]> git.sesse.net Git - bcachefs-tools-debian/blobdiff - libbcachefs/recovery.c
Move c_src dirs back to toplevel
[bcachefs-tools-debian] / libbcachefs / recovery.c
index 887971559214eb681e345328260ec12b67356823..725214605a050996196c28a9132f8fe247e76d28 100644 (file)
@@ -1,25 +1,34 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 
 #include "bcachefs.h"
+#include "backpointers.h"
 #include "bkey_buf.h"
 #include "alloc_background.h"
 #include "btree_gc.h"
+#include "btree_journal_iter.h"
 #include "btree_update.h"
 #include "btree_update_interior.h"
 #include "btree_io.h"
 #include "buckets.h"
 #include "dirent.h"
 #include "ec.h"
+#include "errcode.h"
 #include "error.h"
 #include "fs-common.h"
 #include "fsck.h"
 #include "journal_io.h"
 #include "journal_reclaim.h"
 #include "journal_seq_blacklist.h"
+#include "lru.h"
+#include "logged_ops.h"
 #include "move.h"
 #include "quota.h"
+#include "rebalance.h"
 #include "recovery.h"
 #include "replicas.h"
+#include "sb-clean.h"
+#include "sb-downgrade.h"
+#include "snapshot.h"
 #include "subvolume.h"
 #include "super-io.h"
 
 
 #define QSTR(n) { { { .len = strlen(n) } }, .name = n }
 
+static bool btree_id_is_alloc(enum btree_id id)
+{
+       switch (id) {
+       case BTREE_ID_alloc:
+       case BTREE_ID_backpointers:
+       case BTREE_ID_need_discard:
+       case BTREE_ID_freespace:
+       case BTREE_ID_bucket_gens:
+               return true;
+       default:
+               return false;
+       }
+}
+
 /* for -o reconstruct_alloc: */
 static void drop_alloc_keys(struct journal_keys *keys)
 {
        size_t src, dst;
 
        for (src = 0, dst = 0; src < keys->nr; src++)
-               if (keys->d[src].btree_id != BTREE_ID_alloc)
+               if (!btree_id_is_alloc(keys->d[src].btree_id))
                        keys->d[dst++] = keys->d[src];
 
        keys->nr = dst;
@@ -54,439 +77,13 @@ static void zero_out_btree_mem_ptr(struct journal_keys *keys)
                        bkey_i_to_btree_ptr_v2(i->k)->v.mem_ptr = 0;
 }
 
