
+       ret = for_each_btree_key_commit(&trans, iter, BTREE_ID_dirents,
+                       POS(BCACHEFS_ROOT_INO, 0),
+                       BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH|BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS,
+                       k,
+                       NULL, NULL,
+                       BTREE_INSERT_LAZY_RW|BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL,
+               check_dirent(&trans, &iter, k, &hash_info, &dir, &target, &s));
 
        bch2_trans_exit(&trans);
        snapshots_seen_exit(&s);
        inode_walker_exit(&dir);
        inode_walker_exit(&target);
+
+       if (ret)
+               bch_err(c, "%s(): error %s", __func__, bch2_err_str(ret));
+       return ret;
+}
+
+static int check_xattr(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_iter *iter,
+                      struct bkey_s_c k,
+                      struct bch_hash_info *hash_info,
+                      struct inode_walker *inode)
+{
+       struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
+       int ret;
+
+       ret = check_key_has_snapshot(trans, iter, k);
+       if (ret)
+               return ret;
+
+       ret = __walk_inode(trans, inode, k.k->p);
+       if (ret < 0)
+               return ret;
+
+       if (fsck_err_on(ret == INT_MAX, c,
+                       "xattr for missing inode %llu",
+                       k.k->p.inode))
+               return bch2_btree_delete_at(trans, iter, 0);
+
+       if (ret == INT_MAX)
+               return 0;
+
+       ret = 0;
+
+       if (inode->first_this_inode)
+               *hash_info = bch2_hash_info_init(c, &inode->inodes.data[0].inode);
+
+       ret = hash_check_key(trans, bch2_xattr_hash_desc, hash_info, iter, k);
+fsck_err:
+       if (ret && !bch2_err_matches(ret, BCH_ERR_transaction_restart))
+               bch_err(c, "%s(): error %s", __func__, bch2_err_str(ret));
        return ret;
 }
 
@@ -1602,7 +1843,7 @@ static int check_dirents(struct bch_fs *c)
 noinline_for_stack
 static int check_xattrs(struct bch_fs *c)
 {
-       struct inode_walker w = inode_walker_init();
+       struct inode_walker inode = inode_walker_init();
        struct bch_hash_info hash_info;
        struct btree_trans trans;
        struct btree_iter iter;
@@ -1613,69 +1854,30 @@ static int check_xattrs(struct bch_fs *c)
 
        bch2_trans_init(&trans, c, BTREE_ITER_MAX, 0);
 
-       bch2_trans_iter_init(&trans, &iter, BTREE_ID_xattrs,
-                            POS(BCACHEFS_ROOT_INO, 0),
-                            BTREE_ITER_INTENT|
-                            BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH|
-                            BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS);
-retry:
-       bch2_trans_begin(&trans);
+       ret = for_each_btree_key_commit(&trans, iter, BTREE_ID_xattrs,
+                       POS(BCACHEFS_ROOT_INO, 0),
+                       BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH|BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS,
+                       k,
+                       NULL, NULL,
+                       BTREE_INSERT_LAZY_RW|BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL,
+               check_xattr(&trans, &iter, k, &hash_info, &inode));
 
-       while ((k = bch2_btree_iter_peek(&iter)).k &&
-              !(ret = bkey_err(k))) {
-               ret = check_key_has_snapshot(&trans, &iter, k);
-               if (ret)
-                       break;
-
-               ret = walk_inode(&trans, &w, k.k->p);
-               if (ret < 0)
-                       break;
-
-               if (fsck_err_on(ret == INT_MAX, c,
-                               "xattr for missing inode %llu",
-                               k.k->p.inode)) {
-                       ret = bch2_btree_delete_at(&trans, &iter, 0);
-                       if (ret)
-                               break;
-                       continue;
-               }
-
-               if (ret == INT_MAX)
-                       goto next;
-               ret = 0;
-
-               if (w.first_this_inode)
-                       hash_info = bch2_hash_info_init(c, &w.d[0].inode);
-
-               ret = hash_check_key(&trans, bch2_xattr_hash_desc,
-                                    &hash_info, &iter, k);
-               if (ret)
-                       break;
-next:
-               bch2_btree_iter_advance(&iter);
-       }
-fsck_err:
-       if (ret == -EINTR)
-               goto retry;
+       bch2_trans_exit(&trans);
 
-       bch2_trans_iter_exit(&trans, &iter);
-       return bch2_trans_exit(&trans) ?: ret;
+       if (ret)
+               bch_err(c, "%s(): error %s", __func__, bch2_err_str(ret));
+       return ret;
 }
 
