]> git.sesse.net Git - bcachefs-tools-debian/blobdiff - libbcachefs/super.c
Move c_src dirs back to toplevel
[bcachefs-tools-debian] / libbcachefs / super.c
index ce8e5d4843d0e8f4bd9a596d0421b9a04860bd4b..9dbc35940197f1c55c1bc48746bc23a3983ac203 100644 (file)
 #include "bkey_sort.h"
 #include "btree_cache.h"
 #include "btree_gc.h"
+#include "btree_journal_iter.h"
 #include "btree_key_cache.h"
 #include "btree_update_interior.h"
 #include "btree_io.h"
+#include "btree_write_buffer.h"
+#include "buckets_waiting_for_journal.h"
 #include "chardev.h"
 #include "checksum.h"
 #include "clock.h"
 #include "compress.h"
+#include "counters.h"
 #include "debug.h"
 #include "disk_groups.h"
 #include "ec.h"
+#include "errcode.h"
 #include "error.h"
 #include "fs.h"
 #include "fs-io.h"
+#include "fs-io-buffered.h"
+#include "fs-io-direct.h"
 #include "fsck.h"
 #include "inode.h"
-#include "io.h"
+#include "io_read.h"
+#include "io_write.h"
 #include "journal.h"
 #include "journal_reclaim.h"
 #include "journal_seq_blacklist.h"
 #include "move.h"
 #include "migrate.h"
 #include "movinggc.h"
+#include "nocow_locking.h"
 #include "quota.h"
 #include "rebalance.h"
 #include "recovery.h"
 #include "replicas.h"
+#include "sb-clean.h"
+#include "sb-errors.h"
+#include "sb-members.h"
+#include "snapshot.h"
+#include "subvolume.h"
 #include "super.h"
 #include "super-io.h"
 #include "sysfs.h"
+#include "trace.h"
 
 #include <linux/backing-dev.h>
 #include <linux/blkdev.h>
 #include <linux/debugfs.h>
 #include <linux/device.h>
-#include <linux/genhd.h>
 #include <linux/idr.h>
 #include <linux/module.h>
 #include <linux/percpu.h>
 #include <linux/sysfs.h>
 #include <crypto/hash.h>
 
-#include <trace/events/bcachefs.h>
-
 MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
 MODULE_AUTHOR("Kent Overstreet <kent.overstreet@gmail.com>");
+MODULE_DESCRIPTION("bcachefs filesystem");
+MODULE_SOFTDEP("pre: crc32c");
+MODULE_SOFTDEP("pre: crc64");
+MODULE_SOFTDEP("pre: sha256");
+MODULE_SOFTDEP("pre: chacha20");
+MODULE_SOFTDEP("pre: poly1305");
+MODULE_SOFTDEP("pre: xxhash");
+
+const char * const bch2_fs_flag_strs[] = {
+#define x(n)           #n,
+       BCH_FS_FLAGS()
+#undef x
+       NULL
+};
+
+void __bch2_print(struct bch_fs *c, const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+       struct stdio_redirect *stdio = bch2_fs_stdio_redirect(c);
+
+       va_list args;
+       va_start(args, fmt);
+       if (likely(!stdio)) {
+               vprintk(fmt, args);
+       } else {
+               unsigned long flags;
+
+               if (fmt[0] == KERN_SOH[0])
+                       fmt += 2;
+
+               spin_lock_irqsave(&stdio->output_lock, flags);
+               prt_vprintf(&stdio->output_buf, fmt, args);
+               spin_unlock_irqrestore(&stdio->output_lock, flags);
+
+               wake_up(&stdio->output_wait);
+       }
+       va_end(args);
+}
 
 #define KTYPE(type)                                                    \
-struct kobj_type type ## _ktype = {                                    \
+static const struct attribute_group type ## _group = {                 \
+       .attrs = type ## _files                                         \
+};                                                                     \
+                                                                       \
+static const struct attribute_group *type ## _groups[] = {             \
+       &type ## _group,                                                \
+       NULL                                                            \
+};                                                                     \
+                                                                       \
+static const struct kobj_type type ## _ktype = {                       \
        .release        = type ## _release,                             \
        .sysfs_ops      = &type ## _sysfs_ops,                          \
-       .default_attrs  = type ## _files                                \
+       .default_groups = type ## _groups                               \
 }
 
 static void bch2_fs_release(struct kobject *);
 static void bch2_dev_release(struct kobject *);
+static void bch2_fs_counters_release(struct kobject *k)
+{
+}
 
 static void bch2_fs_internal_release(struct kobject *k)
 {
@@ -82,17 +143,18 @@ static void bch2_fs_time_stats_release(struct kobject *k)
 {
 }
 
-static KTYPE(bch2_fs);
-static KTYPE(bch2_fs_internal);
-static KTYPE(bch2_fs_opts_dir);
-static KTYPE(bch2_fs_time_stats);
-static KTYPE(bch2_dev);
+KTYPE(bch2_fs);
+KTYPE(bch2_fs_counters);
+KTYPE(bch2_fs_internal);
+KTYPE(bch2_fs_opts_dir);
+KTYPE(bch2_fs_time_stats);
+KTYPE(bch2_dev);
 
 static struct kset *bcachefs_kset;
 static LIST_HEAD(bch_fs_list);
 static DEFINE_MUTEX(bch_fs_list_lock);
 
-static DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD(bch_read_only_wait);
+DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD(bch2_read_only_wait);
 
 static void bch2_dev_free(struct bch_dev *);
 static int bch2_dev_alloc(struct bch_fs *, unsigned);
@@ -102,14 +164,12 @@ static void __bch2_dev_read_only(struct bch_fs *, struct bch_dev *);
 struct bch_fs *bch2_dev_to_fs(dev_t dev)
 {
        struct bch_fs *c;
-       struct bch_dev *ca;
-       unsigned i;
 
        mutex_lock(&bch_fs_list_lock);
        rcu_read_lock();
 
        list_for_each_entry(c, &bch_fs_list, list)
-               for_each_member_device_rcu(ca, c, i, NULL)
+               for_each_member_device_rcu(c, ca, NULL)
                        if (ca->disk_sb.bdev && ca->disk_sb.bdev->bd_dev == dev) {
                                closure_get(&c->cl);
                                goto found;
@@ -122,20 +182,20 @@ found:
        return c;
 }
 
-static struct bch_fs *__bch2_uuid_to_fs(uuid_le uuid)
+static struct bch_fs *__bch2_uuid_to_fs(__uuid_t uuid)
 {
        struct bch_fs *c;
 
        lockdep_assert_held(&bch_fs_list_lock);
 
        list_for_each_entry(c, &bch_fs_list, list)
-               if (!memcmp(&c->disk_sb.sb->uuid, &uuid, sizeof(uuid_le)))
+               if (!memcmp(&c->disk_sb.sb->uuid, &uuid, sizeof(uuid)))
                        return c;
 
        return NULL;
 }
 
-struct bch_fs *bch2_uuid_to_fs(uuid_le uuid)
+struct bch_fs *bch2_uuid_to_fs(__uuid_t uuid)
 {
        struct bch_fs *c;
 
@@ -150,14 +210,13 @@ struct bch_fs *bch2_uuid_to_fs(uuid_le uuid)
 
 static void bch2_dev_usage_journal_reserve(struct bch_fs *c)
 {
-       struct bch_dev *ca;
-       unsigned i, nr = 0, u64s =
+       unsigned nr = 0, u64s =
                ((sizeof(struct jset_entry_dev_usage) +
                  sizeof(struct jset_entry_dev_usage_type) * BCH_DATA_NR)) /
                sizeof(u64);
 
        rcu_read_lock();
-       for_each_member_device_rcu(ca, c, i, NULL)
+       for_each_member_device_rcu(c, ca, NULL)
                nr++;
        rcu_read_unlock();
 
@@ -184,108 +243,78 @@ static void bch2_dev_usage_journal_reserve(struct bch_fs *c)
 
 static void __bch2_fs_read_only(struct bch_fs *c)
 {
-       struct bch_dev *ca;
-       unsigned i, clean_passes = 0;
+       unsigned clean_passes = 0;
+       u64 seq = 0;
 
+       bch2_fs_ec_stop(c);
+       bch2_open_buckets_stop(c, NULL, true);
        bch2_rebalance_stop(c);
        bch2_copygc_stop(c);
        bch2_gc_thread_stop(c);
+       bch2_fs_ec_flush(c);
 
-       /*
-        * Flush journal before stopping allocators, because flushing journal
-        * blacklist entries involves allocating new btree nodes:
-        */
-       bch2_journal_flush_all_pins(&c->journal);
-
-       /*
-        * If the allocator threads didn't all start up, the btree updates to
-        * write out alloc info aren't going to work:
-        */
-       if (!test_bit(BCH_FS_ALLOCATOR_RUNNING, &c->flags))
-               goto nowrote_alloc;
-
-       bch_verbose(c, "flushing journal and stopping allocators");
-
-       bch2_journal_flush_all_pins(&c->journal);
-       set_bit(BCH_FS_ALLOCATOR_STOPPING, &c->flags);
+       bch_verbose(c, "flushing journal and stopping allocators, journal seq %llu",
+                   journal_cur_seq(&c->journal));
 
        do {
                clean_passes++;
 
-               if (bch2_journal_flush_all_pins(&c->journal))
-                       clean_passes = 0;
-
-               /*
-                * In flight interior btree updates will generate more journal
-                * updates and btree updates (alloc btree):
-                */
-               if (bch2_btree_interior_updates_nr_pending(c)) {
-                       closure_wait_event(&c->btree_interior_update_wait,
-                                          !bch2_btree_interior_updates_nr_pending(c));
+               if (bch2_btree_interior_updates_flush(c) ||
+                   bch2_journal_flush_all_pins(&c->journal) ||
+                   bch2_btree_flush_all_writes(c) ||
+                   seq != atomic64_read(&c->journal.seq)) {
+                       seq = atomic64_read(&c->journal.seq);
                        clean_passes = 0;
                }
-               flush_work(&c->btree_interior_update_work);
-
-               if (bch2_journal_flush_all_pins(&c->journal))
-                       clean_passes = 0;
        } while (clean_passes < 2);
-       bch_verbose(c, "flushing journal and stopping allocators complete");
 
-       set_bit(BCH_FS_ALLOC_CLEAN, &c->flags);
-nowrote_alloc:
-       closure_wait_event(&c->btree_interior_update_wait,
-                          !bch2_btree_interior_updates_nr_pending(c));
-       flush_work(&c->btree_interior_update_work);
-
-       for_each_member_device(ca, c, i)
-               bch2_dev_allocator_stop(ca);
-
-       clear_bit(BCH_FS_ALLOCATOR_RUNNING, &c->flags);
-       clear_bit(BCH_FS_ALLOCATOR_STOPPING, &c->flags);
+       bch_verbose(c, "flushing journal and stopping allocators complete, journal seq %llu",
+                   journal_cur_seq(&c->journal));
 
+       if (test_bit(JOURNAL_REPLAY_DONE, &c->journal.flags) &&
+           !test_bit(BCH_FS_emergency_ro, &c->flags))
+               set_bit(BCH_FS_clean_shutdown, &c->flags);
        bch2_fs_journal_stop(&c->journal);
 
-       /*
-        * the journal kicks off btree writes via reclaim - wait for in flight
-        * writes after stopping journal:
-        */
-       bch2_btree_flush_all_writes(c);
-
        /*
         * After stopping journal:
         */
-       for_each_member_device(ca, c, i)
+       for_each_member_device(c, ca)
                bch2_dev_allocator_remove(c, ca);
 }
 
+#ifndef BCH_WRITE_REF_DEBUG
 static void bch2_writes_disabled(struct percpu_ref *writes)
 {
        struct bch_fs *c = container_of(writes, struct bch_fs, writes);
 