-/* iterate over keys read from the journal: */
-
-static int __journal_key_cmp(enum btree_id     l_btree_id,
-                            unsigned           l_level,
-                            struct bpos        l_pos,
-                            const struct journal_key *r)
-{
-       return (cmp_int(l_btree_id,     r->btree_id) ?:
-               cmp_int(l_level,        r->level) ?:
-               bpos_cmp(l_pos, r->k->k.p));
-}
-
-static int journal_key_cmp(const struct journal_key *l, const struct journal_key *r)
-{
-       return __journal_key_cmp(l->btree_id, l->level, l->k->k.p, r);
-}
-
-size_t bch2_journal_key_search(struct journal_keys *journal_keys,
-                              enum btree_id id, unsigned level,
-                              struct bpos pos)
-{
-       size_t l = 0, r = journal_keys->nr, m;
-
-       while (l < r) {
-               m = l + ((r - l) >> 1);
-               if (__journal_key_cmp(id, level, pos, &journal_keys->d[m]) > 0)
-                       l = m + 1;
-               else
-                       r = m;
-       }
-
-       BUG_ON(l < journal_keys->nr &&
-              __journal_key_cmp(id, level, pos, &journal_keys->d[l]) > 0);
-
-       BUG_ON(l &&
-              __journal_key_cmp(id, level, pos, &journal_keys->d[l - 1]) <= 0);
-
-       return l;
-}
-
-struct bkey_i *bch2_journal_keys_peek(struct bch_fs *c, enum btree_id btree_id,
-                                     unsigned level, struct bpos pos)
-{
-       struct journal_keys *keys = &c->journal_keys;
-       struct journal_key *end = keys->d + keys->nr;
-       struct journal_key *k = keys->d +
-               bch2_journal_key_search(keys, btree_id, level, pos);
-
-       while (k < end && k->overwritten)
-               k++;
-
-       if (k < end &&
-           k->btree_id == btree_id &&
-           k->level    == level)
-               return k->k;
-       return NULL;
-}
-
-static void journal_iter_fix(struct bch_fs *c, struct journal_iter *iter, unsigned idx)
-{
-       struct bkey_i *n = iter->keys->d[idx].k;
-       struct btree_and_journal_iter *biter =
-               container_of(iter, struct btree_and_journal_iter, journal);
-
-       if (iter->idx > idx ||
-           (iter->idx == idx &&
-            biter->last &&
-            bpos_cmp(n->k.p, biter->unpacked.p) <= 0))
-               iter->idx++;
-}
-
-int bch2_journal_key_insert_take(struct bch_fs *c, enum btree_id id,
-                                unsigned level, struct bkey_i *k)
-{
-       struct journal_key n = {
-               .btree_id       = id,
-               .level          = level,
-               .k              = k,
-               .allocated      = true,
-               /*
-                * Ensure these keys are done last by journal replay, to unblock
-                * journal reclaim:
-                */
-               .journal_seq    = U32_MAX,
-       };
-       struct journal_keys *keys = &c->journal_keys;
-       struct journal_iter *iter;
-       size_t idx = bch2_journal_key_search(keys, id, level, k->k.p);
-
-       BUG_ON(test_bit(BCH_FS_RW, &c->flags));
-
-       if (idx < keys->nr &&
-           journal_key_cmp(&n, &keys->d[idx]) == 0) {
-               if (keys->d[idx].allocated)
-                       kfree(keys->d[idx].k);
-               keys->d[idx] = n;
-               return 0;
-       }
-
-       if (keys->nr == keys->size) {
-               struct journal_keys new_keys = {
-                       .nr                     = keys->nr,
-                       .size                   = keys->size * 2,
-                       .journal_seq_base       = keys->journal_seq_base,
-               };
-
-               new_keys.d = kvmalloc(sizeof(new_keys.d[0]) * new_keys.size, GFP_KERNEL);
-               if (!new_keys.d) {
-                       bch_err(c, "%s: error allocating new key array (size %zu)",
-                               __func__, new_keys.size);
-                       return -ENOMEM;
-               }
-
-               memcpy(new_keys.d, keys->d, sizeof(keys->d[0]) * keys->nr);
-               kvfree(keys->d);
-               *keys = new_keys;
-       }
-
-       array_insert_item(keys->d, keys->nr, idx, n);
-
-       list_for_each_entry(iter, &c->journal_iters, list)
-               journal_iter_fix(c, iter, idx);
-
-       return 0;
-}
-
-/*
- * Can only be used from the recovery thread while we're still RO - can't be
- * used once we've got RW, as journal_keys is at that point used by multiple
- * threads:
- */
-int bch2_journal_key_insert(struct bch_fs *c, enum btree_id id,
-                           unsigned level, struct bkey_i *k)
-{
-       struct bkey_i *n;
-       int ret;
-
-       n = kmalloc(bkey_bytes(&k->k), GFP_KERNEL);
-       if (!n)
-               return -ENOMEM;
-
-       bkey_copy(n, k);
-       ret = bch2_journal_key_insert_take(c, id, level, n);
-       if (ret)
-               kfree(n);
-       return ret;
-}
-
-int bch2_journal_key_delete(struct bch_fs *c, enum btree_id id,
-                           unsigned level, struct bpos pos)
-{
-       struct bkey_i whiteout;
-
-       bkey_init(&whiteout.k);
-       whiteout.k.p = pos;
-
-       return bch2_journal_key_insert(c, id, level, &whiteout);
-}
-
-void bch2_journal_key_overwritten(struct bch_fs *c, enum btree_id btree,
-                                 unsigned level, struct bpos pos)
-{
-       struct journal_keys *keys = &c->journal_keys;
-       size_t idx = bch2_journal_key_search(keys, btree, level, pos);
-
-       if (idx < keys->nr &&
-           keys->d[idx].btree_id       == btree &&
-           keys->d[idx].level          == level &&
-           !bpos_cmp(keys->d[idx].k->k.p, pos))
-               keys->d[idx].overwritten = true;
-}
-
-static struct bkey_i *bch2_journal_iter_peek(struct journal_iter *iter)
-{
-       struct journal_key *k = iter->keys->d + iter->idx;
-
-       while (k < iter->keys->d + iter->keys->nr &&
-              k->btree_id      == iter->btree_id &&
-              k->level         == iter->level) {
-               if (!k->overwritten)
-                       return k->k;
-
-               iter->idx++;
-               k = iter->keys->d + iter->idx;
-       }
-
-       return NULL;
-}
-
-static void bch2_journal_iter_advance(struct journal_iter *iter)
-{
-       if (iter->idx < iter->keys->nr)
-               iter->idx++;
-}
-
-static void bch2_journal_iter_exit(struct journal_iter *iter)
-{
-       list_del(&iter->list);
-}
-
-static void bch2_journal_iter_init(struct bch_fs *c,
-                                  struct journal_iter *iter,
-                                  enum btree_id id, unsigned level,
-                                  struct bpos pos)
-{
-       iter->btree_id  = id;
-       iter->level     = level;
-       iter->keys      = &c->journal_keys;
-       iter->idx       = bch2_journal_key_search(&c->journal_keys, id, level, pos);
-}
-
-static struct bkey_s_c bch2_journal_iter_peek_btree(struct btree_and_journal_iter *iter)
-{
-       return bch2_btree_node_iter_peek_unpack(&iter->node_iter,
-                                               iter->b, &iter->unpacked);
-}
-
-static void bch2_journal_iter_advance_btree(struct btree_and_journal_iter *iter)
-{
-       bch2_btree_node_iter_advance(&iter->node_iter, iter->b);
-}
-
-void bch2_btree_and_journal_iter_advance(struct btree_and_journal_iter *iter)
-{
-       switch (iter->last) {
-       case none:
-               break;
-       case btree:
-               bch2_journal_iter_advance_btree(iter);
-               break;
-       case journal:
-               bch2_journal_iter_advance(&iter->journal);
-               break;
-       }
-
-       iter->last = none;
-}
-
-struct bkey_s_c bch2_btree_and_journal_iter_peek(struct btree_and_journal_iter *iter)
-{
-       struct bkey_s_c ret;
-
-       while (1) {
-               struct bkey_s_c btree_k         =
-                       bch2_journal_iter_peek_btree(iter);
-               struct bkey_s_c journal_k       =
-                       bkey_i_to_s_c(bch2_journal_iter_peek(&iter->journal));
-
-               if (btree_k.k && journal_k.k) {
-                       int cmp = bpos_cmp(btree_k.k->p, journal_k.k->p);
-
-                       if (!cmp)
-                               bch2_journal_iter_advance_btree(iter);
-
-                       iter->last = cmp < 0 ? btree : journal;
-               } else if (btree_k.k) {
-                       iter->last = btree;
-               } else if (journal_k.k) {
-                       iter->last = journal;
-               } else {
-                       iter->last = none;
-                       return bkey_s_c_null;
-               }
-
-               ret = iter->last == journal ? journal_k : btree_k;
-
-               if (iter->b &&
-                   bpos_cmp(ret.k->p, iter->b->data->max_key) > 0) {
-                       iter->journal.idx = iter->journal.keys->nr;
-                       iter->last = none;
-                       return bkey_s_c_null;
-               }
-
-               if (!bkey_deleted(ret.k))
-                       break;
-
-               bch2_btree_and_journal_iter_advance(iter);
-       }
-
-       return ret;
-}
-
-struct bkey_s_c bch2_btree_and_journal_iter_next(struct btree_and_journal_iter *iter)
-{
-       bch2_btree_and_journal_iter_advance(iter);
-
-       return bch2_btree_and_journal_iter_peek(iter);
-}
-
-void bch2_btree_and_journal_iter_exit(struct btree_and_journal_iter *iter)
-{
-       bch2_journal_iter_exit(&iter->journal);
-}
-
-void __bch2_btree_and_journal_iter_init_node_iter(struct btree_and_journal_iter *iter,
-                                                 struct bch_fs *c,
-                                                 struct btree *b,
-                                                 struct btree_node_iter node_iter,
-                                                 struct bpos pos)
-{
-       memset(iter, 0, sizeof(*iter));
-
-       iter->b = b;
-       iter->node_iter = node_iter;
-       bch2_journal_iter_init(c, &iter->journal, b->c.btree_id, b->c.level, pos);
-       INIT_LIST_HEAD(&iter->journal.list);
-}
-
-/*
- * this version is used by btree_gc before filesystem has gone RW and
- * multithreaded, so uses the journal_iters list:
- */
-void bch2_btree_and_journal_iter_init_node_iter(struct btree_and_journal_iter *iter,
-                                               struct bch_fs *c,
-                                               struct btree *b)
-{
-       struct btree_node_iter node_iter;
-
-       bch2_btree_node_iter_init_from_start(&node_iter, b);
-       __bch2_btree_and_journal_iter_init_node_iter(iter, c, b, node_iter, b->data->min_key);
-       list_add(&iter->journal.list, &c->journal_iters);
-}
-
-/* sort and dedup all keys in the journal: */
-
-void bch2_journal_entries_free(struct list_head *list)
-{
-
-       while (!list_empty(list)) {
-               struct journal_replay *i =
-                       list_first_entry(list, struct journal_replay, list);
-               list_del(&i->list);
-               kvpfree(i, offsetof(struct journal_replay, j) +
-                       vstruct_bytes(&i->j));
-       }
-}
-
-/*
- * When keys compare equal, oldest compares first:
- */
-static int journal_sort_key_cmp(const void *_l, const void *_r)
-{
-       const struct journal_key *l = _l;
-       const struct journal_key *r = _r;
-
-       return  journal_key_cmp(l, r) ?:
-               cmp_int(l->journal_seq, r->journal_seq) ?:
-               cmp_int(l->journal_offset, r->journal_offset);
-}
-
-void bch2_journal_keys_free(struct journal_keys *keys)
-{
-       struct journal_key *i;
-
-       for (i = keys->d; i < keys->d + keys->nr; i++)
-               if (i->allocated)
-                       kfree(i->k);
-
-       kvfree(keys->d);
-       keys->d = NULL;
-       keys->nr = 0;
-}
-
-static struct journal_keys journal_keys_sort(struct list_head *journal_entries)
-{
-       struct journal_replay *i;
-       struct jset_entry *entry;
-       struct bkey_i *k, *_n;
-       struct journal_keys keys = { NULL };
-       struct journal_key *src, *dst;
-       size_t nr_keys = 0;
-
-       if (list_empty(journal_entries))
-               return keys;
-
-       list_for_each_entry(i, journal_entries, list) {
-               if (i->ignore)
-                       continue;
-
-               if (!keys.journal_seq_base)
-                       keys.journal_seq_base = le64_to_cpu(i->j.seq);
-
-               for_each_jset_key(k, _n, entry, &i->j)
-                       nr_keys++;
-       }
-
-       keys.size = roundup_pow_of_two(nr_keys);
-
-       keys.d = kvmalloc(sizeof(keys.d[0]) * keys.size, GFP_KERNEL);
-       if (!keys.d)
-               goto err;
-
-       list_for_each_entry(i, journal_entries, list) {
-               if (i->ignore)
-                       continue;
-
-               BUG_ON(le64_to_cpu(i->j.seq) - keys.journal_seq_base > U32_MAX);
-
-               for_each_jset_key(k, _n, entry, &i->j)
-                       keys.d[keys.nr++] = (struct journal_key) {
-                               .btree_id       = entry->btree_id,
-                               .level          = entry->level,
-                               .k              = k,
-                               .journal_seq    = le64_to_cpu(i->j.seq) -
-                                       keys.journal_seq_base,
-                               .journal_offset = k->_data - i->j._data,
-                       };
-       }
-
-       sort(keys.d, keys.nr, sizeof(keys.d[0]), journal_sort_key_cmp, NULL);
-
-       src = dst = keys.d;
-       while (src < keys.d + keys.nr) {
-               while (src + 1 < keys.d + keys.nr &&
-                      src[0].btree_id  == src[1].btree_id &&
-                      src[0].level     == src[1].level &&
-                      !bpos_cmp(src[0].k->k.p, src[1].k->k.p))
-                       src++;
-
-               *dst++ = *src++;
-       }
-
-       keys.nr = dst - keys.d;
-err:
-       return keys;
-}
-
 /* journal replay: */
 
 static void replay_now_at(struct journal *j, u64 seq)
 {
        BUG_ON(seq < j->replay_journal_seq);
-       BUG_ON(seq > j->replay_journal_seq_end);
+
+       seq = min(seq, j->replay_journal_seq_end);
 
        while (j->replay_journal_seq < seq)
                bch2_journal_pin_put(j, j->replay_journal_seq++);
@@ -499,10 +96,26 @@ static int bch2_journal_replay_key(struct btree_trans *trans,
        unsigned iter_flags =
                BTREE_ITER_INTENT|
                BTREE_ITER_NOT_EXTENTS;
+       unsigned update_flags = BTREE_TRIGGER_NORUN;
        int ret;
 
+       if (k->overwritten)
+               return 0;
+
+       trans->journal_res.seq = k->journal_seq;
+
+       /*
+        * BTREE_UPDATE_KEY_CACHE_RECLAIM disables key cache lookup/update to
+        * keep the key cache coherent with the underlying btree. Nothing
+        * besides the allocator is doing updates yet so we don't need key cache
+        * coherency for non-alloc btrees, and key cache fills for snapshots
+        * btrees use BTREE_ITER_FILTER_SNAPSHOTS, which isn't available until
+        * the snapshots recovery pass runs.
+        */
        if (!k->level && k->btree_id == BTREE_ID_alloc)
                iter_flags |= BTREE_ITER_CACHED;
+       else
+               update_flags |= BTREE_UPDATE_KEY_CACHE_RECLAIM;
 
        bch2_trans_node_iter_init(trans, &iter, k->btree_id, k->k->k.p,
                                  BTREE_MAX_DEPTH, k->level,
@@ -515,7 +128,7 @@ static int bch2_journal_replay_key(struct btree_trans *trans,
        if (k->overwritten)
                goto out;
 