-/* Get root directory, create if it doesn't exist: */
-static int check_root(struct bch_fs *c)
+static int check_root_trans(struct btree_trans *trans)
 {
-       struct btree_trans trans;
+       struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
        struct bch_inode_unpacked root_inode;
        u32 snapshot;
        u64 inum;
        int ret;
 
-       bch2_trans_init(&trans, c, 0, 0);
-
-       bch_verbose(c, "checking root directory");
-
-       ret = subvol_lookup(&trans, BCACHEFS_ROOT_SUBVOL, &snapshot, &inum);
+       ret = __subvol_lookup(trans, BCACHEFS_ROOT_SUBVOL, &snapshot, &inum);
        if (ret && ret != -ENOENT)
                return ret;
 
@@ -1690,18 +1892,19 @@ static int check_root(struct bch_fs *c)
                root_subvol.v.flags     = 0;
                root_subvol.v.snapshot  = cpu_to_le32(snapshot);
                root_subvol.v.inode     = cpu_to_le64(inum);
-               ret = __bch2_trans_do(&trans, NULL, NULL,
+               ret = commit_do(trans, NULL, NULL,
                                      BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL|
                                      BTREE_INSERT_LAZY_RW,
-                       __bch2_btree_insert(&trans, BTREE_ID_subvolumes, &root_subvol.k_i));
+                       __bch2_btree_insert(trans, BTREE_ID_subvolumes,
+                                           &root_subvol.k_i, 0));
                if (ret) {
-                       bch_err(c, "error writing root subvol: %i", ret);
+                       bch_err(c, "error writing root subvol: %s", bch2_err_str(ret));
                        goto err;
                }
 
        }
 
-       ret = lookup_inode(&trans, BCACHEFS_ROOT_INO, &root_inode, &snapshot);
+       ret = __lookup_inode(trans, BCACHEFS_ROOT_INO, &root_inode, &snapshot);
        if (ret && ret != -ENOENT)
                return ret;
 
@@ -1712,104 +1915,150 @@ static int check_root(struct bch_fs *c)
                                0, NULL);
                root_inode.bi_inum = inum;
 
-               ret = write_inode(&trans, &root_inode, snapshot);
+               ret = __write_inode(trans, &root_inode, snapshot);
                if (ret)
-                       bch_err(c, "error writing root inode: %i", ret);
+                       bch_err(c, "error writing root inode: %s", bch2_err_str(ret));
        }
 err:
 fsck_err:
-       bch2_trans_exit(&trans);
        return ret;
 }
 
-struct pathbuf {
-       size_t          nr;
-       size_t          size;
+/* Get root directory, create if it doesn't exist: */
+noinline_for_stack
+static int check_root(struct bch_fs *c)
+{
+       bch_verbose(c, "checking root directory");
 
-       struct pathbuf_entry {
-               u64     inum;
-       }               *entries;
+       return bch2_trans_do(c, NULL, NULL,
+                            BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL|
+                            BTREE_INSERT_LAZY_RW,
+               check_root_trans(&trans));
+}
+
+struct pathbuf_entry {
+       u64     inum;
+       u32     snapshot;
 };
 
-static int path_down(struct pathbuf *p, u64 inum)
+typedef DARRAY(struct pathbuf_entry) pathbuf;
+
+static bool path_is_dup(pathbuf *p, u64 inum, u32 snapshot)
 {
-       if (p->nr == p->size) {
-               size_t new_size = max_t(size_t, 256UL, p->size * 2);
-               void *n = krealloc(p->entries,
-                                  new_size * sizeof(p->entries[0]),
-                                  GFP_KERNEL);
-               if (!n) {
-                       return -ENOMEM;
-               }
+       struct pathbuf_entry *i;
 
-               p->entries = n;
-               p->size = new_size;
-       };
+       darray_for_each(*p, i)
+               if (i->inum     == inum &&
+                   i->snapshot == snapshot)
+                       return true;
 