-       set_bit(BCH_FS_WRITE_DISABLE_COMPLETE, &c->flags);
-       wake_up(&bch_read_only_wait);
+       set_bit(BCH_FS_write_disable_complete, &c->flags);
+       wake_up(&bch2_read_only_wait);
 }
+#endif
 
 void bch2_fs_read_only(struct bch_fs *c)
 {
-       if (!test_bit(BCH_FS_RW, &c->flags)) {
+       if (!test_bit(BCH_FS_rw, &c->flags)) {
                bch2_journal_reclaim_stop(&c->journal);
                return;
        }
 
-       BUG_ON(test_bit(BCH_FS_WRITE_DISABLE_COMPLETE, &c->flags));
+       BUG_ON(test_bit(BCH_FS_write_disable_complete, &c->flags));
+
+       bch_verbose(c, "going read-only");
 
        /*
         * Block new foreground-end write operations from starting - any new
         * writes will return -EROFS:
-        *
-        * (This is really blocking new _allocations_, writes to previously
-        * allocated space can still happen until stopping the allocator in
-        * bch2_dev_allocator_stop()).
         */
+       set_bit(BCH_FS_going_ro, &c->flags);
+#ifndef BCH_WRITE_REF_DEBUG
        percpu_ref_kill(&c->writes);
-
-       cancel_work_sync(&c->ec_stripe_delete_work);
+#else
+       for (unsigned i = 0; i < BCH_WRITE_REF_NR; i++)
+               bch2_write_ref_put(c, i);
+#endif
 
        /*
         * If we're not doing an emergency shutdown, we want to wait on
@@ -298,28 +327,43 @@ void bch2_fs_read_only(struct bch_fs *c)
         * we do need to wait on them before returning and signalling
         * that going RO is complete:
         */
-       wait_event(bch_read_only_wait,
-                  test_bit(BCH_FS_WRITE_DISABLE_COMPLETE, &c->flags) ||
-                  test_bit(BCH_FS_EMERGENCY_RO, &c->flags));
+       wait_event(bch2_read_only_wait,
+                  test_bit(BCH_FS_write_disable_complete, &c->flags) ||
+                  test_bit(BCH_FS_emergency_ro, &c->flags));
+
+       bool writes_disabled = test_bit(BCH_FS_write_disable_complete, &c->flags);
+       if (writes_disabled)
+               bch_verbose(c, "finished waiting for writes to stop");
 
        __bch2_fs_read_only(c);
 
-       wait_event(bch_read_only_wait,
-                  test_bit(BCH_FS_WRITE_DISABLE_COMPLETE, &c->flags));
+       wait_event(bch2_read_only_wait,
+                  test_bit(BCH_FS_write_disable_complete, &c->flags));
 
-       clear_bit(BCH_FS_WRITE_DISABLE_COMPLETE, &c->flags);
+       if (!writes_disabled)
+               bch_verbose(c, "finished waiting for writes to stop");
+
+       clear_bit(BCH_FS_write_disable_complete, &c->flags);
+       clear_bit(BCH_FS_going_ro, &c->flags);
+       clear_bit(BCH_FS_rw, &c->flags);
 
        if (!bch2_journal_error(&c->journal) &&
-           !test_bit(BCH_FS_ERROR, &c->flags) &&
-           !test_bit(BCH_FS_EMERGENCY_RO, &c->flags) &&
-           test_bit(BCH_FS_STARTED, &c->flags) &&
-           test_bit(BCH_FS_ALLOC_CLEAN, &c->flags) &&
+           !test_bit(BCH_FS_error, &c->flags) &&
+           !test_bit(BCH_FS_emergency_ro, &c->flags) &&
+           test_bit(BCH_FS_started, &c->flags) &&
+           test_bit(BCH_FS_clean_shutdown, &c->flags) &&
            !c->opts.norecovery) {
+               BUG_ON(c->journal.last_empty_seq != journal_cur_seq(&c->journal));
+               BUG_ON(atomic_read(&c->btree_cache.dirty));
+               BUG_ON(atomic_long_read(&c->btree_key_cache.nr_dirty));
+               BUG_ON(c->btree_write_buffer.inc.keys.nr);
+               BUG_ON(c->btree_write_buffer.flushing.keys.nr);
+
                bch_verbose(c, "marking filesystem clean");
                bch2_fs_mark_clean(c);
+       } else {
+               bch_verbose(c, "done going read-only, filesystem not clean");
        }
-
-       clear_bit(BCH_FS_RW, &c->flags);
 }
 
 static void bch2_fs_read_only_work(struct work_struct *work)
@@ -339,12 +383,12 @@ static void bch2_fs_read_only_async(struct bch_fs *c)
 
 bool bch2_fs_emergency_read_only(struct bch_fs *c)
 {
-       bool ret = !test_and_set_bit(BCH_FS_EMERGENCY_RO, &c->flags);
+       bool ret = !test_and_set_bit(BCH_FS_emergency_ro, &c->flags);
 
        bch2_journal_halt(&c->journal);
        bch2_fs_read_only_async(c);
 
-       wake_up(&bch_read_only_wait);
+       wake_up(&bch2_read_only_wait);
        return ret;
 }
 
@@ -352,12 +396,13 @@ static int bch2_fs_read_write_late(struct bch_fs *c)
 {
        int ret;
 
-       ret = bch2_gc_thread_start(c);
-       if (ret) {
-               bch_err(c, "error starting gc thread");
-               return ret;
-       }
-
+       /*
+        * Data move operations can't run until after check_snapshots has
+        * completed, and bch2_snapshot_is_ancestor() is available.
+        *
+        * Ideally we'd start copygc/rebalance earlier instead of waiting for
+        * all of recovery/fsck to complete:
+        */
        ret = bch2_copygc_start(c);
        if (ret) {
                bch_err(c, "error starting copygc thread");
@@ -370,66 +415,66 @@ static int bch2_fs_read_write_late(struct bch_fs *c)
                return ret;
        }
 
-       schedule_work(&c->ec_stripe_delete_work);
-
        return 0;
 }
 
 static int __bch2_fs_read_write(struct bch_fs *c, bool early)
 {
-       struct bch_dev *ca;
-       unsigned i;
        int ret;
 
-       if (test_bit(BCH_FS_INITIAL_GC_UNFIXED, &c->flags)) {
+       if (test_bit(BCH_FS_initial_gc_unfixed, &c->flags)) {
                bch_err(c, "cannot go rw, unfixed btree errors");
-               return -EROFS;
+               return -BCH_ERR_erofs_unfixed_errors;
        }
 
-       if (test_bit(BCH_FS_RW, &c->flags))
+       if (test_bit(BCH_FS_rw, &c->flags))
                return 0;
 
-       /*
-        * nochanges is used for fsck -n mode - we have to allow going rw
-        * during recovery for that to work:
-        */
-       if (c->opts.norecovery ||
-           (c->opts.nochanges &&
-            (!early || c->opts.read_only)))
-               return -EROFS;
-
        bch_info(c, "going read-write");
 
+       ret = bch2_sb_members_v2_init(c);
+       if (ret)
+               goto err;
+
        ret = bch2_fs_mark_dirty(c);
        if (ret)
                goto err;
 
+       clear_bit(BCH_FS_clean_shutdown, &c->flags);
+
        /*
-        * We need to write out a journal entry before we start doing btree
-        * updates, to ensure that on unclean shutdown new journal blacklist
-        * entries are created:
+        * First journal write must be a flush write: after a clean shutdown we
+        * don't read the journal, so the first journal write may end up
+        * overwriting whatever was there previously, and there must always be
+        * at least one non-flush write in the journal or recovery will fail:
         */
-       bch2_journal_meta(&c->journal);
-
-       clear_bit(BCH_FS_ALLOC_CLEAN, &c->flags);
+       set_bit(JOURNAL_NEED_FLUSH_WRITE, &c->journal.flags);
 
-       for_each_rw_member(ca, c, i)
+       for_each_rw_member(c, ca)
                bch2_dev_allocator_add(c, ca);
        bch2_recalc_capacity(c);
 
-       for_each_rw_member(ca, c, i) {
-               ret = bch2_dev_allocator_start(ca);
-               if (ret) {
-                       bch_err(c, "error starting allocator threads");
-                       percpu_ref_put(&ca->io_ref);
-                       goto err;
-               }
+       set_bit(BCH_FS_rw, &c->flags);
+       set_bit(BCH_FS_was_rw, &c->flags);
+
+#ifndef BCH_WRITE_REF_DEBUG
+       percpu_ref_reinit(&c->writes);
+#else
+       for (unsigned i = 0; i < BCH_WRITE_REF_NR; i++) {
+               BUG_ON(atomic_long_read(&c->writes[i]));
+               atomic_long_inc(&c->writes[i]);
        }
+#endif
 
-       set_bit(BCH_FS_ALLOCATOR_RUNNING, &c->flags);
+       ret = bch2_gc_thread_start(c);
+       if (ret) {
+               bch_err(c, "error starting gc thread");
+               return ret;
+       }
 
-       for_each_rw_member(ca, c, i)
-               bch2_wake_allocator(ca);
+       ret = bch2_journal_reclaim_start(&c->journal);
+       if (ret)
+               goto err;
 
        if (!early) {
                ret = bch2_fs_read_write_late(c);
@@ -437,17 +482,27 @@ static int __bch2_fs_read_write(struct bch_fs *c, bool early)
                        goto err;
        }
 
-       percpu_ref_reinit(&c->writes);
-       set_bit(BCH_FS_RW, &c->flags);
-       set_bit(BCH_FS_WAS_RW, &c->flags);
+       bch2_do_discards(c);
+       bch2_do_invalidates(c);
+       bch2_do_stripe_deletes(c);
+       bch2_do_pending_node_rewrites(c);
        return 0;
 err:
-       __bch2_fs_read_only(c);
+       if (test_bit(BCH_FS_rw, &c->flags))
+               bch2_fs_read_only(c);
+       else
+               __bch2_fs_read_only(c);
        return ret;
 }
 
 int bch2_fs_read_write(struct bch_fs *c)
 {
+       if (c->opts.norecovery)
+               return -BCH_ERR_erofs_norecovery;
+
+       if (c->opts.nochanges)
+               return -BCH_ERR_erofs_nochanges;
+
        return __bch2_fs_read_write(c, false);
 }
 
@@ -463,16 +518,24 @@ int bch2_fs_read_write_early(struct bch_fs *c)
 static void __bch2_fs_free(struct bch_fs *c)
 {
        unsigned i;
-       int cpu;
 
        for (i = 0; i < BCH_TIME_STAT_NR; i++)
                bch2_time_stats_exit(&c->times[i]);
 
+       bch2_free_pending_node_rewrites(c);
+       bch2_fs_sb_errors_exit(c);
+       bch2_fs_counters_exit(c);
+       bch2_fs_snapshots_exit(c);
        bch2_fs_quota_exit(c);
+       bch2_fs_fs_io_direct_exit(c);
+       bch2_fs_fs_io_buffered_exit(c);
        bch2_fs_fsio_exit(c);
        bch2_fs_ec_exit(c);
        bch2_fs_encryption_exit(c);
-       bch2_fs_io_exit(c);
+       bch2_fs_nocow_locking_exit(c);
+       bch2_fs_io_write_exit(c);
+       bch2_fs_io_read_exit(c);
+       bch2_fs_buckets_waiting_for_journal_exit(c);
        bch2_fs_btree_interior_update_exit(c);
        bch2_fs_btree_iter_exit(c);
        bch2_fs_btree_key_cache_exit(&c->btree_key_cache);
@@ -482,29 +545,29 @@ static void __bch2_fs_free(struct bch_fs *c)
        bch2_io_clock_exit(&c->io_clock[WRITE]);
        bch2_io_clock_exit(&c->io_clock[READ]);
        bch2_fs_compress_exit(c);
-       bch2_journal_keys_free(&c->journal_keys);
-       bch2_journal_entries_free(&c->journal_entries);
+       bch2_journal_keys_put_initial(c);
+       BUG_ON(atomic_read(&c->journal_keys.ref));
+       bch2_fs_btree_write_buffer_exit(c);
        percpu_free_rwsem(&c->mark_lock);
-
-       if (c->btree_iters_bufs)
-               for_each_possible_cpu(cpu)
-                       kfree(per_cpu_ptr(c->btree_iters_bufs, cpu)->iter);
-
        free_percpu(c->online_reserved);
-       free_percpu(c->btree_iters_bufs);
+
+       darray_exit(&c->btree_roots_extra);
        free_percpu(c->pcpu);
        mempool_exit(&c->large_bkey_pool);
        mempool_exit(&c->btree_bounce_pool);
        bioset_exit(&c->btree_bio);
        mempool_exit(&c->fill_iter);
+#ifndef BCH_WRITE_REF_DEBUG
        percpu_ref_exit(&c->writes);
+#endif
        kfree(rcu_dereference_protected(c->disk_groups, 1));
        kfree(c->journal_seq_blacklist_table);
        kfree(c->unused_inode_hints);
-       free_heap(&c->copygc_heap);
 