-       ret = bch2_trans_update(trans, &iter, k->k, BTREE_TRIGGER_NORUN);
+       ret = bch2_trans_update(trans, &iter, k->k, update_flags);
 out:
        bch2_trans_iter_exit(trans, &iter);
        return ret;
@@ -532,57 +145,98 @@ static int journal_sort_seq_cmp(const void *_l, const void *_r)
 static int bch2_journal_replay(struct bch_fs *c)
 {
        struct journal_keys *keys = &c->journal_keys;
-       struct journal_key **keys_sorted, *k;
+       DARRAY(struct journal_key *) keys_sorted = { 0 };
        struct journal *j = &c->journal;
-       size_t i;
-       int ret;
+       u64 start_seq   = c->journal_replay_seq_start;
+       u64 end_seq     = c->journal_replay_seq_start;
+       struct btree_trans *trans = bch2_trans_get(c);
+       int ret = 0;
 
-       keys_sorted = kvmalloc_array(sizeof(*keys_sorted), keys->nr, GFP_KERNEL);
-       if (!keys_sorted)
-               return -ENOMEM;
+       if (keys->nr) {
+               ret = bch2_journal_log_msg(c, "Starting journal replay (%zu keys in entries %llu-%llu)",
+                                          keys->nr, start_seq, end_seq);
+               if (ret)
+                       goto err;
+       }
 
-       for (i = 0; i < keys->nr; i++)
-               keys_sorted[i] = &keys->d[i];
+       BUG_ON(!atomic_read(&keys->ref));
 
-       sort(keys_sorted, keys->nr,
-            sizeof(keys_sorted[0]),
-            journal_sort_seq_cmp, NULL);
+       /*
+        * First, attempt to replay keys in sorted order. This is more
+        * efficient - better locality of btree access -  but some might fail if
+        * that would cause a journal deadlock.
+        */
+       for (size_t i = 0; i < keys->nr; i++) {
+               cond_resched();
 
-       if (keys->nr)
-               replay_now_at(j, keys->journal_seq_base);
+               struct journal_key *k = keys->d + i;
+
+               /* Skip fastpath if we're low on space in the journal */
+               ret = c->journal.watermark ? -1 :
+                       commit_do(trans, NULL, NULL,
+                                 BCH_TRANS_COMMIT_no_enospc|
+                                 BCH_TRANS_COMMIT_journal_reclaim|
+                                 (!k->allocated ? BCH_TRANS_COMMIT_no_journal_res : 0),
+                            bch2_journal_replay_key(trans, k));
+               BUG_ON(!ret && !k->overwritten);
+               if (ret) {
+                       ret = darray_push(&keys_sorted, k);
+                       if (ret)
+                               goto err;
+               }
+       }
 
-       for (i = 0; i < keys->nr; i++) {
-               k = keys_sorted[i];
+       /*
+        * Now, replay any remaining keys in the order in which they appear in
+        * the journal, unpinning those journal entries as we go:
+        */
+       sort(keys_sorted.data, keys_sorted.nr,
+            sizeof(keys_sorted.data[0]),
+            journal_sort_seq_cmp, NULL);
 
+       darray_for_each(keys_sorted, kp) {
                cond_resched();
 
-               if (!k->allocated)
-                       replay_now_at(j, keys->journal_seq_base + k->journal_seq);
+               struct journal_key *k = *kp;
 
-               ret = bch2_trans_do(c, NULL, NULL,
-                                   BTREE_INSERT_LAZY_RW|
-                                   BTREE_INSERT_NOFAIL|
-                                   BTREE_INSERT_JOURNAL_RESERVED|
-                                   (!k->allocated ? BTREE_INSERT_JOURNAL_REPLAY : 0),
-                            bch2_journal_replay_key(&trans, k));
-               if (ret) {
-                       bch_err(c, "journal replay: error %d while replaying key at btree %s level %u",
-                               ret, bch2_btree_ids[k->btree_id], k->level);
+               replay_now_at(j, k->journal_seq);
+
+               ret = commit_do(trans, NULL, NULL,
+                               BCH_TRANS_COMMIT_no_enospc|
+                               (!k->allocated
+                                ? BCH_TRANS_COMMIT_no_journal_res|BCH_WATERMARK_reclaim
+                                : 0),
+                            bch2_journal_replay_key(trans, k));
+               bch_err_msg(c, ret, "while replaying key at btree %s level %u:",
+                           bch2_btree_id_str(k->btree_id), k->level);
+               if (ret)
                        goto err;
-               }
+
+               BUG_ON(!k->overwritten);
        }
 
+       /*
+        * We need to put our btree_trans before calling flush_all_pins(), since
+        * that will use a btree_trans internally
+        */
+       bch2_trans_put(trans);
+       trans = NULL;
+
+       if (!c->opts.keep_journal)
+               bch2_journal_keys_put_initial(c);
+
        replay_now_at(j, j->replay_journal_seq_end);
        j->replay_journal_seq = 0;
 
        bch2_journal_set_replay_done(j);
-       bch2_journal_flush_all_pins(j);
-       ret = bch2_journal_error(j);
 
-       if (keys->nr && !ret)
-               bch2_journal_log_msg(&c->journal, "journal replay finished");
+       if (keys->nr)
+               bch2_journal_log_msg(c, "journal replay finished");
 err:
-       kvfree(keys_sorted);
+       if (trans)
+               bch2_trans_put(trans);
+       darray_exit(&keys_sorted);
+       bch_err_fn(c, ret);
        return ret;
 }
 
@@ -597,17 +251,17 @@ static int journal_replay_entry_early(struct bch_fs *c,
        case BCH_JSET_ENTRY_btree_root: {
                struct btree_root *r;
 
-               if (entry->btree_id >= BTREE_ID_NR) {
-                       bch_err(c, "filesystem has unknown btree type %u",
-                               entry->btree_id);
-                       return -EINVAL;
+               while (entry->btree_id >= c->btree_roots_extra.nr + BTREE_ID_NR) {
+                       ret = darray_push(&c->btree_roots_extra, (struct btree_root) { NULL });
+                       if (ret)
+                               return ret;
                }
 
-               r = &c->btree_roots[entry->btree_id];
+               r = bch2_btree_id_root(c, entry->btree_id);
 
                if (entry->u64s) {
                        r->level = entry->level;
-                       bkey_copy(&r->key, &entry->start[0]);
+                       bkey_copy(&r->key, (struct bkey_i *) entry->start);
                        r->error = 0;
                } else {
                        r->error = -EIO;
@@ -650,9 +304,6 @@ static int journal_replay_entry_early(struct bch_fs *c,
                struct bch_dev *ca = bch_dev_bkey_exists(c, le32_to_cpu(u->dev));
                unsigned i, nr_types = jset_entry_dev_usage_nr_types(u);
 
-               ca->usage_base->buckets_ec              = le64_to_cpu(u->buckets_ec);
-               ca->usage_base->buckets_unavailable     = le64_to_cpu(u->buckets_unavailable);
-
                for (i = 0; i < min_t(unsigned, nr_types, BCH_DATA_NR); i++) {
                        ca->usage_base->d[i].buckets    = le64_to_cpu(u->d[i].buckets);
                        ca->usage_base->d[i].sectors    = le64_to_cpu(u->d[i].sectors);
@@ -691,28 +342,28 @@ static int journal_replay_entry_early(struct bch_fs *c,
 }
 
 static int journal_replay_early(struct bch_fs *c,
-                               struct bch_sb_field_clean *clean,
-                               struct list_head *journal)
+                               struct bch_sb_field_clean *clean)
 {
-       struct journal_replay *i;
-       struct jset_entry *entry;
-       int ret;
-
        if (clean) {
-               for (entry = clean->start;
+               for (struct jset_entry *entry = clean->start;
                     entry != vstruct_end(&clean->field);
                     entry = vstruct_next(entry)) {
-                       ret = journal_replay_entry_early(c, entry);
+                       int ret = journal_replay_entry_early(c, entry);
                        if (ret)
                                return ret;
                }
        } else {
-               list_for_each_entry(i, journal, list) {
-                       if (i->ignore)
+               struct genradix_iter iter;
+               struct journal_replay *i, **_i;
+
+               genradix_for_each(&c->journal_entries, iter, _i) {
+                       i = *_i;
+
+                       if (!i || i->ignore)
                                continue;
 
                        vstruct_for_each(&i->j, entry) {
-                               ret = journal_replay_entry_early(c, entry);
+                               int ret = journal_replay_entry_early(c, entry);
                                if (ret)
                                        return ret;
                        }
@@ -726,231 +377,108 @@ static int journal_replay_early(struct bch_fs *c,
 