-       p->entries[p->nr++] = (struct pathbuf_entry) {
-               .inum = inum,
-       };
-       return 0;
+       return false;
+}
+
+static int path_down(struct bch_fs *c, pathbuf *p,
+                    u64 inum, u32 snapshot)
+{
+       int ret = darray_push(p, ((struct pathbuf_entry) {
+               .inum           = inum,
+               .snapshot       = snapshot,
+       }));
+
+       if (ret)
+               bch_err(c, "fsck: error allocating memory for pathbuf, size %zu",
+                       p->size);
+       return ret;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Check that a given inode is reachable from the root:
+ *
+ * XXX: we should also be verifying that inodes are in the right subvolumes
+ */
 static int check_path(struct btree_trans *trans,
-                     struct pathbuf *p,
+                     pathbuf *p,
                      struct bch_inode_unpacked *inode,
                      u32 snapshot)
 {
        struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
-       size_t i;
        int ret = 0;
 
-       snapshot = snapshot_t(c, snapshot)->equiv;
+       snapshot = bch2_snapshot_equiv(c, snapshot);
        p->nr = 0;
 
        while (!(inode->bi_inum == BCACHEFS_ROOT_INO &&
                 inode->bi_subvol == BCACHEFS_ROOT_SUBVOL)) {
-               if (inode->bi_parent_subvol) {
+               struct btree_iter dirent_iter;
+               struct bkey_s_c_dirent d;
+               u32 parent_snapshot = snapshot;
+
+               if (inode->bi_subvol) {
                        u64 inum;
 
                        ret = subvol_lookup(trans, inode->bi_parent_subvol,
-                                           &snapshot, &inum);
+                                           &parent_snapshot, &inum);
                        if (ret)
                                break;
                }
 
                ret = lockrestart_do(trans,
-                       inode_backpointer_exists(trans, inode, snapshot));
-               if (ret < 0)
+                       PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO((d = dirent_get_by_pos(trans, &dirent_iter,
+                                         SPOS(inode->bi_dir, inode->bi_dir_offset,
+                                              parent_snapshot))).k));
+               if (ret && ret != -ENOENT)
                        break;
 
-               if (!ret) {
-                       if (fsck_err(c,  "unreachable inode %llu:%u, type %u nlink %u backptr %llu:%llu",
+               if (!ret && !dirent_points_to_inode(d, inode)) {
+                       bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, &dirent_iter);
+                       ret = -ENOENT;
+               }
+
+               if (ret == -ENOENT) {
+                       if (fsck_err(c,  "unreachable inode %llu:%u, type %s nlink %u backptr %llu:%llu",
                                     inode->bi_inum, snapshot,
-                                    mode_to_type(inode->bi_mode),
+                                    bch2_d_type_str(inode_d_type(inode)),
                                     inode->bi_nlink,
                                     inode->bi_dir,
                                     inode->bi_dir_offset))
                                ret = reattach_inode(trans, inode, snapshot);
                        break;
                }
-               ret = 0;
+
+               bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, &dirent_iter);
 
                if (!S_ISDIR(inode->bi_mode))
                        break;
 
-               ret = path_down(p, inode->bi_inum);
+               ret = path_down(c, p, inode->bi_inum, snapshot);
                if (ret) {
                        bch_err(c, "memory allocation failure");
                        return ret;
                }
 
-               for (i = 0; i < p->nr; i++) {
-                       if (inode->bi_dir != p->entries[i].inum)
-                               continue;
+               snapshot = parent_snapshot;
+
+               ret = lookup_inode(trans, inode->bi_dir, inode, &snapshot);
+               if (ret) {
+                       /* Should have been caught in dirents pass */
+                       bch_err(c, "error looking up parent directory: %i", ret);
+                       break;
+               }
+
+               if (path_is_dup(p, inode->bi_inum, snapshot)) {
+                       struct pathbuf_entry *i;
 
                        /* XXX print path */
+                       bch_err(c, "directory structure loop");
+
+                       darray_for_each(*p, i)
+                               pr_err("%llu:%u", i->inum, i->snapshot);
+                       pr_err("%llu:%u", inode->bi_inum, snapshot);
+
                        if (!fsck_err(c, "directory structure loop"))
                                return 0;
 
-                       ret = lockrestart_do(trans,
+                       ret = commit_do(trans, NULL, NULL,
+                                             BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL|
+                                             BTREE_INSERT_LAZY_RW,
                                        remove_backpointer(trans, inode));
                        if (ret) {
                                bch_err(c, "error removing dirent: %i", ret);
@@ -1817,19 +2066,11 @@ static int check_path(struct btree_trans *trans,
                        }
 