-       if (c->io_complete_wq )
-               destroy_workqueue(c->io_complete_wq );
+       if (c->write_ref_wq)
+               destroy_workqueue(c->write_ref_wq);
+       if (c->io_complete_wq)
+               destroy_workqueue(c->io_complete_wq);
        if (c->copygc_wq)
                destroy_workqueue(c->copygc_wq);
        if (c->btree_io_complete_wq)
@@ -526,12 +589,9 @@ static void bch2_fs_release(struct kobject *kobj)
 
 void __bch2_fs_stop(struct bch_fs *c)
 {
-       struct bch_dev *ca;
-       unsigned i;
-
        bch_verbose(c, "shutting down");
 
-       set_bit(BCH_FS_STOPPING, &c->flags);
+       set_bit(BCH_FS_stopping, &c->flags);
 
        cancel_work_sync(&c->journal_seq_blacklist_gc_work);
 
@@ -539,7 +599,7 @@ void __bch2_fs_stop(struct bch_fs *c)
        bch2_fs_read_only(c);
        up_write(&c->state_lock);
 
-       for_each_member_device(ca, c, i)
+       for_each_member_device(c, ca)
                if (ca->kobj.state_in_sysfs &&
                    ca->disk_sb.bdev)
                        sysfs_remove_link(bdev_kobj(ca->disk_sb.bdev), "bcachefs");
@@ -550,6 +610,10 @@ void __bch2_fs_stop(struct bch_fs *c)
        bch2_fs_debug_exit(c);
        bch2_fs_chardev_exit(c);
 
+       bch2_ro_ref_put(c);
+       wait_event(c->ro_ref_wait, !refcount_read(&c->ro_ref));
+
+       kobject_put(&c->counters_kobj);
        kobject_put(&c->time_stats);
        kobject_put(&c->opts_dir);
        kobject_put(&c->internal);
@@ -557,14 +621,10 @@ void __bch2_fs_stop(struct bch_fs *c)
        /* btree prefetch might have kicked off reads in the background: */
        bch2_btree_flush_all_reads(c);
 
-       for_each_member_device(ca, c, i)
+       for_each_member_device(c, ca)
                cancel_work_sync(&ca->io_error_work);
 
        cancel_work_sync(&c->read_only_work);
-
-       for (i = 0; i < c->sb.nr_devices; i++)
-               if (c->devs[i])
-                       bch2_free_super(&c->devs[i]->disk_sb);
 }
 
 void bch2_fs_free(struct bch_fs *c)
@@ -578,9 +638,14 @@ void bch2_fs_free(struct bch_fs *c)
        closure_sync(&c->cl);
        closure_debug_destroy(&c->cl);
 
-       for (i = 0; i < c->sb.nr_devices; i++)
-               if (c->devs[i])
-                       bch2_dev_free(rcu_dereference_protected(c->devs[i], 1));
+       for (i = 0; i < c->sb.nr_devices; i++) {
+               struct bch_dev *ca = rcu_dereference_protected(c->devs[i], true);
+
+               if (ca) {
+                       bch2_free_super(&ca->disk_sb);
+                       bch2_dev_free(ca);
+               }
+       }
 
        bch_verbose(c, "shutdown complete");
 
@@ -593,62 +658,70 @@ void bch2_fs_stop(struct bch_fs *c)
        bch2_fs_free(c);
 }
 
-static const char *bch2_fs_online(struct bch_fs *c)
+static int bch2_fs_online(struct bch_fs *c)
 {
-       struct bch_dev *ca;
-       const char *err = NULL;
-       unsigned i;
-       int ret;
+       int ret = 0;
 
        lockdep_assert_held(&bch_fs_list_lock);
 
-       if (!list_empty(&c->list))
-               return NULL;
-
-       if (__bch2_uuid_to_fs(c->sb.uuid))
-               return "filesystem UUID already open";
+       if (__bch2_uuid_to_fs(c->sb.uuid)) {
+               bch_err(c, "filesystem UUID already open");
+               return -EINVAL;
+       }
 
        ret = bch2_fs_chardev_init(c);
-       if (ret)
-               return "error creating character device";
+       if (ret) {
+               bch_err(c, "error creating character device");
+               return ret;
+       }
 
        bch2_fs_debug_init(c);
 
-       if (kobject_add(&c->kobj, NULL, "%pU", c->sb.user_uuid.b) ||
-           kobject_add(&c->internal, &c->kobj, "internal") ||
-           kobject_add(&c->opts_dir, &c->kobj, "options") ||
-           kobject_add(&c->time_stats, &c->kobj, "time_stats") ||
-           bch2_opts_create_sysfs_files(&c->opts_dir))
-               return "error creating sysfs objects";
+       ret = kobject_add(&c->kobj, NULL, "%pU", c->sb.user_uuid.b) ?:
+           kobject_add(&c->internal, &c->kobj, "internal") ?:
+           kobject_add(&c->opts_dir, &c->kobj, "options") ?:
+#ifndef CONFIG_BCACHEFS_NO_LATENCY_ACCT
+           kobject_add(&c->time_stats, &c->kobj, "time_stats") ?:
+#endif
+           kobject_add(&c->counters_kobj, &c->kobj, "counters") ?:
+           bch2_opts_create_sysfs_files(&c->opts_dir);
+       if (ret) {
+               bch_err(c, "error creating sysfs objects");
+               return ret;
+       }
 
        down_write(&c->state_lock);
 
-       err = "error creating sysfs objects";
-       for_each_member_device(ca, c, i)
-               if (bch2_dev_sysfs_online(c, ca)) {
+       for_each_member_device(c, ca) {
+               ret = bch2_dev_sysfs_online(c, ca);
+               if (ret) {
+                       bch_err(c, "error creating sysfs objects");
                        percpu_ref_put(&ca->ref);
                        goto err;
                }
+       }
 
+       BUG_ON(!list_empty(&c->list));
        list_add(&c->list, &bch_fs_list);
-       err = NULL;
 err:
        up_write(&c->state_lock);
-       return err;
+       return ret;
 }
 
 static struct bch_fs *bch2_fs_alloc(struct bch_sb *sb, struct bch_opts opts)
 {
-       struct bch_sb_field_members *mi;
        struct bch_fs *c;
+       struct printbuf name = PRINTBUF;
        unsigned i, iter_size;
-       const char *err;
-
-       pr_verbose_init(opts, "");
+       int ret = 0;
 
        c = kvpmalloc(sizeof(struct bch_fs), GFP_KERNEL|__GFP_ZERO);
-       if (!c)
+       if (!c) {
+               c = ERR_PTR(-BCH_ERR_ENOMEM_fs_alloc);
                goto out;
+       }
+
+       c->stdio = (void *)(unsigned long) opts.stdio;
 
        __module_get(THIS_MODULE);
 
@@ -659,6 +732,7 @@ static struct bch_fs *bch2_fs_alloc(struct bch_sb *sb, struct bch_opts opts)
        kobject_init(&c->internal, &bch2_fs_internal_ktype);
        kobject_init(&c->opts_dir, &bch2_fs_opts_dir_ktype);
        kobject_init(&c->time_stats, &bch2_fs_time_stats_ktype);
+       kobject_init(&c->counters_kobj, &bch2_fs_counters_ktype);
 
        c->minor                = -1;
        c->disk_sb.fs_sb        = true;
@@ -669,85 +743,117 @@ static struct bch_fs *bch2_fs_alloc(struct bch_sb *sb, struct bch_opts opts)
        mutex_init(&c->btree_root_lock);
        INIT_WORK(&c->read_only_work, bch2_fs_read_only_work);
 
+       refcount_set(&c->ro_ref, 1);
+       init_waitqueue_head(&c->ro_ref_wait);
+       sema_init(&c->online_fsck_mutex, 1);
+
        init_rwsem(&c->gc_lock);
+       mutex_init(&c->gc_gens_lock);
+       atomic_set(&c->journal_keys.ref, 1);
+       c->journal_keys.initial_ref_held = true;
 
        for (i = 0; i < BCH_TIME_STAT_NR; i++)
                bch2_time_stats_init(&c->times[i]);
 
        bch2_fs_copygc_init(c);
        bch2_fs_btree_key_cache_init_early(&c->btree_key_cache);
+       bch2_fs_btree_iter_init_early(c);
+       bch2_fs_btree_interior_update_init_early(c);
        bch2_fs_allocator_background_init(c);
        bch2_fs_allocator_foreground_init(c);
        bch2_fs_rebalance_init(c);
        bch2_fs_quota_init(c);
+       bch2_fs_ec_init_early(c);
+       bch2_fs_move_init(c);
+       bch2_fs_sb_errors_init_early(c);
 
        INIT_LIST_HEAD(&c->list);
 
        mutex_init(&c->usage_scratch_lock);
 
        mutex_init(&c->bio_bounce_pages_lock);
+       mutex_init(&c->snapshot_table_lock);
+       init_rwsem(&c->snapshot_create_lock);
 
        spin_lock_init(&c->btree_write_error_lock);
 
        INIT_WORK(&c->journal_seq_blacklist_gc_work,
                  bch2_blacklist_entries_gc);
 
-       INIT_LIST_HEAD(&c->journal_entries);
        INIT_LIST_HEAD(&c->journal_iters);
 
-       INIT_LIST_HEAD(&c->fsck_errors);
-       mutex_init(&c->fsck_error_lock);
-
-       INIT_LIST_HEAD(&c->ec_stripe_head_list);
-       mutex_init(&c->ec_stripe_head_lock);
-
-       INIT_LIST_HEAD(&c->ec_stripe_new_list);
-       mutex_init(&c->ec_stripe_new_lock);
-
-       spin_lock_init(&c->ec_stripes_heap_lock);
+       INIT_LIST_HEAD(&c->fsck_error_msgs);
+       mutex_init(&c->fsck_error_msgs_lock);
 
        seqcount_init(&c->gc_pos_lock);
 
        seqcount_init(&c->usage_lock);
 
-       sema_init(&c->io_in_flight, 64);
+       sema_init(&c->io_in_flight, 128);
+
+       INIT_LIST_HEAD(&c->vfs_inodes_list);
+       mutex_init(&c->vfs_inodes_lock);
 
        c->copy_gc_enabled              = 1;
        c->rebalance.enabled            = 1;
        c->promote_whole_extents        = true;
 