 /* sb clean section: */
 
-static struct bkey_i *btree_root_find(struct bch_fs *c,
-                                     struct bch_sb_field_clean *clean,
-                                     struct jset *j,
-                                     enum btree_id id, unsigned *level)
-{
-       struct bkey_i *k;
-       struct jset_entry *entry, *start, *end;
-
-       if (clean) {
-               start = clean->start;
-               end = vstruct_end(&clean->field);
-       } else {
-               start = j->start;
-               end = vstruct_last(j);
-       }
-
-       for (entry = start; entry < end; entry = vstruct_next(entry))
-               if (entry->type == BCH_JSET_ENTRY_btree_root &&
-                   entry->btree_id == id)
-                       goto found;
-
-       return NULL;
-found:
-       if (!entry->u64s)
-               return ERR_PTR(-EINVAL);
-
-       k = entry->start;
-       *level = entry->level;
-       return k;
-}
-
-static int verify_superblock_clean(struct bch_fs *c,
-                                  struct bch_sb_field_clean **cleanp,
-                                  struct jset *j)
-{
-       unsigned i;
-       struct bch_sb_field_clean *clean = *cleanp;
-       struct printbuf buf1 = PRINTBUF;
-       struct printbuf buf2 = PRINTBUF;
-       int ret = 0;
-
-       if (mustfix_fsck_err_on(j->seq != clean->journal_seq, c,
-                       "superblock journal seq (%llu) doesn't match journal (%llu) after clean shutdown",
-                       le64_to_cpu(clean->journal_seq),
-                       le64_to_cpu(j->seq))) {
-               kfree(clean);
-               *cleanp = NULL;
-               return 0;
-       }
-
-       for (i = 0; i < BTREE_ID_NR; i++) {
-               struct bkey_i *k1, *k2;
-               unsigned l1 = 0, l2 = 0;
-
-               k1 = btree_root_find(c, clean, NULL, i, &l1);
-               k2 = btree_root_find(c, NULL, j, i, &l2);
-
-               if (!k1 && !k2)
-                       continue;
-
-               printbuf_reset(&buf1);
-               printbuf_reset(&buf2);
-
-               if (k1)
-                       bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf1, c, bkey_i_to_s_c(k1));
-               else
-                       pr_buf(&buf1, "(none)");
-
-               if (k2)
-                       bch2_bkey_val_to_text(&buf2, c, bkey_i_to_s_c(k2));
-               else
-                       pr_buf(&buf2, "(none)");
-
-               mustfix_fsck_err_on(!k1 || !k2 ||
-                                   IS_ERR(k1) ||
-                                   IS_ERR(k2) ||
-                                   k1->k.u64s != k2->k.u64s ||
-                                   memcmp(k1, k2, bkey_bytes(k1)) ||
-                                   l1 != l2, c,
-                       "superblock btree root %u doesn't match journal after clean shutdown\n"
-                       "sb:      l=%u %s\n"
-                       "journal: l=%u %s\n", i,
-                       l1, buf1.buf,
-                       l2, buf2.buf);
-       }
-fsck_err:
-       printbuf_exit(&buf2);
-       printbuf_exit(&buf1);
-       return ret;
-}
-
-static struct bch_sb_field_clean *read_superblock_clean(struct bch_fs *c)
-{
-       struct bch_sb_field_clean *clean, *sb_clean;
-       int ret;
-
-       mutex_lock(&c->sb_lock);
-       sb_clean = bch2_sb_get_clean(c->disk_sb.sb);
-
-       if (fsck_err_on(!sb_clean, c,
-                       "superblock marked clean but clean section not present")) {
-               SET_BCH_SB_CLEAN(c->disk_sb.sb, false);
-               c->sb.clean = false;
-               mutex_unlock(&c->sb_lock);
-               return NULL;
-       }
-
-       clean = kmemdup(sb_clean, vstruct_bytes(&sb_clean->field),
-                       GFP_KERNEL);
-       if (!clean) {
-               mutex_unlock(&c->sb_lock);
-               return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
-       }
-
-       ret = bch2_sb_clean_validate_late(c, clean, READ);
-       if (ret) {
-               mutex_unlock(&c->sb_lock);
-               return ERR_PTR(ret);
-       }
-
-       mutex_unlock(&c->sb_lock);
-
-       return clean;
-fsck_err:
-       mutex_unlock(&c->sb_lock);
-       return ERR_PTR(ret);
-}
-
 static int read_btree_roots(struct bch_fs *c)
 {
        unsigned i;
        int ret = 0;
 
-       for (i = 0; i < BTREE_ID_NR; i++) {
-               struct btree_root *r = &c->btree_roots[i];
+       for (i = 0; i < btree_id_nr_alive(c); i++) {
+               struct btree_root *r = bch2_btree_id_root(c, i);
 
                if (!r->alive)
                        continue;
 
-               if (i == BTREE_ID_alloc &&
+               if (btree_id_is_alloc(i) &&
                    c->opts.reconstruct_alloc) {
                        c->sb.compat &= ~(1ULL << BCH_COMPAT_alloc_info);
                        continue;
                }
 
                if (r->error) {
-                       __fsck_err(c, i == BTREE_ID_alloc
+                       __fsck_err(c,
+                                  btree_id_is_alloc(i)
                                   ? FSCK_CAN_IGNORE : 0,
+                                  btree_root_bkey_invalid,
                                   "invalid btree root %s",
-                                  bch2_btree_ids[i]);
+                                  bch2_btree_id_str(i));
                        if (i == BTREE_ID_alloc)
                                c->sb.compat &= ~(1ULL << BCH_COMPAT_alloc_info);
                }
 
                ret = bch2_btree_root_read(c, i, &r->key, r->level);
                if (ret) {
-                       __fsck_err(c, i == BTREE_ID_alloc
-                                  ? FSCK_CAN_IGNORE : 0,
-                                  "error reading btree root %s",
-                                  bch2_btree_ids[i]);
-                       if (i == BTREE_ID_alloc)
+                       fsck_err(c,
+                                btree_root_read_error,
+                                "error reading btree root %s",
+                                bch2_btree_id_str(i));
+                       if (btree_id_is_alloc(i))
                                c->sb.compat &= ~(1ULL << BCH_COMPAT_alloc_info);
+                       ret = 0;
                }
        }
 
-       for (i = 0; i < BTREE_ID_NR; i++)
-               if (!c->btree_roots[i].b)
+       for (i = 0; i < BTREE_ID_NR; i++) {
+               struct btree_root *r = bch2_btree_id_root(c, i);
+
+               if (!r->b) {
+                       r->alive = false;
+                       r->level = 0;
                        bch2_btree_root_alloc(c, i);
+               }
+       }
 fsck_err:
        return ret;
 }
 
-static int bch2_fs_initialize_subvolumes(struct bch_fs *c)
+static int bch2_initialize_subvolumes(struct bch_fs *c)
 {
-       struct bkey_i_snapshot  root_snapshot;
-       struct bkey_i_subvolume root_volume;
+       struct bkey_i_snapshot_tree     root_tree;
+       struct bkey_i_snapshot          root_snapshot;
+       struct bkey_i_subvolume         root_volume;
        int ret;
 
+       bkey_snapshot_tree_init(&root_tree.k_i);
+       root_tree.k.p.offset            = 1;
+       root_tree.v.master_subvol       = cpu_to_le32(1);
+       root_tree.v.root_snapshot       = cpu_to_le32(U32_MAX);
+
        bkey_snapshot_init(&root_snapshot.k_i);
        root_snapshot.k.p.offset = U32_MAX;
        root_snapshot.v.flags   = 0;
        root_snapshot.v.parent  = 0;
-       root_snapshot.v.subvol  = BCACHEFS_ROOT_SUBVOL;
-       root_snapshot.v.pad     = 0;
+       root_snapshot.v.subvol  = cpu_to_le32(BCACHEFS_ROOT_SUBVOL);
+       root_snapshot.v.tree    = cpu_to_le32(1);
        SET_BCH_SNAPSHOT_SUBVOL(&root_snapshot.v, true);
 
-       ret = bch2_btree_insert(c, BTREE_ID_snapshots,
-                               &root_snapshot.k_i,
-                               NULL, NULL, 0);
-       if (ret)
-               return ret;
-
-
        bkey_subvolume_init(&root_volume.k_i);
        root_volume.k.p.offset = BCACHEFS_ROOT_SUBVOL;
        root_volume.v.flags     = 0;
        root_volume.v.snapshot  = cpu_to_le32(U32_MAX);
        root_volume.v.inode     = cpu_to_le64(BCACHEFS_ROOT_INO);
 
-       ret = bch2_btree_insert(c, BTREE_ID_subvolumes,
-                               &root_volume.k_i,
-                               NULL, NULL, 0);
-       if (ret)
-               return ret;
-
-       return 0;
+       ret =   bch2_btree_insert(c, BTREE_ID_snapshot_trees,   &root_tree.k_i, NULL, 0) ?:
+               bch2_btree_insert(c, BTREE_ID_snapshots,        &root_snapshot.k_i, NULL, 0) ?:
+               bch2_btree_insert(c, BTREE_ID_subvolumes,       &root_volume.k_i, NULL, 0);
+       bch_err_fn(c, ret);
+       return ret;
 }
 
-static int bch2_fs_upgrade_for_subvolumes(struct btree_trans *trans)
+static int __bch2_fs_upgrade_for_subvolumes(struct btree_trans *trans)
 {
        struct btree_iter iter;
        struct bkey_s_c k;
        struct bch_inode_unpacked inode;
        int ret;
 
-       bch2_trans_iter_init(trans, &iter, BTREE_ID_inodes,
-                            SPOS(0, BCACHEFS_ROOT_INO, U32_MAX), 0);
-       k = bch2_btree_iter_peek_slot(&iter);
+       k = bch2_bkey_get_iter(trans, &iter, BTREE_ID_inodes,
+                              SPOS(0, BCACHEFS_ROOT_INO, U32_MAX), 0);
        ret = bkey_err(k);
        if (ret)
-               goto err;
+               return ret;
 
        if (!bkey_is_inode(k.k)) {
                bch_err(trans->c, "root inode not found");
-               ret = -ENOENT;
+               ret = -BCH_ERR_ENOENT_inode;
                goto err;
        }
 
