+ // Read a signed or unsigned integer from a stream in little-endian order
+ template <typename IntType>
+ inline IntType read_le(std::istream& stream) {
+ // Read the relevant bytes from the stream in little-endian order
+ std::uint8_t u[sizeof(IntType)];
+ stream.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(u), sizeof(IntType));
+ // Use unsigned arithmetic to convert to machine order
+ typename std::make_unsigned<IntType>::type v = 0;
+ for (std::size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(IntType); ++i)
+ v = (v << 8) | u[sizeof(IntType) - i - 1];
+ // Copy the machine-ordered bytes into a potentially signed value
+ IntType w;
+ std::memcpy(&w, &v, sizeof(IntType));
+ return w;
+ }
+