-       c->journal.write_time   = &c->times[BCH_TIME_journal_write];
-       c->journal.delay_time   = &c->times[BCH_TIME_journal_delay];
-       c->journal.blocked_time = &c->times[BCH_TIME_blocked_journal];
-       c->journal.flush_seq_time = &c->times[BCH_TIME_journal_flush_seq];
+       c->journal.flush_write_time     = &c->times[BCH_TIME_journal_flush_write];
+       c->journal.noflush_write_time   = &c->times[BCH_TIME_journal_noflush_write];
+       c->journal.flush_seq_time       = &c->times[BCH_TIME_journal_flush_seq];
 
        bch2_fs_btree_cache_init_early(&c->btree_cache);
 
        mutex_init(&c->sectors_available_lock);
 
-       if (percpu_init_rwsem(&c->mark_lock))
+       ret = percpu_init_rwsem(&c->mark_lock);
+       if (ret)
                goto err;
 
        mutex_lock(&c->sb_lock);
+       ret = bch2_sb_to_fs(c, sb);
+       mutex_unlock(&c->sb_lock);
 
-       if (bch2_sb_to_fs(c, sb)) {
-               mutex_unlock(&c->sb_lock);
+       if (ret)
                goto err;
-       }
 
-       mutex_unlock(&c->sb_lock);
+       pr_uuid(&name, c->sb.user_uuid.b);
+       strscpy(c->name, name.buf, sizeof(c->name));
+       printbuf_exit(&name);
 
-       scnprintf(c->name, sizeof(c->name), "%pU", &c->sb.user_uuid);
+       ret = name.allocation_failure ? -BCH_ERR_ENOMEM_fs_name_alloc : 0;
+       if (ret)
+               goto err;
+
+       /* Compat: */
+       if (le16_to_cpu(sb->version) <= bcachefs_metadata_version_inode_v2 &&
+           !BCH_SB_JOURNAL_FLUSH_DELAY(sb))
+               SET_BCH_SB_JOURNAL_FLUSH_DELAY(sb, 1000);
+
+       if (le16_to_cpu(sb->version) <= bcachefs_metadata_version_inode_v2 &&
+           !BCH_SB_JOURNAL_RECLAIM_DELAY(sb))
+               SET_BCH_SB_JOURNAL_RECLAIM_DELAY(sb, 100);
 
        c->opts = bch2_opts_default;
-       bch2_opts_apply(&c->opts, bch2_opts_from_sb(sb));
+       ret = bch2_opts_from_sb(&c->opts, sb);
+       if (ret)
+               goto err;
+
        bch2_opts_apply(&c->opts, opts);
 
-       c->block_bits           = ilog2(c->opts.block_size);
+       c->btree_key_cache_btrees |= 1U << BTREE_ID_alloc;
+       if (c->opts.inodes_use_key_cache)
+               c->btree_key_cache_btrees |= 1U << BTREE_ID_inodes;
+       c->btree_key_cache_btrees |= 1U << BTREE_ID_logged_ops;
+
+       c->block_bits           = ilog2(block_sectors(c));
        c->btree_foreground_merge_threshold = BTREE_FOREGROUND_MERGE_THRESHOLD(c);
 
-       if (bch2_fs_init_fault("fs_alloc"))
+       if (bch2_fs_init_fault("fs_alloc")) {
+               bch_err(c, "fs_alloc fault injected");
+               ret = -EFAULT;
                goto err;
+       }
 
        iter_size = sizeof(struct sort_iter) +
                (btree_blocks(c) + 1) * 2 *
@@ -756,48 +862,66 @@ static struct bch_fs *bch2_fs_alloc(struct bch_sb *sb, struct bch_opts opts)
        c->inode_shard_bits = ilog2(roundup_pow_of_two(num_possible_cpus()));
 
        if (!(c->btree_update_wq = alloc_workqueue("bcachefs",
-                               WQ_FREEZABLE|WQ_MEM_RECLAIM|WQ_CPU_INTENSIVE, 1)) ||
+                               WQ_FREEZABLE|WQ_UNBOUND|WQ_MEM_RECLAIM, 512)) ||
            !(c->btree_io_complete_wq = alloc_workqueue("bcachefs_btree_io",
-                               WQ_FREEZABLE|WQ_MEM_RECLAIM|WQ_CPU_INTENSIVE, 1)) ||
+                               WQ_FREEZABLE|WQ_MEM_RECLAIM, 1)) ||
            !(c->copygc_wq = alloc_workqueue("bcachefs_copygc",
                                WQ_FREEZABLE|WQ_MEM_RECLAIM|WQ_CPU_INTENSIVE, 1)) ||
            !(c->io_complete_wq = alloc_workqueue("bcachefs_io",
-                               WQ_FREEZABLE|WQ_HIGHPRI|WQ_MEM_RECLAIM, 1)) ||
+                               WQ_FREEZABLE|WQ_HIGHPRI|WQ_MEM_RECLAIM, 512)) ||
+           !(c->write_ref_wq = alloc_workqueue("bcachefs_write_ref",
+                               WQ_FREEZABLE, 0)) ||
+#ifndef BCH_WRITE_REF_DEBUG
            percpu_ref_init(&c->writes, bch2_writes_disabled,
                            PERCPU_REF_INIT_DEAD, GFP_KERNEL) ||
+#endif
            mempool_init_kmalloc_pool(&c->fill_iter, 1, iter_size) ||
            bioset_init(&c->btree_bio, 1,
                        max(offsetof(struct btree_read_bio, bio),
                            offsetof(struct btree_write_bio, wbio.bio)),
                        BIOSET_NEED_BVECS) ||
            !(c->pcpu = alloc_percpu(struct bch_fs_pcpu)) ||
-           !(c->btree_iters_bufs = alloc_percpu(struct btree_iter_buf)) ||
            !(c->online_reserved = alloc_percpu(u64)) ||
            mempool_init_kvpmalloc_pool(&c->btree_bounce_pool, 1,
                                        btree_bytes(c)) ||
            mempool_init_kmalloc_pool(&c->large_bkey_pool, 1, 2048) ||
            !(c->unused_inode_hints = kcalloc(1U << c->inode_shard_bits,
-                                             sizeof(u64), GFP_KERNEL)) ||
-           bch2_io_clock_init(&c->io_clock[READ]) ||
-           bch2_io_clock_init(&c->io_clock[WRITE]) ||
-           bch2_fs_journal_init(&c->journal) ||
-           bch2_fs_replicas_init(c) ||
-           bch2_fs_btree_cache_init(c) ||
-           bch2_fs_btree_key_cache_init(&c->btree_key_cache) ||
-           bch2_fs_btree_iter_init(c) ||
-           bch2_fs_btree_interior_update_init(c) ||
-           bch2_fs_io_init(c) ||
-           bch2_fs_encryption_init(c) ||
-           bch2_fs_compress_init(c) ||
-           bch2_fs_ec_init(c) ||
-           bch2_fs_fsio_init(c))
+                                             sizeof(u64), GFP_KERNEL))) {
+               ret = -BCH_ERR_ENOMEM_fs_other_alloc;
+               goto err;
+       }
+
+       ret = bch2_fs_counters_init(c) ?:
+           bch2_fs_sb_errors_init(c) ?:
+           bch2_io_clock_init(&c->io_clock[READ]) ?:
+           bch2_io_clock_init(&c->io_clock[WRITE]) ?:
+           bch2_fs_journal_init(&c->journal) ?:
+           bch2_fs_replicas_init(c) ?:
+           bch2_fs_btree_cache_init(c) ?:
+           bch2_fs_btree_key_cache_init(&c->btree_key_cache) ?:
+           bch2_fs_btree_iter_init(c) ?:
+           bch2_fs_btree_interior_update_init(c) ?:
+           bch2_fs_buckets_waiting_for_journal_init(c) ?:
+           bch2_fs_btree_write_buffer_init(c) ?:
+           bch2_fs_subvolumes_init(c) ?:
+           bch2_fs_io_read_init(c) ?:
+           bch2_fs_io_write_init(c) ?:
+           bch2_fs_nocow_locking_init(c) ?:
+           bch2_fs_encryption_init(c) ?:
+           bch2_fs_compress_init(c) ?:
+           bch2_fs_ec_init(c) ?:
+           bch2_fs_fsio_init(c) ?:
+           bch2_fs_fs_io_buffered_init(c) ?:
+           bch2_fs_fs_io_direct_init(c);
+       if (ret)
                goto err;
 
-       mi = bch2_sb_get_members(c->disk_sb.sb);
        for (i = 0; i < c->sb.nr_devices; i++)
-               if (bch2_dev_exists(c->disk_sb.sb, mi, i) &&
-                   bch2_dev_alloc(c, i))
+               if (bch2_dev_exists(c->disk_sb.sb, i) &&
+                   bch2_dev_alloc(c, i)) {
+                       ret = -EEXIST;
                        goto err;
+               }
 
        bch2_journal_entry_res_resize(&c->journal,
                        &c->btree_root_journal_res,
@@ -808,18 +932,16 @@ static struct bch_fs *bch2_fs_alloc(struct bch_sb *sb, struct bch_opts opts)
                        (sizeof(struct jset_entry_clock) / sizeof(u64)) * 2);
 
        mutex_lock(&bch_fs_list_lock);
-       err = bch2_fs_online(c);
+       ret = bch2_fs_online(c);
        mutex_unlock(&bch_fs_list_lock);
-       if (err) {
-               bch_err(c, "bch2_fs_online() error: %s", err);
+
+       if (ret)
                goto err;
-       }
 out:
-       pr_verbose_init(opts, "ret %i", c ? 0 : -ENOMEM);
        return c;
 err:
        bch2_fs_free(c);
-       c = NULL;
+       c = ERR_PTR(ret);
        goto out;
 }
 
@@ -827,61 +949,62 @@ noinline_for_stack
 static void print_mount_opts(struct bch_fs *c)
 {
        enum bch_opt_id i;
-       char buf[512];
-       struct printbuf p = PBUF(buf);
+       struct printbuf p = PRINTBUF;
        bool first = true;
 
-       strcpy(buf, "(null)");
+       prt_str(&p, "mounting version ");
+       bch2_version_to_text(&p, c->sb.version);
 
        if (c->opts.read_only) {
-               pr_buf(&p, "ro");
+               prt_str(&p, " opts=");
                first = false;
+               prt_printf(&p, "ro");
        }
 
        for (i = 0; i < bch2_opts_nr; i++) {
                const struct bch_option *opt = &bch2_opt_table[i];
                u64 v = bch2_opt_get_by_id(&c->opts, i);
 
-               if (!(opt->mode & OPT_MOUNT))
+               if (!(opt->flags & OPT_MOUNT))
                        continue;
 
                if (v == bch2_opt_get_by_id(&bch2_opts_default, i))
                        continue;
 
-               if (!first)
-                       pr_buf(&p, ",");
+               prt_str(&p, first ? " opts=" : ",");
                first = false;
-               bch2_opt_to_text(&p, c, opt, v, OPT_SHOW_MOUNT_STYLE);
+               bch2_opt_to_text(&p, c, c->disk_sb.sb, opt, v, OPT_SHOW_MOUNT_STYLE);
        }
 
-       bch_info(c, "mounted with opts: %s", buf);
+       bch_info(c, "%s", p.buf);
+       printbuf_exit(&p);
 }
 
 int bch2_fs_start(struct bch_fs *c)
 {
-       const char *err = "cannot allocate memory";
-       struct bch_sb_field_members *mi;
-       struct bch_dev *ca;
        time64_t now = ktime_get_real_seconds();
-       unsigned i;
-       int ret = -EINVAL;
+       int ret;
+
+       print_mount_opts(c);
 
        down_write(&c->state_lock);
 
-       BUG_ON(test_bit(BCH_FS_STARTED, &c->flags));
+       BUG_ON(test_bit(BCH_FS_started, &c->flags));
 
        mutex_lock(&c->sb_lock);
 
-       for_each_online_member(ca, c, i)
-               bch2_sb_from_fs(c, ca);
+       ret = bch2_sb_members_v2_init(c);
+       if (ret) {
+               mutex_unlock(&c->sb_lock);
+               goto err;
+       }
 