@@ -965,26 +493,267 @@ err:
        return ret;
 }
 
+/* set bi_subvol on root inode */
+noinline_for_stack
+static int bch2_fs_upgrade_for_subvolumes(struct bch_fs *c)
+{
+       int ret = bch2_trans_do(c, NULL, NULL, BCH_TRANS_COMMIT_lazy_rw,
+                               __bch2_fs_upgrade_for_subvolumes(trans));
+       bch_err_fn(c, ret);
+       return ret;
+}
+
+const char * const bch2_recovery_passes[] = {
+#define x(_fn, ...)    #_fn,
+       BCH_RECOVERY_PASSES()
+#undef x
+       NULL
+};
+
+static int bch2_check_allocations(struct bch_fs *c)
+{
+       return bch2_gc(c, true, c->opts.norecovery);
+}
+
+static int bch2_set_may_go_rw(struct bch_fs *c)
+{
+       struct journal_keys *keys = &c->journal_keys;
+
+       /*
+        * After we go RW, the journal keys buffer can't be modified (except for
+        * setting journal_key->overwritten: it will be accessed by multiple
+        * threads
+        */
+       move_gap(keys->d, keys->nr, keys->size, keys->gap, keys->nr);
+       keys->gap = keys->nr;
+
+       set_bit(BCH_FS_may_go_rw, &c->flags);
+
+       if (keys->nr || c->opts.fsck || !c->sb.clean)
+               return bch2_fs_read_write_early(c);
+       return 0;
+}
+
+struct recovery_pass_fn {
+       int             (*fn)(struct bch_fs *);
+       unsigned        when;
+};
+
+static struct recovery_pass_fn recovery_pass_fns[] = {
+#define x(_fn, _id, _when)     { .fn = bch2_##_fn, .when = _when },
+       BCH_RECOVERY_PASSES()
+#undef x
+};
+
+u64 bch2_recovery_passes_to_stable(u64 v)
+{
+       static const u8 map[] = {
+#define x(n, id, ...)  [BCH_RECOVERY_PASS_##n] = BCH_RECOVERY_PASS_STABLE_##n,
+       BCH_RECOVERY_PASSES()
+#undef x
+       };
+
+       u64 ret = 0;
+       for (unsigned i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(map); i++)
+               if (v & BIT_ULL(i))
+                       ret |= BIT_ULL(map[i]);
+       return ret;
+}
+
+u64 bch2_recovery_passes_from_stable(u64 v)
+{
+       static const u8 map[] = {
+#define x(n, id, ...)  [BCH_RECOVERY_PASS_STABLE_##n] = BCH_RECOVERY_PASS_##n,
+       BCH_RECOVERY_PASSES()
+#undef x
+       };
+
+       u64 ret = 0;
+       for (unsigned i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(map); i++)
+               if (v & BIT_ULL(i))
+                       ret |= BIT_ULL(map[i]);
+       return ret;
+}
+
+static bool check_version_upgrade(struct bch_fs *c)
+{
+       unsigned latest_compatible = bch2_latest_compatible_version(c->sb.version);
+       unsigned latest_version = bcachefs_metadata_version_current;
+       unsigned old_version = c->sb.version_upgrade_complete ?: c->sb.version;
+       unsigned new_version = 0;
+
+       if (old_version < bcachefs_metadata_required_upgrade_below) {
+               if (c->opts.version_upgrade == BCH_VERSION_UPGRADE_incompatible ||
+                   latest_compatible < bcachefs_metadata_required_upgrade_below)
+                       new_version = latest_version;
+               else
+                       new_version = latest_compatible;
+       } else {
+               switch (c->opts.version_upgrade) {
+               case BCH_VERSION_UPGRADE_compatible:
+                       new_version = latest_compatible;
+                       break;
+               case BCH_VERSION_UPGRADE_incompatible:
+                       new_version = latest_version;
+                       break;
+               case BCH_VERSION_UPGRADE_none:
+                       new_version = old_version;
+                       break;
+               }
+       }
+
+       if (new_version > old_version) {
+               struct printbuf buf = PRINTBUF;
+
+               if (old_version < bcachefs_metadata_required_upgrade_below)
+                       prt_str(&buf, "Version upgrade required:\n");
+
+               if (old_version != c->sb.version) {
+                       prt_str(&buf, "Version upgrade from ");
+                       bch2_version_to_text(&buf, c->sb.version_upgrade_complete);
+                       prt_str(&buf, " to ");
+                       bch2_version_to_text(&buf, c->sb.version);
+                       prt_str(&buf, " incomplete\n");
+               }
+
+               prt_printf(&buf, "Doing %s version upgrade from ",
+                          BCH_VERSION_MAJOR(old_version) != BCH_VERSION_MAJOR(new_version)
+                          ? "incompatible" : "compatible");
+               bch2_version_to_text(&buf, old_version);
+               prt_str(&buf, " to ");
+               bch2_version_to_text(&buf, new_version);
+               prt_newline(&buf);
+
+               struct bch_sb_field_ext *ext = bch2_sb_field_get(c->disk_sb.sb, ext);
+               __le64 passes = ext->recovery_passes_required[0];
+               bch2_sb_set_upgrade(c, old_version, new_version);
+               passes = ext->recovery_passes_required[0] & ~passes;
+
+               if (passes) {
+                       prt_str(&buf, "  running recovery passes: ");
+                       prt_bitflags(&buf, bch2_recovery_passes,
+                                    bch2_recovery_passes_from_stable(le64_to_cpu(passes)));
+               }
+
+               bch_info(c, "%s", buf.buf);
+
+               bch2_sb_upgrade(c, new_version);
+
+               printbuf_exit(&buf);
+               return true;
+       }
+
+       return false;
+}
+
+u64 bch2_fsck_recovery_passes(void)
+{
+       u64 ret = 0;
+
+       for (unsigned i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(recovery_pass_fns); i++)
+               if (recovery_pass_fns[i].when & PASS_FSCK)
+                       ret |= BIT_ULL(i);
+       return ret;
+}
+
+static bool should_run_recovery_pass(struct bch_fs *c, enum bch_recovery_pass pass)
+{
+       struct recovery_pass_fn *p = recovery_pass_fns + pass;
+
+       if (c->opts.norecovery && pass > BCH_RECOVERY_PASS_snapshots_read)
+               return false;
+       if (c->recovery_passes_explicit & BIT_ULL(pass))
+               return true;
+       if ((p->when & PASS_FSCK) && c->opts.fsck)
+               return true;
+       if ((p->when & PASS_UNCLEAN) && !c->sb.clean)
+               return true;
+       if (p->when & PASS_ALWAYS)
+               return true;
+       return false;
+}
+
+static int bch2_run_recovery_pass(struct bch_fs *c, enum bch_recovery_pass pass)
+{
+       struct recovery_pass_fn *p = recovery_pass_fns + pass;
+       int ret;
+
+       if (!(p->when & PASS_SILENT))
+               bch2_print(c, KERN_INFO bch2_log_msg(c, "%s..."),
+                          bch2_recovery_passes[pass]);
+       ret = p->fn(c);
+       if (ret)
+               return ret;
+       if (!(p->when & PASS_SILENT))
+               bch2_print(c, KERN_CONT " done\n");
+
+       return 0;
+}
+
+static int bch2_run_recovery_passes(struct bch_fs *c)
+{
+       int ret = 0;
+
+       while (c->curr_recovery_pass < ARRAY_SIZE(recovery_pass_fns)) {
+               if (should_run_recovery_pass(c, c->curr_recovery_pass)) {
+                       unsigned pass = c->curr_recovery_pass;
+
+                       ret = bch2_run_recovery_pass(c, c->curr_recovery_pass);
+                       if (bch2_err_matches(ret, BCH_ERR_restart_recovery) ||
+                           (ret && c->curr_recovery_pass < pass))
+                               continue;
+                       if (ret)
+                               break;
+
+                       c->recovery_passes_complete |= BIT_ULL(c->curr_recovery_pass);
+               }
+               c->curr_recovery_pass++;
+               c->recovery_pass_done = max(c->recovery_pass_done, c->curr_recovery_pass);
+       }
+
+       return ret;
+}
+
+int bch2_run_online_recovery_passes(struct bch_fs *c)
+{
+       int ret = 0;
+
+       for (unsigned i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(recovery_pass_fns); i++) {
+               struct recovery_pass_fn *p = recovery_pass_fns + i;
+
+               if (!(p->when & PASS_ONLINE))
+                       continue;
+
+               ret = bch2_run_recovery_pass(c, i);
+               if (bch2_err_matches(ret, BCH_ERR_restart_recovery)) {
+                       i = c->curr_recovery_pass;
+                       continue;
+               }
+               if (ret)
+                       break;
+       }
+
+       return ret;
+}
+
 int bch2_fs_recovery(struct bch_fs *c)
 {
-       const char *err = "cannot allocate memory";
        struct bch_sb_field_clean *clean = NULL;
        struct jset *last_journal_entry = NULL;
-       u64 blacklist_seq, journal_seq;
-       bool write_sb = false;
+       u64 last_seq = 0, blacklist_seq, journal_seq;
        int ret = 0;
 