                        ret = reattach_inode(trans, inode, snapshot);
-                       break;
-               }
-
-               ret = lookup_inode(trans, inode->bi_dir, inode, &snapshot);
-               if (ret) {
-                       /* Should have been caught in dirents pass */
-                       bch_err(c, "error looking up parent directory: %i", ret);
-                       break;
                }
        }
 fsck_err:
        if (ret)
-               bch_err(c, "%s: err %i", __func__, ret);
+               bch_err(c, "%s: err %s", __func__, bch2_err_str(ret));
        return ret;
 }
 
@@ -1838,13 +2079,14 @@ fsck_err:
  * After check_dirents(), if an inode backpointer doesn't exist that means it's
  * unreachable:
  */
+noinline_for_stack
 static int check_directory_structure(struct bch_fs *c)
 {
        struct btree_trans trans;
        struct btree_iter iter;
        struct bkey_s_c k;
        struct bch_inode_unpacked u;
-       struct pathbuf path = { 0, 0, NULL };
+       pathbuf path = { 0, };
        int ret;
 
        bch2_trans_init(&trans, c, BTREE_ITER_MAX, 0);
@@ -1853,10 +2095,10 @@ static int check_directory_structure(struct bch_fs *c)
                           BTREE_ITER_INTENT|
                           BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH|
                           BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS, k, ret) {
-               if (k.k->type != KEY_TYPE_inode)
+               if (!bkey_is_inode(k.k))
                        continue;
 
-               ret = bch2_inode_unpack(bkey_s_c_to_inode(k), &u);
+               ret = bch2_inode_unpack(k, &u);
                if (ret) {
                        /* Should have been caught earlier in fsck: */
                        bch_err(c, "error unpacking inode %llu: %i", k.k->p.offset, ret);
@@ -1872,11 +2114,10 @@ static int check_directory_structure(struct bch_fs *c)
        }
        bch2_trans_iter_exit(&trans, &iter);
 
-       BUG_ON(ret == -EINTR);
+       darray_exit(&path);
 
-       kfree(path.entries);
-
-       return bch2_trans_exit(&trans) ?: ret;
+       bch2_trans_exit(&trans);
+       return ret;
 }
 
 struct nlink_table {
@@ -1890,12 +2131,16 @@ struct nlink_table {
        }               *d;
 };
 
-static int add_nlink(struct nlink_table *t, u64 inum, u32 snapshot)
+static int add_nlink(struct bch_fs *c, struct nlink_table *t,
+                    u64 inum, u32 snapshot)
 {
        if (t->nr == t->size) {
                size_t new_size = max_t(size_t, 128UL, t->size * 2);
-               void *d = kvmalloc(new_size * sizeof(t->d[0]), GFP_KERNEL);
+               void *d = kvmalloc_array(new_size, sizeof(t->d[0]), GFP_KERNEL);
+
                if (!d) {
+                       bch_err(c, "fsck: error allocating memory for nlink_table, size %zu",
+                               new_size);
                        return -ENOMEM;
                }
 
@@ -1959,7 +2204,6 @@ static int check_nlinks_find_hardlinks(struct bch_fs *c,
        struct btree_trans trans;
        struct btree_iter iter;
        struct bkey_s_c k;
-       struct bkey_s_c_inode inode;
        struct bch_inode_unpacked u;
        int ret = 0;
 
@@ -1970,25 +2214,23 @@ static int check_nlinks_find_hardlinks(struct bch_fs *c,
                           BTREE_ITER_INTENT|
                           BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH|
                           BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS, k, ret) {
-               if (k.k->type != KEY_TYPE_inode)
+               if (!bkey_is_inode(k.k))
                        continue;
 
-               inode = bkey_s_c_to_inode(k);
+               /* Should never fail, checked by bch2_inode_invalid: */
+               BUG_ON(bch2_inode_unpack(k, &u));
 
                /*
                 * Backpointer and directory structure checks are sufficient for
                 * directories, since they can't have hardlinks:
                 */
-               if (S_ISDIR(le16_to_cpu(inode.v->bi_mode)))
+               if (S_ISDIR(le16_to_cpu(u.bi_mode)))
                        continue;
 
-               /* Should never fail, checked by bch2_inode_invalid: */
-               BUG_ON(bch2_inode_unpack(inode, &u));
-
                if (!u.bi_nlink)
                        continue;
 