-       mi = bch2_sb_get_members(c->disk_sb.sb);
-       for_each_online_member(ca, c, i)
-               mi->members[ca->dev_idx].last_mount = cpu_to_le64(now);
+       for_each_online_member(c, ca)
+               bch2_members_v2_get_mut(c->disk_sb.sb, ca->dev_idx)->last_mount = cpu_to_le64(now);
 
        mutex_unlock(&c->sb_lock);
 
-       for_each_rw_member(ca, c, i)
+       for_each_rw_member(c, ca)
                bch2_dev_allocator_add(c, ca);
        bch2_recalc_capacity(c);
 
@@ -895,109 +1018,126 @@ int bch2_fs_start(struct bch_fs *c)
        if (ret)
                goto err;
 
-       err = "dynamic fault";
-       ret = -EINVAL;
-       if (bch2_fs_init_fault("fs_start"))
+       if (bch2_fs_init_fault("fs_start")) {
+               bch_err(c, "fs_start fault injected");
+               ret = -EINVAL;
                goto err;
-
-       set_bit(BCH_FS_STARTED, &c->flags);
-
-       /*
-        * Allocator threads don't start filling copygc reserve until after we
-        * set BCH_FS_STARTED - wake them now:
-        *
-        * XXX ugly hack:
-        * Need to set ca->allocator_state here instead of relying on the
-        * allocator threads to do it to avoid racing with the copygc threads
-        * checking it and thinking they have no alloc reserve:
-        */
-       for_each_online_member(ca, c, i) {
-               ca->allocator_state = ALLOCATOR_running;
-               bch2_wake_allocator(ca);
        }
 
-       if (c->opts.read_only || c->opts.nochanges) {
+       set_bit(BCH_FS_started, &c->flags);
+
+       if (c->opts.read_only) {
                bch2_fs_read_only(c);
        } else {
-               err = "error going read write";
-               ret = !test_bit(BCH_FS_RW, &c->flags)
+               ret = !test_bit(BCH_FS_rw, &c->flags)
                        ? bch2_fs_read_write(c)
                        : bch2_fs_read_write_late(c);
                if (ret)
                        goto err;
        }
 
-       print_mount_opts(c);
        ret = 0;
-out:
+err:
+       if (ret)
+               bch_err_msg(c, ret, "starting filesystem");
+       else
+               bch_verbose(c, "done starting filesystem");
        up_write(&c->state_lock);
        return ret;
-err:
-       switch (ret) {
-       case BCH_FSCK_ERRORS_NOT_FIXED:
-               bch_err(c, "filesystem contains errors: please report this to the developers");
-               pr_cont("mount with -o fix_errors to repair\n");
-               err = "fsck error";
-               break;
-       case BCH_FSCK_REPAIR_UNIMPLEMENTED:
-               bch_err(c, "filesystem contains errors: please report this to the developers");
-               pr_cont("repair unimplemented: inform the developers so that it can be added\n");
-               err = "fsck error";
-               break;
-       case BCH_FSCK_REPAIR_IMPOSSIBLE:
-               bch_err(c, "filesystem contains errors, but repair impossible");
-               err = "fsck error";
-               break;
-       case BCH_FSCK_UNKNOWN_VERSION:
-               err = "unknown metadata version";;
-               break;
-       case -ENOMEM:
-               err = "cannot allocate memory";
-               break;
-       case -EIO:
-               err = "IO error";
-               break;
-       }
-
-       if (ret >= 0)
-               ret = -EIO;
-       goto out;
 }
 
-static const char *bch2_dev_may_add(struct bch_sb *sb, struct bch_fs *c)
+static int bch2_dev_may_add(struct bch_sb *sb, struct bch_fs *c)
 {
-       struct bch_sb_field_members *sb_mi;
-
-       sb_mi = bch2_sb_get_members(sb);
-       if (!sb_mi)
-               return "Invalid superblock: member info area missing";
+       struct bch_member m = bch2_sb_member_get(sb, sb->dev_idx);
 
-       if (le16_to_cpu(sb->block_size) != c->opts.block_size)
-               return "mismatched block size";
+       if (le16_to_cpu(sb->block_size) != block_sectors(c))
+               return -BCH_ERR_mismatched_block_size;
 
-       if (le16_to_cpu(sb_mi->members[sb->dev_idx].bucket_size) <
+       if (le16_to_cpu(m.bucket_size) <
            BCH_SB_BTREE_NODE_SIZE(c->disk_sb.sb))
-               return "new cache bucket size is too small";
+               return -BCH_ERR_bucket_size_too_small;
 
-       return NULL;
+       return 0;
 }
 
-static const char *bch2_dev_in_fs(struct bch_sb *fs, struct bch_sb *sb)
+static int bch2_dev_in_fs(struct bch_sb_handle *fs,
+                         struct bch_sb_handle *sb)
 {
-       struct bch_sb *newest =
-               le64_to_cpu(fs->seq) > le64_to_cpu(sb->seq) ? fs : sb;
-       struct bch_sb_field_members *mi = bch2_sb_get_members(newest);
+       if (fs == sb)
+               return 0;
 
-       if (uuid_le_cmp(fs->uuid, sb->uuid))
-               return "device not a member of filesystem";
+       if (!uuid_equal(&fs->sb->uuid, &sb->sb->uuid))
+               return -BCH_ERR_device_not_a_member_of_filesystem;
 
-       if (!bch2_dev_exists(newest, mi, sb->dev_idx))
-               return "device has been removed";
+       if (!bch2_dev_exists(fs->sb, sb->sb->dev_idx))
+               return -BCH_ERR_device_has_been_removed;
 
-       if (fs->block_size != sb->block_size)
-               return "mismatched block size";
+       if (fs->sb->block_size != sb->sb->block_size)
+               return -BCH_ERR_mismatched_block_size;
 
-       return NULL;
+       if (le16_to_cpu(fs->sb->version) < bcachefs_metadata_version_member_seq ||
+           le16_to_cpu(sb->sb->version) < bcachefs_metadata_version_member_seq)
+               return 0;
+
+       if (fs->sb->seq == sb->sb->seq &&
+           fs->sb->write_time != sb->sb->write_time) {
+               struct printbuf buf = PRINTBUF;
+
+               prt_str(&buf, "Split brain detected between ");
+               prt_bdevname(&buf, sb->bdev);
+               prt_str(&buf, " and ");
+               prt_bdevname(&buf, fs->bdev);
+               prt_char(&buf, ':');
+               prt_newline(&buf);
+               prt_printf(&buf, "seq=%llu but write_time different, got", le64_to_cpu(sb->sb->seq));
+               prt_newline(&buf);
+
+               prt_bdevname(&buf, fs->bdev);
+               prt_char(&buf, ' ');
+               bch2_prt_datetime(&buf, le64_to_cpu(fs->sb->write_time));;
+               prt_newline(&buf);
+
+               prt_bdevname(&buf, sb->bdev);
+               prt_char(&buf, ' ');
+               bch2_prt_datetime(&buf, le64_to_cpu(sb->sb->write_time));;
+               prt_newline(&buf);
+
+               prt_printf(&buf, "Not using older sb");
+
+               pr_err("%s", buf.buf);
+               printbuf_exit(&buf);
+               return -BCH_ERR_device_splitbrain;
+       }
+
+       struct bch_member m = bch2_sb_member_get(fs->sb, sb->sb->dev_idx);
+       u64 seq_from_fs         = le64_to_cpu(m.seq);
+       u64 seq_from_member     = le64_to_cpu(sb->sb->seq);
+
+       if (seq_from_fs && seq_from_fs < seq_from_member) {
+               struct printbuf buf = PRINTBUF;
+
+               prt_str(&buf, "Split brain detected between ");
+               prt_bdevname(&buf, sb->bdev);
+               prt_str(&buf, " and ");
+               prt_bdevname(&buf, fs->bdev);
+               prt_char(&buf, ':');
+               prt_newline(&buf);
+
+               prt_bdevname(&buf, fs->bdev);
+               prt_str(&buf, "believes seq of ");
+               prt_bdevname(&buf, sb->bdev);
+               prt_printf(&buf, " to be %llu, but ", seq_from_fs);
+               prt_bdevname(&buf, sb->bdev);
+               prt_printf(&buf, " has %llu\n", seq_from_member);
+               prt_str(&buf, "Not using ");
+               prt_bdevname(&buf, sb->bdev);
+
+               pr_err("%s", buf.buf);
+               printbuf_exit(&buf);
+               return -BCH_ERR_device_splitbrain;
+       }
+
+       return 0;
 }
 
 /* Device startup/shutdown: */
@@ -1011,8 +1151,6 @@ static void bch2_dev_release(struct kobject *kobj)
 
 static void bch2_dev_free(struct bch_dev *ca)
 {
-       bch2_dev_allocator_stop(ca);
-
        cancel_work_sync(&ca->io_error_work);
 
        if (ca->kobj.state_in_sysfs &&
@@ -1108,6 +1246,7 @@ static struct bch_dev *__bch2_dev_alloc(struct bch_fs *c,
                                        struct bch_member *member)
 {
        struct bch_dev *ca;
+       unsigned i;
 
        ca = kzalloc(sizeof(*ca), GFP_KERNEL);
        if (!ca)
@@ -1125,10 +1264,14 @@ static struct bch_dev *__bch2_dev_alloc(struct bch_fs *c,
        bch2_time_stats_init(&ca->io_latency[WRITE]);
 
        ca->mi = bch2_mi_to_cpu(member);
+
+       for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(member->errors); i++)
+               atomic64_set(&ca->errors[i], le64_to_cpu(member->errors[i]));
+
        ca->uuid = member->uuid;
 
-       if (opt_defined(c->opts, discard))
-               ca->mi.discard = opt_get(c->opts, discard);
+       ca->nr_btree_reserve = DIV_ROUND_UP(BTREE_NODE_RESERVE,
+                            ca->mi.bucket_size / btree_sectors(c));
 
        if (percpu_ref_init(&ca->ref, bch2_dev_ref_complete,
                            0, GFP_KERNEL) ||
@@ -1163,37 +1306,25 @@ static void bch2_dev_attach(struct bch_fs *c, struct bch_dev *ca,
 
 static int bch2_dev_alloc(struct bch_fs *c, unsigned dev_idx)
 {
-       struct bch_member *member =
-               bch2_sb_get_members(c->disk_sb.sb)->members + dev_idx;
+       struct bch_member member = bch2_sb_member_get(c->disk_sb.sb, dev_idx);
        struct bch_dev *ca = NULL;
        int ret = 0;
 
-       pr_verbose_init(c->opts, "");
-
        if (bch2_fs_init_fault("dev_alloc"))
                goto err;
 
-       ca = __bch2_dev_alloc(c, member);
+       ca = __bch2_dev_alloc(c, &member);
        if (!ca)
                goto err;
 
        ca->fs = c;
 
-       if (ca->mi.state == BCH_MEMBER_STATE_rw &&
-           bch2_dev_allocator_start(ca)) {
-               bch2_dev_free(ca);
-               goto err;
-       }
-
        bch2_dev_attach(c, ca, dev_idx);
-out:
-       pr_verbose_init(c->opts, "ret %i", ret);
        return ret;
 err:
        if (ca)
                bch2_dev_free(ca);
-       ret = -ENOMEM;
-       goto out;
+       return -BCH_ERR_ENOMEM_dev_alloc;
 }
 
 static int __bch2_dev_attach_bdev(struct bch_dev *ca, struct bch_sb_handle *sb)
@@ -1203,33 +1334,27 @@ static int __bch2_dev_attach_bdev(struct bch_dev *ca, struct bch_sb_handle *sb)
        if (bch2_dev_is_online(ca)) {
                bch_err(ca, "already have device online in slot %u",
                        sb->sb->dev_idx);
-               return -EINVAL;
+               return -BCH_ERR_device_already_online;
        }
 
        if (get_capacity(sb->bdev->bd_disk) <
            ca->mi.bucket_size * ca->mi.nbuckets) {
                bch_err(ca, "cannot online: device too small");
-               return -EINVAL;
+               return -BCH_ERR_device_size_too_small;
        }
 