-       if (c->sb.clean)
-               clean = read_superblock_clean(c);
-       ret = PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(clean);
-       if (ret)
-               goto err;
+       if (c->sb.clean) {
+               clean = bch2_read_superblock_clean(c);
+               ret = PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(clean);
+               if (ret)
+                       goto err;
 
-       if (c->sb.clean)
                bch_info(c, "recovering from clean shutdown, journal seq %llu",
                         le64_to_cpu(clean->journal_seq));
-       else
+       } else {
                bch_info(c, "recovering from unclean shutdown");
+       }
 
        if (!(c->sb.features & (1ULL << BCH_FEATURE_new_extent_overwrite))) {
                bch_err(c, "feature new_extent_overwrite not set, filesystem no longer supported");
@@ -999,40 +768,76 @@ int bch2_fs_recovery(struct bch_fs *c)
                goto err;
        }
 
-       if (!(c->sb.compat & (1ULL << BCH_COMPAT_bformat_overflow_done))) {
-               bch_err(c, "filesystem may have incompatible bkey formats; run fsck from the compat branch to fix");
+       if (c->opts.fsck && c->opts.norecovery) {
+               bch_err(c, "cannot select both norecovery and fsck");
                ret = -EINVAL;
                goto err;
        }
 
-       if (!(c->sb.features & (1ULL << BCH_FEATURE_alloc_v2))) {
-               bch_info(c, "alloc_v2 feature bit not set, fsck required");
-               c->opts.fsck = true;
-               c->opts.fix_errors = FSCK_OPT_YES;
-       }
+       if (!(c->opts.nochanges && c->opts.norecovery)) {
+               mutex_lock(&c->sb_lock);
+               bool write_sb = false;
 
-       if (!c->replicas.entries ||
-           c->opts.rebuild_replicas) {
-               bch_info(c, "building replicas info");
-               set_bit(BCH_FS_REBUILD_REPLICAS, &c->flags);
-       }
+               struct bch_sb_field_ext *ext =
+                       bch2_sb_field_get_minsize(&c->disk_sb, ext, sizeof(*ext) / sizeof(u64));
+               if (!ext) {
+                       ret = -BCH_ERR_ENOSPC_sb;
+                       mutex_unlock(&c->sb_lock);
+                       goto err;
+               }
 
-       if (!c->opts.nochanges) {
-               if (c->sb.version < bcachefs_metadata_version_inode_backpointers) {
-                       bch_info(c, "version prior to inode backpointers, upgrade and fsck required");
-                       c->opts.version_upgrade = true;
-                       c->opts.fsck            = true;
-                       c->opts.fix_errors      = FSCK_OPT_YES;
-               } else if (c->sb.version < bcachefs_metadata_version_subvol_dirent) {
-                       bch_info(c, "filesystem version is prior to subvol_dirent - upgrading");
-                       c->opts.version_upgrade = true;
-                       c->opts.fsck            = true;
-               } else if (c->sb.version < bcachefs_metadata_version_inode_v2) {
-                       bch_info(c, "filesystem version is prior to inode_v2 - upgrading");
-                       c->opts.version_upgrade = true;
+               if (BCH_SB_HAS_TOPOLOGY_ERRORS(c->disk_sb.sb)) {
+                       ext->recovery_passes_required[0] |=
+                               cpu_to_le64(bch2_recovery_passes_to_stable(BIT_ULL(BCH_RECOVERY_PASS_check_topology)));
+                       write_sb = true;
                }
+
+               u64 sb_passes = bch2_recovery_passes_from_stable(le64_to_cpu(ext->recovery_passes_required[0]));
+               if (sb_passes) {
+                       struct printbuf buf = PRINTBUF;
+                       prt_str(&buf, "superblock requires following recovery passes to be run:\n  ");
+                       prt_bitflags(&buf, bch2_recovery_passes, sb_passes);
+                       bch_info(c, "%s", buf.buf);
+                       printbuf_exit(&buf);
+               }
+
+               if (bch2_check_version_downgrade(c)) {
+                       struct printbuf buf = PRINTBUF;
+
+                       prt_str(&buf, "Version downgrade required:\n");
+
+                       __le64 passes = ext->recovery_passes_required[0];
+                       bch2_sb_set_downgrade(c,
+                                       BCH_VERSION_MINOR(bcachefs_metadata_version_current),
+                                       BCH_VERSION_MINOR(c->sb.version));
+                       passes = ext->recovery_passes_required[0] & ~passes;
+                       if (passes) {
+                               prt_str(&buf, "  running recovery passes: ");
+                               prt_bitflags(&buf, bch2_recovery_passes,
+                                            bch2_recovery_passes_from_stable(le64_to_cpu(passes)));
+                       }
+
+                       bch_info(c, "%s", buf.buf);
+                       printbuf_exit(&buf);
+                       write_sb = true;
+               }
+
+               if (check_version_upgrade(c))
+                       write_sb = true;
+
+               if (write_sb)
+                       bch2_write_super(c);
+
+               c->recovery_passes_explicit |= bch2_recovery_passes_from_stable(le64_to_cpu(ext->recovery_passes_required[0]));
+               mutex_unlock(&c->sb_lock);
        }
 
+       if (c->opts.fsck && IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_BCACHEFS_DEBUG))
+               c->recovery_passes_explicit |= BIT_ULL(BCH_RECOVERY_PASS_check_topology);
+
+       if (c->opts.fsck)
+               set_bit(BCH_FS_fsck_running, &c->flags);
+
        ret = bch2_blacklist_table_initialize(c);
        if (ret) {
                bch_err(c, "error initializing blacklist table");
@@ -1040,23 +845,31 @@ int bch2_fs_recovery(struct bch_fs *c)
        }
 
        if (!c->sb.clean || c->opts.fsck || c->opts.keep_journal) {
-               struct journal_replay *i;
+               struct genradix_iter iter;
+               struct journal_replay **i;
 
                bch_verbose(c, "starting journal read");
-               ret = bch2_journal_read(c, &c->journal_entries,
-                                       &blacklist_seq, &journal_seq);
+               ret = bch2_journal_read(c, &last_seq, &blacklist_seq, &journal_seq);
                if (ret)
                        goto err;
 
-               list_for_each_entry_reverse(i, &c->journal_entries, list)
-                       if (!i->ignore) {
-                               last_journal_entry = &i->j;
+               /*
+                * note: cmd_list_journal needs the blacklist table fully up to date so
+                * it can asterisk ignored journal entries:
+                */
+               if (c->opts.read_journal_only)
+                       goto out;
+
+               genradix_for_each_reverse(&c->journal_entries, iter, i)
+                       if (*i && !(*i)->ignore) {
+                               last_journal_entry = &(*i)->j;
                                break;
                        }
 
                if (mustfix_fsck_err_on(c->sb.clean &&
                                        last_journal_entry &&
                                        !journal_entry_empty(last_journal_entry), c,
+                               clean_but_journal_not_empty,
                                "filesystem marked clean but journal not empty")) {
                        c->sb.compat &= ~(1ULL << BCH_COMPAT_alloc_info);
                        SET_BCH_SB_CLEAN(c->disk_sb.sb, false);
@@ -1064,18 +877,33 @@ int bch2_fs_recovery(struct bch_fs *c)
                }
 
                if (!last_journal_entry) {
-                       fsck_err_on(!c->sb.clean, c, "no journal entries found");
-                       goto use_clean;
+                       fsck_err_on(!c->sb.clean, c,
+                                   dirty_but_no_journal_entries,
+                                   "no journal entries found");
+                       if (clean)
+                               goto use_clean;
+
+                       genradix_for_each_reverse(&c->journal_entries, iter, i)
+                               if (*i) {
+                                       last_journal_entry = &(*i)->j;
+                                       (*i)->ignore = false;
+                                       /*
+                                        * This was probably a NO_FLUSH entry,
+                                        * so last_seq was garbage - but we know
+                                        * we're only using a single journal
+                                        * entry, set it here:
+                                        */
+                                       (*i)->j.last_seq = (*i)->j.seq;
+                                       break;
+                               }
                }
 
-               c->journal_keys = journal_keys_sort(&c->journal_entries);
-               if (!c->journal_keys.d) {
-                       ret = -ENOMEM;
+               ret = bch2_journal_keys_sort(c);
+               if (ret)
                        goto err;
-               }
 
                if (c->sb.clean && last_journal_entry) {
-                       ret = verify_superblock_clean(c, &clean,
+                       ret = bch2_verify_superblock_clean(c, &clean,
                                                      last_journal_entry);
                        if (ret)
                                goto err;
@@ -1084,15 +912,15 @@ int bch2_fs_recovery(struct bch_fs *c)
 use_clean:
                if (!clean) {
                        bch_err(c, "no superblock clean section found");
-                       ret = BCH_FSCK_REPAIR_IMPOSSIBLE;
+                       ret = -BCH_ERR_fsck_repair_impossible;
                        goto err;
 
                }
                blacklist_seq = journal_seq = le64_to_cpu(clean->journal_seq) + 1;
        }
 