-               ret = add_nlink(t, k.k->p.offset, k.k->p.snapshot);
+               ret = add_nlink(c, t, k.k->p.offset, k.k->p.snapshot);
                if (ret) {
                        *end = k.k->p.offset;
                        ret = 0;
@@ -2024,7 +2266,7 @@ static int check_nlinks_walk_dirents(struct bch_fs *c, struct nlink_table *links
                           BTREE_ITER_INTENT|
                           BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH|
                           BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS, k, ret) {
-               ret = snapshots_seen_update(c, &s, k.k->p);
+               ret = snapshots_seen_update(c, &s, iter.btree_id, k.k->p);
                if (ret)
                        break;
 
@@ -2036,11 +2278,9 @@ static int check_nlinks_walk_dirents(struct bch_fs *c, struct nlink_table *links
                            d.v->d_type != DT_SUBVOL)
                                inc_link(c, &s, links, range_start, range_end,
                                         le64_to_cpu(d.v->d_inum),
-                                        d.k->p.snapshot);
+                                        bch2_snapshot_equiv(c, d.k->p.snapshot));
                        break;
                }
-
-               bch2_trans_cond_resched(&trans);
        }
        bch2_trans_iter_exit(&trans, &iter);
 
@@ -2052,6 +2292,47 @@ static int check_nlinks_walk_dirents(struct bch_fs *c, struct nlink_table *links
        return ret;
 }
 
+static int check_nlinks_update_inode(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_iter *iter,
+                                    struct bkey_s_c k,
+                                    struct nlink_table *links,
+                                    size_t *idx, u64 range_end)
+{
+       struct bch_fs *c = trans->c;
+       struct bch_inode_unpacked u;
+       struct nlink *link = &links->d[*idx];
+       int ret = 0;
+
+       if (k.k->p.offset >= range_end)
+               return 1;
+
+       if (!bkey_is_inode(k.k))
+               return 0;
+
+       BUG_ON(bch2_inode_unpack(k, &u));
+
+       if (S_ISDIR(le16_to_cpu(u.bi_mode)))
+               return 0;
+
+       if (!u.bi_nlink)
+               return 0;
+
+       while ((cmp_int(link->inum, k.k->p.offset) ?:
+               cmp_int(link->snapshot, k.k->p.snapshot)) < 0) {
+               BUG_ON(*idx == links->nr);
+               link = &links->d[++*idx];
+       }
+
+       if (fsck_err_on(bch2_inode_nlink_get(&u) != link->count, c,
+                       "inode %llu type %s has wrong i_nlink (%u, should be %u)",
+                       u.bi_inum, bch2_d_types[mode_to_type(u.bi_mode)],
+                       bch2_inode_nlink_get(&u), link->count)) {
+               bch2_inode_nlink_set(&u, link->count);
+               ret = __write_inode(trans, &u, k.k->p.snapshot);
+       }
+fsck_err:
+       return ret;
+}
+
 noinline_for_stack
 static int check_nlinks_update_hardlinks(struct bch_fs *c,
                               struct nlink_table *links,
@@ -2060,58 +2341,25 @@ static int check_nlinks_update_hardlinks(struct bch_fs *c,
        struct btree_trans trans;
        struct btree_iter iter;
        struct bkey_s_c k;
-       struct bkey_s_c_inode inode;
-       struct bch_inode_unpacked u;
-       struct nlink *link = links->d;
+       size_t idx = 0;
        int ret = 0;
 
        bch2_trans_init(&trans, c, BTREE_ITER_MAX, 0);
 
-       for_each_btree_key(&trans, iter, BTREE_ID_inodes,
-                          POS(0, range_start),
-                          BTREE_ITER_INTENT|
-                          BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH|
-                          BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS, k, ret) {
-               if (k.k->p.offset >= range_end)
-                       break;
-
-               if (k.k->type != KEY_TYPE_inode)
-                       continue;
-
-               inode = bkey_s_c_to_inode(k);
-               if (S_ISDIR(le16_to_cpu(inode.v->bi_mode)))
-                       continue;
-
-               BUG_ON(bch2_inode_unpack(inode, &u));
-
-               if (!u.bi_nlink)
-                       continue;
-
-               while ((cmp_int(link->inum, k.k->p.offset) ?:
-                       cmp_int(link->snapshot, k.k->p.snapshot)) < 0) {
-                       link++;
-                       BUG_ON(link >= links->d + links->nr);
-               }
-
-               if (fsck_err_on(bch2_inode_nlink_get(&u) != link->count, c,
-                               "inode %llu has wrong i_nlink (type %u i_nlink %u, should be %u)",
-                               u.bi_inum, mode_to_type(u.bi_mode),
-                               bch2_inode_nlink_get(&u), link->count)) {
-                       bch2_inode_nlink_set(&u, link->count);
+       ret = for_each_btree_key_commit(&trans, iter, BTREE_ID_inodes,
+                       POS(0, range_start),
+                       BTREE_ITER_INTENT|BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH|BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS, k,
+                       NULL, NULL, BTREE_INSERT_LAZY_RW|BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL,
+               check_nlinks_update_inode(&trans, &iter, k, links, &idx, range_end));
 