        BUG_ON(!percpu_ref_is_zero(&ca->io_ref));
 
-       if (get_capacity(sb->bdev->bd_disk) <
-           ca->mi.bucket_size * ca->mi.nbuckets) {
-               bch_err(ca, "device too small");
-               return -EINVAL;
-       }
-
        ret = bch2_dev_journal_init(ca, sb->sb);
        if (ret)
                return ret;
 
        /* Commit: */
        ca->disk_sb = *sb;
-       if (sb->mode & FMODE_EXCL)
-               ca->disk_sb.bdev->bd_holder = ca;
        memset(sb, 0, sizeof(*sb));
 
+       ca->dev = ca->disk_sb.bdev->bd_dev;
+
        percpu_ref_reinit(&ca->io_ref);
 
        return 0;
@@ -1257,9 +1382,14 @@ static int bch2_dev_attach_bdev(struct bch_fs *c, struct bch_sb_handle *sb)
 
        bch2_dev_sysfs_online(c, ca);
 
+       struct printbuf name = PRINTBUF;
+       prt_bdevname(&name, ca->disk_sb.bdev);
+
        if (c->sb.nr_devices == 1)
-               bdevname(ca->disk_sb.bdev, c->name);
-       bdevname(ca->disk_sb.bdev, ca->name);
+               strlcpy(c->name, name.buf, sizeof(c->name));
+       strlcpy(ca->name, name.buf, sizeof(ca->name));
+
+       printbuf_exit(&name);
 
        rebalance_wakeup(c);
        return 0;
@@ -1280,8 +1410,7 @@ bool bch2_dev_state_allowed(struct bch_fs *c, struct bch_dev *ca,
                            enum bch_member_state new_state, int flags)
 {
        struct bch_devs_mask new_online_devs;
-       struct bch_dev *ca2;
-       int i, nr_rw = 0, required;
+       int nr_rw = 0, required;
 
        lockdep_assert_held(&c->state_lock);
 
@@ -1293,7 +1422,7 @@ bool bch2_dev_state_allowed(struct bch_fs *c, struct bch_dev *ca,
                        return true;
 
                /* do we have enough devices to write to?  */
-               for_each_member_device(ca2, c, i)
+               for_each_member_device(c, ca2)
                        if (ca2 != ca)
                                nr_rw += ca2->mi.state == BCH_MEMBER_STATE_rw;
 
@@ -1323,7 +1452,6 @@ bool bch2_dev_state_allowed(struct bch_fs *c, struct bch_dev *ca,
 
 static bool bch2_fs_may_start(struct bch_fs *c)
 {
-       struct bch_sb_field_members *mi;
        struct bch_dev *ca;
        unsigned i, flags = 0;
 
@@ -1336,10 +1464,9 @@ static bool bch2_fs_may_start(struct bch_fs *c)
        if (!c->opts.degraded &&
            !c->opts.very_degraded) {
                mutex_lock(&c->sb_lock);
-               mi = bch2_sb_get_members(c->disk_sb.sb);
 
                for (i = 0; i < c->disk_sb.sb->nr_devices; i++) {
-                       if (!bch2_dev_exists(c->disk_sb.sb, mi, i))
+                       if (!bch2_dev_exists(c->disk_sb.sb, i))
                                continue;
 
                        ca = bch_dev_locked(c, i);
@@ -1359,23 +1486,14 @@ static bool bch2_fs_may_start(struct bch_fs *c)
 
 static void __bch2_dev_read_only(struct bch_fs *c, struct bch_dev *ca)
 {
-       /*
-        * Device going read only means the copygc reserve get smaller, so we
-        * don't want that happening while copygc is in progress:
-        */
-       bch2_copygc_stop(c);
-
        /*
         * The allocator thread itself allocates btree nodes, so stop it first:
         */
-       bch2_dev_allocator_stop(ca);
        bch2_dev_allocator_remove(c, ca);
        bch2_dev_journal_stop(&c->journal, ca);
-
-       bch2_copygc_start(c);
 }
 
-static const char *__bch2_dev_read_write(struct bch_fs *c, struct bch_dev *ca)
+static void __bch2_dev_read_write(struct bch_fs *c, struct bch_dev *ca)
 {
        lockdep_assert_held(&c->state_lock);
 
@@ -1383,24 +1501,19 @@ static const char *__bch2_dev_read_write(struct bch_fs *c, struct bch_dev *ca)
 
        bch2_dev_allocator_add(c, ca);
        bch2_recalc_capacity(c);
-
-       if (bch2_dev_allocator_start(ca))
-               return "error starting allocator thread";
-
-       return NULL;
 }
 
 int __bch2_dev_set_state(struct bch_fs *c, struct bch_dev *ca,
                         enum bch_member_state new_state, int flags)
 {
-       struct bch_sb_field_members *mi;
+       struct bch_member *m;
        int ret = 0;
 
        if (ca->mi.state == new_state)
                return 0;
 
        if (!bch2_dev_state_allowed(c, ca, new_state, flags))
-               return -EINVAL;
+               return -BCH_ERR_device_state_not_allowed;
 
        if (new_state != BCH_MEMBER_STATE_rw)
                __bch2_dev_read_only(c, ca);
@@ -1408,14 +1521,13 @@ int __bch2_dev_set_state(struct bch_fs *c, struct bch_dev *ca,
        bch_notice(ca, "%s", bch2_member_states[new_state]);
 
        mutex_lock(&c->sb_lock);
-       mi = bch2_sb_get_members(c->disk_sb.sb);
-       SET_BCH_MEMBER_STATE(&mi->members[ca->dev_idx], new_state);
+       m = bch2_members_v2_get_mut(c->disk_sb.sb, ca->dev_idx);
+       SET_BCH_MEMBER_STATE(m, new_state);
        bch2_write_super(c);
        mutex_unlock(&c->sb_lock);
 
-       if (new_state == BCH_MEMBER_STATE_rw &&
-           __bch2_dev_read_write(c, ca))
-               ret = -ENOMEM;
+       if (new_state == BCH_MEMBER_STATE_rw)
+               __bch2_dev_read_write(c, ca);
 
        rebalance_wakeup(c);
 
@@ -1438,34 +1550,35 @@ int bch2_dev_set_state(struct bch_fs *c, struct bch_dev *ca,
 
 static int bch2_dev_remove_alloc(struct bch_fs *c, struct bch_dev *ca)
 {
-       struct btree_trans trans;
-       size_t i;
+       struct bpos start       = POS(ca->dev_idx, 0);
+       struct bpos end         = POS(ca->dev_idx, U64_MAX);
        int ret;
 
-       bch2_trans_init(&trans, c, 0, 0);
-
-       for (i = 0; i < ca->mi.nbuckets; i++) {
-               ret = bch2_btree_key_cache_flush(&trans,
-                               BTREE_ID_alloc, POS(ca->dev_idx, i));
-               if (ret)
-                       break;
-       }
-       bch2_trans_exit(&trans);
-
-       if (ret)
-               return ret;
-
-       return bch2_btree_delete_range(c, BTREE_ID_alloc,
-                                      POS(ca->dev_idx, 0),
-                                      POS(ca->dev_idx + 1, 0),
-                                      NULL);
+       /*
+        * We clear the LRU and need_discard btrees first so that we don't race
+        * with bch2_do_invalidates() and bch2_do_discards()
+        */
+       ret =   bch2_btree_delete_range(c, BTREE_ID_lru, start, end,
+                                       BTREE_TRIGGER_NORUN, NULL) ?:
+               bch2_btree_delete_range(c, BTREE_ID_need_discard, start, end,
+                                       BTREE_TRIGGER_NORUN, NULL) ?:
+               bch2_btree_delete_range(c, BTREE_ID_freespace, start, end,
+                                       BTREE_TRIGGER_NORUN, NULL) ?:
+               bch2_btree_delete_range(c, BTREE_ID_backpointers, start, end,
+                                       BTREE_TRIGGER_NORUN, NULL) ?:
+               bch2_btree_delete_range(c, BTREE_ID_alloc, start, end,
+                                       BTREE_TRIGGER_NORUN, NULL) ?:
+               bch2_btree_delete_range(c, BTREE_ID_bucket_gens, start, end,
+                                       BTREE_TRIGGER_NORUN, NULL);
+       bch_err_msg(c, ret, "removing dev alloc info");
+       return ret;
 }
 
 int bch2_dev_remove(struct bch_fs *c, struct bch_dev *ca, int flags)
 {
-       struct bch_sb_field_members *mi;
+       struct bch_member *m;
        unsigned dev_idx = ca->dev_idx, data;
-       int ret = -EINVAL;
+       int ret;
 
        down_write(&c->state_lock);
 
@@ -1477,57 +1590,44 @@ int bch2_dev_remove(struct bch_fs *c, struct bch_dev *ca, int flags)
 
        if (!bch2_dev_state_allowed(c, ca, BCH_MEMBER_STATE_failed, flags)) {
                bch_err(ca, "Cannot remove without losing data");
+               ret = -BCH_ERR_device_state_not_allowed;
                goto err;
        }
 
        __bch2_dev_read_only(c, ca);
 
        ret = bch2_dev_data_drop(c, ca->dev_idx, flags);
-       if (ret) {
-               bch_err(ca, "Remove failed: error %i dropping data", ret);
+       bch_err_msg(ca, ret, "dropping data");
+       if (ret)
                goto err;
-       }
 
-       ret = bch2_journal_flush_device_pins(&c->journal, ca->dev_idx);
-       if (ret) {
-               bch_err(ca, "Remove failed: error %i flushing journal", ret);
+       ret = bch2_dev_remove_alloc(c, ca);
+       bch_err_msg(ca, ret, "deleting alloc info");
+       if (ret)
                goto err;
-       }
 
-       ret = bch2_dev_remove_alloc(c, ca);
-       if (ret) {
-               bch_err(ca, "Remove failed, error deleting alloc info");
+       ret = bch2_journal_flush_device_pins(&c->journal, ca->dev_idx);
+       bch_err_msg(ca, ret, "flushing journal");
+       if (ret)
                goto err;
-       }
 
-       /*
-        * must flush all existing journal entries, they might have
-        * (overwritten) keys that point to the device we're removing:
-        */
-       bch2_journal_flush_all_pins(&c->journal);
-       /*
-        * hack to ensure bch2_replicas_gc2() clears out entries to this device
-        */
-       bch2_journal_meta(&c->journal);
-       ret = bch2_journal_error(&c->journal);
-       if (ret) {
-               bch_err(ca, "Remove failed, journal error");
+       ret = bch2_journal_flush(&c->journal);
+       bch_err(ca, "journal error");
+       if (ret)
                goto err;
-       }
 
        ret = bch2_replicas_gc2(c);
-       if (ret) {
-               bch_err(ca, "Remove failed: error %i from replicas gc", ret);
+       bch_err_msg(ca, ret, "in replicas_gc2()");
+       if (ret)
                goto err;
-       }
 
        data = bch2_dev_has_data(c, ca);
        if (data) {
-               char data_has_str[100];
+               struct printbuf data_has = PRINTBUF;
 
-               bch2_flags_to_text(&PBUF(data_has_str),
-                                  bch2_data_types, data);
-               bch_err(ca, "Remove failed, still has data (%s)", data_has_str);
+               prt_bitflags(&data_has, bch2_data_types, data);
+               bch_err(ca, "Remove failed, still has data (%s)", data_has.buf);
+               printbuf_exit(&data_has);
                ret = -EBUSY;
                goto err;
        }
@@ -1543,13 +1643,24 @@ int bch2_dev_remove(struct bch_fs *c, struct bch_dev *ca, int flags)
 
        bch2_dev_free(ca);
 