-       if (c->opts.read_journal_only)
-               goto out;
+       c->journal_replay_seq_start     = last_seq;
+       c->journal_replay_seq_end       = blacklist_seq - 1;
 
        if (c->opts.reconstruct_alloc) {
                c->sb.compat &= ~(1ULL << BCH_COMPAT_alloc_info);
@@ -1101,7 +929,7 @@ use_clean:
 
        zero_out_btree_mem_ptr(&c->journal_keys);
 
-       ret = journal_replay_early(c, clean, &c->journal_entries);
+       ret = journal_replay_early(c, clean);
        if (ret)
                goto err;
 
@@ -1116,7 +944,9 @@ use_clean:
                journal_seq += 8;
 
        if (blacklist_seq != journal_seq) {
-               ret = bch2_journal_seq_blacklist_add(c,
+               ret =   bch2_journal_log_msg(c, "blacklisting entries %llu-%llu",
+                                            blacklist_seq, journal_seq) ?:
+                       bch2_journal_seq_blacklist_add(c,
                                        blacklist_seq, journal_seq);
                if (ret) {
                        bch_err(c, "error creating new journal seq blacklist entry");
@@ -1124,59 +954,14 @@ use_clean:
                }
        }
 
-       ret = bch2_fs_journal_start(&c->journal, journal_seq,
-                                   &c->journal_entries);
-       if (ret)
-               goto err;
-
-       ret = read_btree_roots(c);
-       if (ret)
-               goto err;
-
-       bch_verbose(c, "starting alloc read");
-       err = "error reading allocation information";
-
-       down_read(&c->gc_lock);
-       ret = bch2_alloc_read(c, false, false);
-       up_read(&c->gc_lock);
-
-       if (ret)
-               goto err;
-       bch_verbose(c, "alloc read done");
-
-       bch_verbose(c, "starting stripes_read");
-       err = "error reading stripes";
-       ret = bch2_stripes_read(c);
+       ret =   bch2_journal_log_msg(c, "starting journal at entry %llu, replaying %llu-%llu",
+                                    journal_seq, last_seq, blacklist_seq - 1) ?:
+               bch2_fs_journal_start(&c->journal, journal_seq);
        if (ret)
                goto err;
-       bch_verbose(c, "stripes_read done");
 
-       /*
-        * If we're not running fsck, this ensures bch2_fsck_err() calls are
-        * instead interpreted as bch2_inconsistent_err() calls:
-        */
-       if (!c->opts.fsck)
-               set_bit(BCH_FS_FSCK_DONE, &c->flags);
-
-       if (c->opts.fsck ||
-           !(c->sb.compat & (1ULL << BCH_COMPAT_alloc_info)) ||
-           !(c->sb.compat & (1ULL << BCH_COMPAT_alloc_metadata)) ||
-           test_bit(BCH_FS_REBUILD_REPLICAS, &c->flags)) {
-               bool metadata_only = c->opts.norecovery;
-
-               bch_info(c, "checking allocations");
-               err = "error in mark and sweep";
-               ret = bch2_gc(c, true, metadata_only);
-               if (ret)
-                       goto err;
-               bch_verbose(c, "done checking allocations");
-       }
-
-       bch2_stripes_heap_start(c);
-
-       clear_bit(BCH_FS_REBUILD_REPLICAS, &c->flags);
-       set_bit(BCH_FS_INITIAL_GC_DONE, &c->flags);
-       set_bit(BCH_FS_MAY_GO_RW, &c->flags);
+       if (c->opts.reconstruct_alloc)
+               bch2_journal_log_msg(c, "dropping alloc info");
 
        /*
         * Skip past versions that might have possibly been used (as nonces),
@@ -1185,56 +970,39 @@ use_clean:
        if (c->sb.encryption_type && !c->sb.clean)
                atomic64_add(1 << 16, &c->key_version);
 
-       if (c->opts.norecovery)
-               goto out;
+       ret = read_btree_roots(c);
+       if (ret)
+               goto err;
 
-       bch_verbose(c, "starting journal replay, %zu keys", c->journal_keys.nr);
-       err = "journal replay failed";
-       ret = bch2_journal_replay(c);
+       ret = bch2_run_recovery_passes(c);
        if (ret)
                goto err;
-       if (c->opts.verbose || !c->sb.clean)
-               bch_info(c, "journal replay done");
 
-       if (c->sb.version < bcachefs_metadata_version_snapshot_2) {
-               bch2_fs_lazy_rw(c);
+       clear_bit(BCH_FS_fsck_running, &c->flags);
 
-               err = "error creating root snapshot node";
-               ret = bch2_fs_initialize_subvolumes(c);
-               if (ret)
-                       goto err;
-       }
+       /* If we fixed errors, verify that fs is actually clean now: */
+       if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_BCACHEFS_DEBUG) &&
+           test_bit(BCH_FS_errors_fixed, &c->flags) &&
+           !test_bit(BCH_FS_errors_not_fixed, &c->flags) &&
+           !test_bit(BCH_FS_error, &c->flags)) {
+               bch2_flush_fsck_errs(c);
 
-       bch_verbose(c, "reading snapshots table");
-       err = "error reading snapshots table";
-       ret = bch2_fs_snapshots_start(c);
-       if (ret)
-               goto err;
-       bch_verbose(c, "reading snapshots done");
+               bch_info(c, "Fixed errors, running fsck a second time to verify fs is clean");
+               clear_bit(BCH_FS_errors_fixed, &c->flags);
 
-       if (c->sb.version < bcachefs_metadata_version_snapshot_2) {
-               /* set bi_subvol on root inode */
-               err = "error upgrade root inode for subvolumes";
-               ret = bch2_trans_do(c, NULL, NULL, BTREE_INSERT_LAZY_RW,
-                                   bch2_fs_upgrade_for_subvolumes(&trans));
-               if (ret)
-                       goto err;
-       }
+               c->curr_recovery_pass = BCH_RECOVERY_PASS_check_alloc_info;
 
-       if (c->opts.fsck) {
-               bch_info(c, "starting fsck");
-               err = "error in fsck";
-               ret = bch2_fsck_full(c);
-               if (ret)
-                       goto err;
-               bch_verbose(c, "fsck done");
-       } else if (!c->sb.clean) {
-               bch_verbose(c, "checking for deleted inodes");
-               err = "error in recovery";
-               ret = bch2_fsck_walk_inodes_only(c);
+               ret = bch2_run_recovery_passes(c);
                if (ret)
                        goto err;
-               bch_verbose(c, "check inodes done");
+
+               if (test_bit(BCH_FS_errors_fixed, &c->flags) ||
+                   test_bit(BCH_FS_errors_not_fixed, &c->flags)) {
+                       bch_err(c, "Second fsck run was not clean");
+                       set_bit(BCH_FS_errors_not_fixed, &c->flags);
+               }
+
+               set_bit(BCH_FS_errors_fixed, &c->flags);
        }
 
        if (enabled_qtypes(c)) {
@@ -1246,20 +1014,33 @@ use_clean:
        }
 
        mutex_lock(&c->sb_lock);
-       if (c->opts.version_upgrade) {
-               c->disk_sb.sb->version = cpu_to_le16(bcachefs_metadata_version_current);
-               c->disk_sb.sb->features[0] |= cpu_to_le64(BCH_SB_FEATURES_ALL);
+       bool write_sb = false;
+
+       if (BCH_SB_VERSION_UPGRADE_COMPLETE(c->disk_sb.sb) != le16_to_cpu(c->disk_sb.sb->version)) {
+               SET_BCH_SB_VERSION_UPGRADE_COMPLETE(c->disk_sb.sb, le16_to_cpu(c->disk_sb.sb->version));
                write_sb = true;
        }
 
-       if (!test_bit(BCH_FS_ERROR, &c->flags)) {
+       if (!test_bit(BCH_FS_error, &c->flags) &&
+           !(c->disk_sb.sb->compat[0] & cpu_to_le64(1ULL << BCH_COMPAT_alloc_info))) {
                c->disk_sb.sb->compat[0] |= cpu_to_le64(1ULL << BCH_COMPAT_alloc_info);
                write_sb = true;
        }
 
+       if (!test_bit(BCH_FS_error, &c->flags)) {
+               struct bch_sb_field_ext *ext = bch2_sb_field_get(c->disk_sb.sb, ext);
+               if (ext &&
+                   (!bch2_is_zero(ext->recovery_passes_required, sizeof(ext->recovery_passes_required)) ||
+                    !bch2_is_zero(ext->errors_silent, sizeof(ext->errors_silent)))) {
+                       memset(ext->recovery_passes_required, 0, sizeof(ext->recovery_passes_required));
+                       memset(ext->errors_silent, 0, sizeof(ext->errors_silent));
+                       write_sb = true;
+               }
+       }
+
        if (c->opts.fsck &&
-           !test_bit(BCH_FS_ERROR, &c->flags) &&
-           !test_bit(BCH_FS_ERRORS_NOT_FIXED, &c->flags)) {
+           !test_bit(BCH_FS_error, &c->flags) &&
+           !test_bit(BCH_FS_errors_not_fixed, &c->flags)) {
                SET_BCH_SB_HAS_ERRORS(c->disk_sb.sb, 0);
                SET_BCH_SB_HAS_TOPOLOGY_ERRORS(c->disk_sb.sb, 0);
                write_sb = true;
@@ -1270,18 +1051,18 @@ use_clean:
        mutex_unlock(&c->sb_lock);
 
        if (!(c->sb.compat & (1ULL << BCH_COMPAT_extents_above_btree_updates_done)) ||
-           !(c->sb.compat & (1ULL << BCH_COMPAT_bformat_overflow_done)) ||
-           le16_to_cpu(c->sb.version_min) < bcachefs_metadata_version_btree_ptr_sectors_written) {
+           c->sb.version_min < bcachefs_metadata_version_btree_ptr_sectors_written) {
                struct bch_move_stats stats;
 
