Increase the maximum hash size by a factor of 256

Conceptually group hash clusters into super clusters of 256 clusters.
This scheme allows us to use hash sizes up to 32 TB
(= 2^32 super clusters = 2^40 clusters).

Use 48 bits of the Zobrist key to choose the cluster index. We use 8
extra bits to mitigate the quantization error for very large hashes when
scaling the hash key to cluster index.

The hash index computation is organized to be compatible with the existing
scheme for power-of-two hash sizes up to 128 GB.

Fixes https://github.com/official-stockfish/Stockfish/issues/1349

closes https://github.com/official-stockfish/Stockfish/pull/2722

Passed non-regression STC:
LLR: 2.93 (-2.94,2.94) {-1.50,0.50}
Total: 37976 W: 7336 L: 7211 D: 23429
Ptnml(0-2): 578, 4295, 9149, 4356, 610
https://tests.stockfishchess.org/tests/view/5edcbaaef29b40b0fc95abc5

No functional change.