+       /*
+        * At this point the device object has been removed in-core, but the
+        * on-disk journal might still refer to the device index via sb device
+        * usage entries. Recovery fails if it sees usage information for an
+        * invalid device. Flush journal pins to push the back of the journal
+        * past now invalid device index references before we update the
+        * superblock, but after the device object has been removed so any
+        * further journal writes elide usage info for the device.
+        */
+       bch2_journal_flush_all_pins(&c->journal);
+
        /*
         * Free this device's slot in the bch_member array - all pointers to
         * this device must be gone:
         */
        mutex_lock(&c->sb_lock);
-       mi = bch2_sb_get_members(c->disk_sb.sb);
-       memset(&mi->members[dev_idx].uuid, 0, sizeof(mi->members[dev_idx].uuid));
+       m = bch2_members_v2_get_mut(c->disk_sb.sb, dev_idx);
+       memset(&m->uuid, 0, sizeof(m->uuid));
 
        bch2_write_super(c);
 
@@ -1571,123 +1682,119 @@ int bch2_dev_add(struct bch_fs *c, const char *path)
 {
        struct bch_opts opts = bch2_opts_empty();
        struct bch_sb_handle sb;
-       const char *err;
        struct bch_dev *ca = NULL;
-       struct bch_sb_field_members *mi;
+       struct bch_sb_field_members_v2 *mi;
        struct bch_member dev_mi;
        unsigned dev_idx, nr_devices, u64s;
+       struct printbuf errbuf = PRINTBUF;
+       struct printbuf label = PRINTBUF;
        int ret;
 
        ret = bch2_read_super(path, &opts, &sb);
+       bch_err_msg(c, ret, "reading super");
        if (ret)
-               return ret;
+               goto err;
 
-       err = bch2_sb_validate(&sb);
-       if (err)
-               return -EINVAL;
+       dev_mi = bch2_sb_member_get(sb.sb, sb.sb->dev_idx);
 
-       dev_mi = bch2_sb_get_members(sb.sb)->members[sb.sb->dev_idx];
+       if (BCH_MEMBER_GROUP(&dev_mi)) {
+               bch2_disk_path_to_text_sb(&label, sb.sb, BCH_MEMBER_GROUP(&dev_mi) - 1);
+               if (label.allocation_failure) {
+                       ret = -ENOMEM;
+                       goto err;
+               }
+       }
 
-       err = bch2_dev_may_add(sb.sb, c);
-       if (err)
-               return -EINVAL;
+       ret = bch2_dev_may_add(sb.sb, c);
+       if (ret)
+               goto err;
 
        ca = __bch2_dev_alloc(c, &dev_mi);
        if (!ca) {
-               bch2_free_super(&sb);
-               return -ENOMEM;
+               ret = -ENOMEM;
+               goto err;
        }
 
-       ret = __bch2_dev_attach_bdev(ca, &sb);
-       if (ret) {
-               bch2_dev_free(ca);
-               return ret;
-       }
+       bch2_dev_usage_init(ca);
 
-       /*
-        * We want to allocate journal on the new device before adding the new
-        * device to the filesystem because allocating after we attach requires
-        * spinning up the allocator thread, and the allocator thread requires
-        * doing btree writes, which if the existing devices are RO isn't going
-        * to work
-        *
-        * So we have to mark where the superblocks are, but marking allocated
-        * data normally updates the filesystem usage too, so we have to mark,
-        * allocate the journal, reset all the marks, then remark after we
-        * attach...
-        */
-       bch2_mark_dev_superblock(NULL, ca, 0);
+       ret = __bch2_dev_attach_bdev(ca, &sb);
+       if (ret)
+               goto err;
 
-       err = "journal alloc failed";
        ret = bch2_dev_journal_alloc(ca);
+       bch_err_msg(c, ret, "allocating journal");
        if (ret)
                goto err;
 
        down_write(&c->state_lock);
        mutex_lock(&c->sb_lock);
 
-       err = "insufficient space in new superblock";
        ret = bch2_sb_from_fs(c, ca);
+       bch_err_msg(c, ret, "setting up new superblock");
        if (ret)
                goto err_unlock;
 
-       mi = bch2_sb_get_members(ca->disk_sb.sb);
-
-       if (!bch2_sb_resize_members(&ca->disk_sb,
-                               le32_to_cpu(mi->field.u64s) +
-                               sizeof(dev_mi) / sizeof(u64))) {
-               ret = -ENOSPC;
-               goto err_unlock;
-       }
-
        if (dynamic_fault("bcachefs:add:no_slot"))
                goto no_slot;
 
-       mi = bch2_sb_get_members(c->disk_sb.sb);
        for (dev_idx = 0; dev_idx < BCH_SB_MEMBERS_MAX; dev_idx++)
-               if (!bch2_dev_exists(c->disk_sb.sb, mi, dev_idx))
+               if (!bch2_dev_exists(c->disk_sb.sb, dev_idx))
                        goto have_slot;
 no_slot:
-       err = "no slots available in superblock";
-       ret = -ENOSPC;
+       ret = -BCH_ERR_ENOSPC_sb_members;
+       bch_err_msg(c, ret, "setting up new superblock");
        goto err_unlock;
 
 have_slot:
        nr_devices = max_t(unsigned, dev_idx + 1, c->sb.nr_devices);
-       u64s = (sizeof(struct bch_sb_field_members) +
-               sizeof(struct bch_member) * nr_devices) / sizeof(u64);
 
-       err = "no space in superblock for member info";
-       ret = -ENOSPC;
+       mi = bch2_sb_field_get(c->disk_sb.sb, members_v2);
+       u64s = DIV_ROUND_UP(sizeof(struct bch_sb_field_members_v2) +
+                           le16_to_cpu(mi->member_bytes) * nr_devices, sizeof(u64));
 
-       mi = bch2_sb_resize_members(&c->disk_sb, u64s);
-       if (!mi)
+       mi = bch2_sb_field_resize(&c->disk_sb, members_v2, u64s);
+       if (!mi) {
+               ret = -BCH_ERR_ENOSPC_sb_members;
+               bch_err_msg(c, ret, "setting up new superblock");
                goto err_unlock;
+       }
+       struct bch_member *m = bch2_members_v2_get_mut(c->disk_sb.sb, dev_idx);
 
        /* success: */
 
-       mi->members[dev_idx] = dev_mi;
-       mi->members[dev_idx].last_mount = cpu_to_le64(ktime_get_real_seconds());
+       *m = dev_mi;
+       m->last_mount = cpu_to_le64(ktime_get_real_seconds());
        c->disk_sb.sb->nr_devices       = nr_devices;
 
        ca->disk_sb.sb->dev_idx = dev_idx;
        bch2_dev_attach(c, ca, dev_idx);
 
+       if (BCH_MEMBER_GROUP(&dev_mi)) {
+               ret = __bch2_dev_group_set(c, ca, label.buf);
+               bch_err_msg(c, ret, "creating new label");
+               if (ret)
+                       goto err_unlock;
+       }
+
        bch2_write_super(c);
        mutex_unlock(&c->sb_lock);
 
        bch2_dev_usage_journal_reserve(c);
 
-       err = "error marking superblock";
        ret = bch2_trans_mark_dev_sb(c, ca);
+       bch_err_msg(ca, ret, "marking new superblock");
        if (ret)
                goto err_late;
 
-       if (ca->mi.state == BCH_MEMBER_STATE_rw) {
-               err = __bch2_dev_read_write(c, ca);
-               if (err)
-                       goto err_late;
-       }
+       ret = bch2_fs_freespace_init(c);
+       bch_err_msg(ca, ret, "initializing free space");
+       if (ret)
+               goto err_late;
+
+       ca->new_fs_bucket_idx = 0;
+
+       if (ca->mi.state == BCH_MEMBER_STATE_rw)
+               __bch2_dev_read_write(c, ca);
 
        up_write(&c->state_lock);
        return 0;
@@ -1699,12 +1806,14 @@ err:
        if (ca)
                bch2_dev_free(ca);
        bch2_free_super(&sb);
-       bch_err(c, "Unable to add device: %s", err);
+       printbuf_exit(&label);
+       printbuf_exit(&errbuf);
+       bch_err_fn(c, ret);
        return ret;
 err_late:
        up_write(&c->state_lock);
-       bch_err(c, "Error going rw after adding device: %s", err);
-       return -EINVAL;
+       ca = NULL;
+       goto err;
 }
 
 /* Hot add existing device to running filesystem: */
@@ -1712,10 +1821,8 @@ int bch2_dev_online(struct bch_fs *c, const char *path)
 {
        struct bch_opts opts = bch2_opts_empty();
        struct bch_sb_handle sb = { NULL };
-       struct bch_sb_field_members *mi;
        struct bch_dev *ca;
        unsigned dev_idx;
-       const char *err;
        int ret;
 
        down_write(&c->state_lock);
@@ -1728,34 +1835,42 @@ int bch2_dev_online(struct bch_fs *c, const char *path)
 
        dev_idx = sb.sb->dev_idx;
 
-       err = bch2_dev_in_fs(c->disk_sb.sb, sb.sb);
-       if (err)
+       ret = bch2_dev_in_fs(&c->disk_sb, &sb);
+       bch_err_msg(c, ret, "bringing %s online", path);
+       if (ret)
                goto err;
 
-       if (bch2_dev_attach_bdev(c, &sb)) {
-               err = "bch2_dev_attach_bdev() error";
+       ret = bch2_dev_attach_bdev(c, &sb);
+       if (ret)
                goto err;
-       }
 
        ca = bch_dev_locked(c, dev_idx);
 
-       if (bch2_trans_mark_dev_sb(c, ca)) {
-               err = "bch2_trans_mark_dev_sb() error";
+       ret = bch2_trans_mark_dev_sb(c, ca);
+       bch_err_msg(c, ret, "bringing %s online: error from bch2_trans_mark_dev_sb", path);
+       if (ret)
                goto err;
+
+       if (ca->mi.state == BCH_MEMBER_STATE_rw)
+               __bch2_dev_read_write(c, ca);
+
+       if (!ca->mi.freespace_initialized) {
+               ret = bch2_dev_freespace_init(c, ca, 0, ca->mi.nbuckets);
+               bch_err_msg(ca, ret, "initializing free space");
+               if (ret)
+                       goto err;
        }
 
-       if (ca->mi.state == BCH_MEMBER_STATE_rw) {
-               err = __bch2_dev_read_write(c, ca);
-               if (err)
+       if (!ca->journal.nr) {
+               ret = bch2_dev_journal_alloc(ca);
+               bch_err_msg(ca, ret, "allocating journal");
+               if (ret)
                        goto err;
        }
 
        mutex_lock(&c->sb_lock);
-       mi = bch2_sb_get_members(c->disk_sb.sb);
-
-       mi->members[ca->dev_idx].last_mount =
+       bch2_members_v2_get_mut(c->disk_sb.sb, ca->dev_idx)->last_mount =
                cpu_to_le64(ktime_get_real_seconds());
-
        bch2_write_super(c);
        mutex_unlock(&c->sb_lock);
 
@@ -1764,8 +1879,7 @@ int bch2_dev_online(struct bch_fs *c, const char *path)
 err:
        up_write(&c->state_lock);
        bch2_free_super(&sb);
-       bch_err(c, "error bringing %s online: %s", path, err);
-       return -EINVAL;
+       return ret;
 }
 
 int bch2_dev_offline(struct bch_fs *c, struct bch_dev *ca, int flags)
@@ -1781,7 +1895,7 @@ int bch2_dev_offline(struct bch_fs *c, struct bch_dev *ca, int flags)
        if (!bch2_dev_state_allowed(c, ca, BCH_MEMBER_STATE_failed, flags)) {
                bch_err(ca, "Cannot offline required disk");
                up_write(&c->state_lock);
-               return -EINVAL;
+               return -BCH_ERR_device_state_not_allowed;
        }
 