-               bch_move_stats_init(&stats, "recovery");
+               bch2_move_stats_init(&stats, "recovery");
 
-               bch_info(c, "scanning for old btree nodes");
-               ret = bch2_fs_read_write(c);
-               if (ret)
-                       goto err;
+               struct printbuf buf = PRINTBUF;
+               bch2_version_to_text(&buf, c->sb.version_min);
+               bch_info(c, "scanning for old btree nodes: min_version %s", buf.buf);
+               printbuf_exit(&buf);
 
-               ret = bch2_scan_old_btree_nodes(c, &stats);
+               ret =   bch2_fs_read_write_early(c) ?:
+                       bch2_scan_old_btree_nodes(c, &stats);
                if (ret)
                        goto err;
                bch_info(c, "scanning for old btree nodes done");
@@ -1293,18 +1074,21 @@ use_clean:
 
        ret = 0;
 out:
-       set_bit(BCH_FS_FSCK_DONE, &c->flags);
        bch2_flush_fsck_errs(c);
 
-       if (!c->opts.keep_journal) {
-               bch2_journal_keys_free(&c->journal_keys);
-               bch2_journal_entries_free(&c->journal_entries);
-       }
+       if (!c->opts.keep_journal &&
+           test_bit(JOURNAL_REPLAY_DONE, &c->journal.flags))
+               bch2_journal_keys_put_initial(c);
        kfree(clean);
-       if (ret)
-               bch_err(c, "Error in recovery: %s (%i)", err, ret);
-       else
-               bch_verbose(c, "ret %i", ret);
+
+       if (!ret &&
+           test_bit(BCH_FS_need_delete_dead_snapshots, &c->flags) &&
+           !c->opts.nochanges) {
+               bch2_fs_read_write_early(c);
+               bch2_delete_dead_snapshots_async(c);
+       }
+
+       bch_err_fn(c, ret);
        return ret;
 err:
 fsck_err:
@@ -1317,10 +1101,6 @@ int bch2_fs_initialize(struct bch_fs *c)
        struct bch_inode_unpacked root_inode, lostfound_inode;
        struct bkey_inode_buf packed_inode;
        struct qstr lostfound = QSTR("lost+found");
-       const char *err = "cannot allocate memory";
-       struct bch_dev *ca;
-       LIST_HEAD(journal);
-       unsigned i;
        int ret;
 
        bch_notice(c, "initializing new filesystem");
@@ -1329,37 +1109,35 @@ int bch2_fs_initialize(struct bch_fs *c)
        c->disk_sb.sb->compat[0] |= cpu_to_le64(1ULL << BCH_COMPAT_extents_above_btree_updates_done);
        c->disk_sb.sb->compat[0] |= cpu_to_le64(1ULL << BCH_COMPAT_bformat_overflow_done);
 
-       if (c->opts.version_upgrade) {
-               c->disk_sb.sb->version = cpu_to_le16(bcachefs_metadata_version_current);
-               c->disk_sb.sb->features[0] |= cpu_to_le64(BCH_SB_FEATURES_ALL);
+       bch2_check_version_downgrade(c);
+
+       if (c->opts.version_upgrade != BCH_VERSION_UPGRADE_none) {
+               bch2_sb_upgrade(c, bcachefs_metadata_version_current);
+               SET_BCH_SB_VERSION_UPGRADE_COMPLETE(c->disk_sb.sb, bcachefs_metadata_version_current);
                bch2_write_super(c);
        }
        mutex_unlock(&c->sb_lock);
 
-       set_bit(BCH_FS_INITIAL_GC_DONE, &c->flags);
-       set_bit(BCH_FS_MAY_GO_RW, &c->flags);
-       set_bit(BCH_FS_FSCK_DONE, &c->flags);
+       c->curr_recovery_pass = ARRAY_SIZE(recovery_pass_fns);
+       set_bit(BCH_FS_may_go_rw, &c->flags);
 
-       for (i = 0; i < BTREE_ID_NR; i++)
+       for (unsigned i = 0; i < BTREE_ID_NR; i++)
                bch2_btree_root_alloc(c, i);
 
-       err = "unable to allocate journal buckets";
-       for_each_online_member(ca, c, i) {
-               ret = bch2_dev_journal_alloc(ca);
-               if (ret) {
-                       percpu_ref_put(&ca->io_ref);
-                       goto err;
-               }
-       }
+       for_each_member_device(c, ca)
+               bch2_dev_usage_init(ca);
+
+       ret = bch2_fs_journal_alloc(c);
+       if (ret)
+               goto err;
 
        /*
         * journal_res_get() will crash if called before this has
         * set up the journal.pin FIFO and journal.cur pointer:
         */
-       bch2_fs_journal_start(&c->journal, 1, &journal);
+       bch2_fs_journal_start(&c->journal, 1);
        bch2_journal_set_replay_done(&c->journal);
 
-       err = "error going read-write";
        ret = bch2_fs_read_write_early(c);
        if (ret)
                goto err;
@@ -1368,57 +1146,54 @@ int bch2_fs_initialize(struct bch_fs *c)
         * Write out the superblock and journal buckets, now that we can do
         * btree updates
         */
-       err = "error marking superblock and journal";
-       for_each_member_device(ca, c, i) {
-               ret = bch2_trans_mark_dev_sb(c, ca);
-               if (ret) {
-                       percpu_ref_put(&ca->ref);
-                       goto err;
-               }
+       bch_verbose(c, "marking superblocks");
+       ret = bch2_trans_mark_dev_sbs(c);
+       bch_err_msg(c, ret, "marking superblocks");
+       if (ret)
+               goto err;
 
+       for_each_online_member(c, ca)
                ca->new_fs_bucket_idx = 0;
-       }
 
-       err = "error creating root snapshot node";
-       ret = bch2_fs_initialize_subvolumes(c);
+       ret = bch2_fs_freespace_init(c);
+       if (ret)
+               goto err;
+
+       ret = bch2_initialize_subvolumes(c);
        if (ret)
                goto err;
 
        bch_verbose(c, "reading snapshots table");
-       err = "error reading snapshots table";
-       ret = bch2_fs_snapshots_start(c);
+       ret = bch2_snapshots_read(c);
        if (ret)
                goto err;
        bch_verbose(c, "reading snapshots done");
 
-       bch2_inode_init(c, &root_inode, 0, 0,
-                       S_IFDIR|S_IRWXU|S_IRUGO|S_IXUGO, 0, NULL);
+       bch2_inode_init(c, &root_inode, 0, 0, S_IFDIR|0755, 0, NULL);
        root_inode.bi_inum      = BCACHEFS_ROOT_INO;
        root_inode.bi_subvol    = BCACHEFS_ROOT_SUBVOL;
-       bch2_inode_pack(c, &packed_inode, &root_inode);
+       bch2_inode_pack(&packed_inode, &root_inode);
        packed_inode.inode.k.p.snapshot = U32_MAX;
 
-       err = "error creating root directory";
-       ret = bch2_btree_insert(c, BTREE_ID_inodes,
-                               &packed_inode.inode.k_i,
-                               NULL, NULL, 0);
+       ret = bch2_btree_insert(c, BTREE_ID_inodes, &packed_inode.inode.k_i, NULL, 0);
+       bch_err_msg(c, ret, "creating root directory");
        if (ret)
                goto err;
 
        bch2_inode_init_early(c, &lostfound_inode);
 
-       err = "error creating lost+found";
        ret = bch2_trans_do(c, NULL, NULL, 0,
-               bch2_create_trans(&trans,
+               bch2_create_trans(trans,
                                  BCACHEFS_ROOT_SUBVOL_INUM,
                                  &root_inode, &lostfound_inode,
                                  &lostfound,
                                  0, 0, S_IFDIR|0700, 0,
                                  NULL, NULL, (subvol_inum) { 0 }, 0));
-       if (ret) {
-               bch_err(c, "error creating lost+found");
+       bch_err_msg(c, ret, "creating lost+found");
+       if (ret)
                goto err;
-       }
+
+       c->recovery_pass_done = ARRAY_SIZE(recovery_pass_fns) - 1;
 
        if (enabled_qtypes(c)) {
                ret = bch2_fs_quota_read(c);
@@ -1426,8 +1201,8 @@ int bch2_fs_initialize(struct bch_fs *c)
                        goto err;
        }
 
-       err = "error writing first journal entry";
        ret = bch2_journal_flush(&c->journal);
+       bch_err_msg(c, ret, "writing first journal entry");
        if (ret)
                goto err;
 
@@ -1440,6 +1215,6 @@ int bch2_fs_initialize(struct bch_fs *c)
 
        return 0;
 err:
-       pr_err("Error initializing new filesystem: %s (%i)", err, ret);
+       bch_err_fn(c, ret);
        return ret;
 }