+/// distance() functions return the distance between x and y, defined as the
+/// number of steps for a king in x to reach y. Works with squares, ranks, files.
+
+template<typename T> inline int distance(T x, T y) { return x < y ? y - x : x - y; }
+template<> inline int distance<Square>(Square x, Square y) { return SquareDistance[x][y]; }
+
+template<typename T1, typename T2> inline int distance(T2 x, T2 y);
+template<> inline int distance<File>(Square x, Square y) { return distance(file_of(x), file_of(y)); }
+template<> inline int distance<Rank>(Square x, Square y) { return distance(rank_of(x), rank_of(y)); }
+
+
+/// attacks_bb() returns a bitboard representing all the squares attacked by a
+/// piece of type Pt (bishop or rook) placed on 's'. The helper magic_index()
+/// looks up the index using the 'magic bitboards' approach.
+template<PieceType Pt>
+inline unsigned magic_index(Square s, Bitboard occupied) {
+
+ extern Bitboard RookMasks[SQUARE_NB];
+ extern Bitboard RookMagics[SQUARE_NB];
+ extern unsigned RookShifts[SQUARE_NB];
+ extern Bitboard BishopMasks[SQUARE_NB];
+ extern Bitboard BishopMagics[SQUARE_NB];
+ extern unsigned BishopShifts[SQUARE_NB];
+
+ Bitboard* const Masks = Pt == ROOK ? RookMasks : BishopMasks;
+ Bitboard* const Magics = Pt == ROOK ? RookMagics : BishopMagics;
+ unsigned* const Shifts = Pt == ROOK ? RookShifts : BishopShifts;
+
+ if (HasPext)
+ return unsigned(pext(occupied, Masks[s]));
+
+ if (Is64Bit)
+ return unsigned(((occupied & Masks[s]) * Magics[s]) >> Shifts[s]);
+
+ unsigned lo = unsigned(occupied) & unsigned(Masks[s]);
+ unsigned hi = unsigned(occupied >> 32) & unsigned(Masks[s] >> 32);
+ return (lo * unsigned(Magics[s]) ^ hi * unsigned(Magics[s] >> 32)) >> Shifts[s];