        __bch2_dev_offline(c, ca);
@@ -1792,10 +1906,12 @@ int bch2_dev_offline(struct bch_fs *c, struct bch_dev *ca, int flags)
 
 int bch2_dev_resize(struct bch_fs *c, struct bch_dev *ca, u64 nbuckets)
 {
-       struct bch_member *mi;
+       struct bch_member *m;
+       u64 old_nbuckets;
        int ret = 0;
 
        down_write(&c->state_lock);
+       old_nbuckets = ca->mi.nbuckets;
 
        if (nbuckets < ca->mi.nbuckets) {
                bch_err(ca, "Cannot shrink yet");
@@ -1807,28 +1923,38 @@ int bch2_dev_resize(struct bch_fs *c, struct bch_dev *ca, u64 nbuckets)
            get_capacity(ca->disk_sb.bdev->bd_disk) <
            ca->mi.bucket_size * nbuckets) {
                bch_err(ca, "New size larger than device");
-               ret = -EINVAL;
+               ret = -BCH_ERR_device_size_too_small;
                goto err;
        }
 
        ret = bch2_dev_buckets_resize(c, ca, nbuckets);
-       if (ret) {
-               bch_err(ca, "Resize error: %i", ret);
+       bch_err_msg(ca, ret, "resizing buckets");
+       if (ret)
                goto err;
-       }
 
        ret = bch2_trans_mark_dev_sb(c, ca);
-       if (ret) {
+       if (ret)
                goto err;
-       }
 
        mutex_lock(&c->sb_lock);
-       mi = &bch2_sb_get_members(c->disk_sb.sb)->members[ca->dev_idx];
-       mi->nbuckets = cpu_to_le64(nbuckets);
+       m = bch2_members_v2_get_mut(c->disk_sb.sb, ca->dev_idx);
+       m->nbuckets = cpu_to_le64(nbuckets);
 
        bch2_write_super(c);
        mutex_unlock(&c->sb_lock);
 
+       if (ca->mi.freespace_initialized) {
+               ret = bch2_dev_freespace_init(c, ca, old_nbuckets, nbuckets);
+               if (ret)
+                       goto err;
+
+               /*
+                * XXX: this is all wrong transactionally - we'll be able to do
+                * this correctly after the disk space accounting rewrite
+                */
+               ca->usage_base->d[BCH_DATA_free].buckets += nbuckets - old_nbuckets;
+       }
+
        bch2_recalc_capacity(c);
 err:
        up_write(&c->state_lock);
@@ -1836,108 +1962,101 @@ err:
 }
 
 /* return with ref on ca->ref: */
-struct bch_dev *bch2_dev_lookup(struct bch_fs *c, const char *path)
+struct bch_dev *bch2_dev_lookup(struct bch_fs *c, const char *name)
 {
-       struct bch_dev *ca;
-       dev_t dev;
-       unsigned i;
-       int ret;
-
-       ret = lookup_bdev(path, &dev);
-       if (ret)
-               return ERR_PTR(ret);
-
        rcu_read_lock();
-       for_each_member_device_rcu(ca, c, i, NULL)
-               if (ca->disk_sb.bdev->bd_dev == dev)
-                       goto found;
-       ca = ERR_PTR(-ENOENT);
-found:
+       for_each_member_device_rcu(c, ca, NULL)
+               if (!strcmp(name, ca->name)) {
+                       rcu_read_unlock();
+                       return ca;
+               }
        rcu_read_unlock();
-
-       return ca;
+       return ERR_PTR(-BCH_ERR_ENOENT_dev_not_found);
 }
 
 /* Filesystem open: */
 
+static inline int sb_cmp(struct bch_sb *l, struct bch_sb *r)
+{
+       return  cmp_int(le64_to_cpu(l->seq), le64_to_cpu(r->seq)) ?:
+               cmp_int(le64_to_cpu(l->write_time), le64_to_cpu(r->write_time));
+}
+
 struct bch_fs *bch2_fs_open(char * const *devices, unsigned nr_devices,
                            struct bch_opts opts)
 {
-       struct bch_sb_handle *sb = NULL;
+       DARRAY(struct bch_sb_handle) sbs = { 0 };
        struct bch_fs *c = NULL;
-       struct bch_sb_field_members *mi;
-       unsigned i, best_sb = 0;
-       const char *err;
-       int ret = -ENOMEM;
+       struct bch_sb_handle *best = NULL;
+       struct printbuf errbuf = PRINTBUF;
+       int ret = 0;
 
-       pr_verbose_init(opts, "");
+       if (!try_module_get(THIS_MODULE))
+               return ERR_PTR(-ENODEV);
 
        if (!nr_devices) {
-               c = ERR_PTR(-EINVAL);
-               goto out2;
-       }
-
-       if (!try_module_get(THIS_MODULE)) {
-               c = ERR_PTR(-ENODEV);
-               goto out2;
+               ret = -EINVAL;
+               goto err;
        }
 
-       sb = kcalloc(nr_devices, sizeof(*sb), GFP_KERNEL);
-       if (!sb)
+       ret = darray_make_room(&sbs, nr_devices);
+       if (ret)
                goto err;
 
-       for (i = 0; i < nr_devices; i++) {
-               ret = bch2_read_super(devices[i], &opts, &sb[i]);
+       for (unsigned i = 0; i < nr_devices; i++) {
+               struct bch_sb_handle sb = { NULL };
+
+               ret = bch2_read_super(devices[i], &opts, &sb);
                if (ret)
                        goto err;
 
-               err = bch2_sb_validate(&sb[i]);
-               if (err)
-                       goto err_print;
+               BUG_ON(darray_push(&sbs, sb));
+       }
+
+       if (opts.nochanges && !opts.read_only) {
+               ret = -BCH_ERR_erofs_nochanges;
+               goto err_print;
        }
 
-       for (i = 1; i < nr_devices; i++)
-               if (le64_to_cpu(sb[i].sb->seq) >
-                   le64_to_cpu(sb[best_sb].sb->seq))
-                       best_sb = i;
-
-       mi = bch2_sb_get_members(sb[best_sb].sb);
-
-       i = 0;
-       while (i < nr_devices) {
-               if (i != best_sb &&
-                   !bch2_dev_exists(sb[best_sb].sb, mi, sb[i].sb->dev_idx)) {
-                       char buf[BDEVNAME_SIZE];
-                       pr_info("%s has been removed, skipping",
-                               bdevname(sb[i].bdev, buf));
-                       bch2_free_super(&sb[i]);
-                       array_remove_item(sb, nr_devices, i);
+       darray_for_each(sbs, sb)
+               if (!best || sb_cmp(sb->sb, best->sb) > 0)
+                       best = sb;
+
+       darray_for_each_reverse(sbs, sb) {
+               ret = bch2_dev_in_fs(best, sb);
+
+               if (ret == -BCH_ERR_device_has_been_removed ||
+                   ret == -BCH_ERR_device_splitbrain) {
+                       bch2_free_super(sb);
+                       darray_remove_item(&sbs, sb);
+                       best -= best > sb;
+                       ret = 0;
                        continue;
                }
 
-               err = bch2_dev_in_fs(sb[best_sb].sb, sb[i].sb);
-               if (err)
+               if (ret)
                        goto err_print;
-               i++;
        }
 
-       ret = -ENOMEM;
-       c = bch2_fs_alloc(sb[best_sb].sb, opts);
-       if (!c)
+       c = bch2_fs_alloc(best->sb, opts);
+       ret = PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(c);
+       if (ret)
                goto err;
 
-       err = "bch2_dev_online() error";
        down_write(&c->state_lock);
-       for (i = 0; i < nr_devices; i++)
-               if (bch2_dev_attach_bdev(c, &sb[i])) {
+       darray_for_each(sbs, sb) {
+               ret = bch2_dev_attach_bdev(c, sb);
+               if (ret) {
                        up_write(&c->state_lock);
-                       goto err_print;
+                       goto err;
                }
+       }
        up_write(&c->state_lock);
 
-       err = "insufficient devices";
-       if (!bch2_fs_may_start(c))
+       if (!bch2_fs_may_start(c)) {
+               ret = -BCH_ERR_insufficient_devices_to_start;
                goto err_print;
+       }
 
        if (!c->opts.nostart) {
                ret = bch2_fs_start(c);
@@ -1945,99 +2064,22 @@ struct bch_fs *bch2_fs_open(char * const *devices, unsigned nr_devices,
                        goto err;
        }
 out:
-       kfree(sb);
+       darray_for_each(sbs, sb)
+               bch2_free_super(sb);
+       darray_exit(&sbs);
+       printbuf_exit(&errbuf);
        module_put(THIS_MODULE);
-out2:
-       pr_verbose_init(opts, "ret %i", PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(c));
        return c;
 err_print:
        pr_err("bch_fs_open err opening %s: %s",
-              devices[0], err);
-       ret = -EINVAL;
+              devices[0], bch2_err_str(ret));
 err:
-       if (c)
+       if (!IS_ERR_OR_NULL(c))
                bch2_fs_stop(c);
-       for (i = 0; i < nr_devices; i++)
-               bch2_free_super(&sb[i]);
        c = ERR_PTR(ret);
        goto out;
 }
 
-static const char *__bch2_fs_open_incremental(struct bch_sb_handle *sb,
-                                             struct bch_opts opts)
-{
-       const char *err;
-       struct bch_fs *c;
-       bool allocated_fs = false;
-       int ret;
-
-       err = bch2_sb_validate(sb);
-       if (err)
-               return err;
-
-       mutex_lock(&bch_fs_list_lock);
-       c = __bch2_uuid_to_fs(sb->sb->uuid);
-       if (c) {
-               closure_get(&c->cl);
-
-               err = bch2_dev_in_fs(c->disk_sb.sb, sb->sb);
-               if (err)
-                       goto err;
-       } else {
-               c = bch2_fs_alloc(sb->sb, opts);
-               err = "cannot allocate memory";
-               if (!c)
-                       goto err;
-
-               allocated_fs = true;
-       }
-
-       err = "bch2_dev_online() error";
-
-       mutex_lock(&c->sb_lock);
-       if (bch2_dev_attach_bdev(c, sb)) {
-               mutex_unlock(&c->sb_lock);
-               goto err;
-       }
-       mutex_unlock(&c->sb_lock);
-
-       if (!c->opts.nostart && bch2_fs_may_start(c)) {
-               err = "error starting filesystem";
-               ret = bch2_fs_start(c);
-               if (ret)
-                       goto err;
-       }
-
-       closure_put(&c->cl);
-       mutex_unlock(&bch_fs_list_lock);
-
-       return NULL;
-err:
-       mutex_unlock(&bch_fs_list_lock);
-
-       if (allocated_fs)
-               bch2_fs_stop(c);
-       else if (c)
-               closure_put(&c->cl);
-
-       return err;
-}
-
-const char *bch2_fs_open_incremental(const char *path)
-{
-       struct bch_sb_handle sb;
-       struct bch_opts opts = bch2_opts_empty();
-       const char *err;
-
-       if (bch2_read_super(path, &opts, &sb))
-               return "error reading superblock";
-
-       err = __bch2_fs_open_incremental(&sb, opts);
-       bch2_free_super(&sb);
-
-       return err;
-}
-
 /* Global interfaces/init */
 
 static void bcachefs_exit(void)
@@ -2074,5 +2116,9 @@ err:
 BCH_DEBUG_PARAMS()
 #undef BCH_DEBUG_PARAM
 
+__maybe_unused
+static unsigned bch2_metadata_version = bcachefs_metadata_version_current;
+module_param_named(version, bch2_metadata_version, uint, 0400);
+
 module_exit(bcachefs_exit);
 module_init(bcachefs_init);