-                       ret = write_inode(&trans, &u, k.k->p.snapshot);
-                       if (ret)
-                               bch_err(c, "error in fsck: error %i updating inode", ret);
-               }
-       }
-fsck_err:
-       bch2_trans_iter_exit(&trans, &iter);
        bch2_trans_exit(&trans);
 
-       if (ret)
+       if (ret < 0) {
                bch_err(c, "error in fsck: btree error %i while walking inodes", ret);
+               return ret;
+       }
 
-       return ret;
+       return 0;
 }
 
 noinline_for_stack
@@ -2151,24 +2399,90 @@ static int check_nlinks(struct bch_fs *c)
        return ret;
 }
 
+static int fix_reflink_p_key(struct btree_trans *trans, struct btree_iter *iter,
+                            struct bkey_s_c k)
+{
+       struct bkey_s_c_reflink_p p;
+       struct bkey_i_reflink_p *u;
+       int ret;
+
+       if (k.k->type != KEY_TYPE_reflink_p)
+               return 0;
+
+       p = bkey_s_c_to_reflink_p(k);
+
+       if (!p.v->front_pad && !p.v->back_pad)
+               return 0;
+
+       u = bch2_trans_kmalloc(trans, sizeof(*u));
+       ret = PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(u);
+       if (ret)
+               return ret;
+
+       bkey_reassemble(&u->k_i, k);
+       u->v.front_pad  = 0;
+       u->v.back_pad   = 0;
+
+       return bch2_trans_update(trans, iter, &u->k_i, BTREE_TRIGGER_NORUN);
+}
+
+noinline_for_stack
+static int fix_reflink_p(struct bch_fs *c)
+{
+       struct btree_trans trans;
+       struct btree_iter iter;
+       struct bkey_s_c k;
+       int ret;
+
+       if (c->sb.version >= bcachefs_metadata_version_reflink_p_fix)
+               return 0;
+
+       bch_verbose(c, "fixing reflink_p keys");
+
+       bch2_trans_init(&trans, c, BTREE_ITER_MAX, 0);
+
+       ret = for_each_btree_key_commit(&trans, iter,
+                       BTREE_ID_extents, POS_MIN,
+                       BTREE_ITER_INTENT|BTREE_ITER_PREFETCH|BTREE_ITER_ALL_SNAPSHOTS, k,
+                       NULL, NULL, BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL|BTREE_INSERT_LAZY_RW,
+               fix_reflink_p_key(&trans, &iter, k));
+
+       bch2_trans_exit(&trans);
+       return ret;
+}
+
 /*
  * Checks for inconsistencies that shouldn't happen, unless we have a bug.
  * Doesn't fix them yet, mainly because they haven't yet been observed:
  */
 int bch2_fsck_full(struct bch_fs *c)
 {
-       return  bch2_fs_snapshots_check(c) ?:
+       int ret;
+again:
+       ret =   bch2_fs_check_snapshots(c) ?:
+               bch2_fs_check_subvols(c) ?:
+               bch2_delete_dead_snapshots(c) ?:
                check_inodes(c, true) ?:
-               check_subvols(c) ?:
                check_extents(c) ?:
                check_dirents(c) ?:
                check_xattrs(c) ?:
                check_root(c) ?:
                check_directory_structure(c) ?:
-               check_nlinks(c);
+               check_nlinks(c) ?:
+               fix_reflink_p(c);
+
+       if (bch2_err_matches(ret, BCH_ERR_need_snapshot_cleanup)) {
+               set_bit(BCH_FS_HAVE_DELETED_SNAPSHOTS, &c->flags);
+               goto again;
+       }
+
+       return ret;
 }
 
 int bch2_fsck_walk_inodes_only(struct bch_fs *c)
 {
-       return check_inodes(c, false);
+       return  bch2_fs_check_snapshots(c) ?:
+               bch2_fs_check_subvols(c) ?:
+               bch2_delete_dead_snapshots(c) ?:
+               check_inodes(c, false);
 }